Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para escolha de modal de transporte a partir da aplicação do método de análise hierárquica a um conjunto de critérios levando em consideração o ponto de vista dos donos da carga. Parte-se de uma pesquisa de critérios adotados na escolha de modal sob contextos que incluem variação de cargas avaliadas, de disponibilidade de infraestrutura e serviços logísticos. Avalia-se ainda o método de análise hierárquica, AHP, que permite a decisão multicriterial com fatores quantitativos e qualitativos. Propõe-se uma metodologia de escolha de modal considerando o que é importante para o embarcador baseado no método AHP. Os critérios levantados na literatura são condensados em um conjunto hierarquizado de 3 critérios (custo logístico total; atendimento a particularidades da carga; e confiabilidade) e 7 subcritérios (custo logístico total; acessibilidade, flexibilidade, e oferta de instalações logísticas; pontualidade, perdas e danos, e informações ao cliente). A metodologia resultante é genérica e pode ser aplicada a um conjunto abrangente de situações logísticas. A título de exemplo, a metodologia é aplicada a três casos de transporte, para a escolha entre a alternativa rodoviária direto ou intermodal com ferrovia, variando-se a distância (média ou longa distância) e a carga transportada (açúcar a granel ou contêiner, para exportação). Os resultados são comparados e discutidos em termos dos pesos relativos dos critérios na escolha do embarcador, e das respectivas contribuições à decisão em face dos atributos das alternativas. Conclui-se que a avaliação multicriterial, contemplando critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, proporciona uma análise abrangente da hierarquia e contribuição dos critérios e a distinção dos pontos críticos na competição entre modais. / This study proposes a method for determining modal choice in transport problems based on an analytic hierarchy technique, considering the cargo owners point of view. Initially, a research of criteria used in modal choice in several contexts is carried out: cargos evaluated, availability of infrastructure and logistic services, standpoint of the evaluator. A review of the AHP method (which allows for multicriterial decisions with qualitative and quantitative factors) ensues. The author proposes a method for assisting in the modal choice from the cargo owners standpoint, based on the AHP technique. The criteria collected from the literature review are condensed in a hierarchical set of 3 criteria (total logistic costs; compliance with specificities of the cargo; and reliability) and 7 subcriteria (total logistic costs; accessibility, flexibility, and availability of logistic facilities; timeliness, susceptibility to loss or damage; and information to customers). The resulting method is generic and can be applied to a comprehensive range of logistic situations. The proposed method is then applied, as an example, to three freight cases, to aid the modal choice between direct roadway transportation or intermodal transport based on rail freight, with varying distances (medium or long distance haul) and the cargo being transported (bulk sugar or container, both for export). The results are compared and discussed in terms of the relative weights of each of the 7 subcriteria in the cargo owners modal decision, and the respective contributions to the decision in light of the attributes of the alternatives. The study concludes that the multicriterial evaluation, contemplating quantitative and qualitative criteria, yields a more comprehensive analysis of the important criteria hierarchy and the distinction of key issues in modal competition.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para escolha de modal de transporte a partir da aplicação do método de análise hierárquica a um conjunto de critérios levando em consideração o ponto de vista dos donos da carga. Parte-se de uma pesquisa de critérios adotados na escolha de modal sob contextos que incluem variação de cargas avaliadas, de disponibilidade de infraestrutura e serviços logísticos. Avalia-se ainda o método de análise hierárquica, AHP, que permite a decisão multicriterial com fatores quantitativos e qualitativos. Propõe-se uma metodologia de escolha de modal considerando o que é importante para o embarcador baseado no método AHP. Os critérios levantados na literatura são condensados em um conjunto hierarquizado de 3 critérios (custo logístico total; atendimento a particularidades da carga; e confiabilidade) e 7 subcritérios (custo logístico total; acessibilidade, flexibilidade, e oferta de instalações logísticas; pontualidade, perdas e danos, e informações ao cliente). A metodologia resultante é genérica e pode ser aplicada a um conjunto abrangente de situações logísticas. A título de exemplo, a metodologia é aplicada a três casos de transporte, para a escolha entre a alternativa rodoviária direto ou intermodal com ferrovia, variando-se a distância (média ou longa distância) e a carga transportada (açúcar a granel ou contêiner, para exportação). Os resultados são comparados e discutidos em termos dos pesos relativos dos critérios na escolha do embarcador, e das respectivas contribuições à decisão em face dos atributos das alternativas. Conclui-se que a avaliação multicriterial, contemplando critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, proporciona uma análise abrangente da hierarquia e contribuição dos critérios e a distinção dos pontos críticos na competição entre modais. / This study proposes a method for determining modal choice in transport problems based on an analytic hierarchy technique, considering the cargo owners point of view. Initially, a research of criteria used in modal choice in several contexts is carried out: cargos evaluated, availability of infrastructure and logistic services, standpoint of the evaluator. A review of the AHP method (which allows for multicriterial decisions with qualitative and quantitative factors) ensues. The author proposes a method for assisting in the modal choice from the cargo owners standpoint, based on the AHP technique. The criteria collected from the literature review are condensed in a hierarchical set of 3 criteria (total logistic costs; compliance with specificities of the cargo; and reliability) and 7 subcriteria (total logistic costs; accessibility, flexibility, and availability of logistic facilities; timeliness, susceptibility to loss or damage; and information to customers). The resulting method is generic and can be applied to a comprehensive range of logistic situations. The proposed method is then applied, as an example, to three freight cases, to aid the modal choice between direct roadway transportation or intermodal transport based on rail freight, with varying distances (medium or long distance haul) and the cargo being transported (bulk sugar or container, both for export). The results are compared and discussed in terms of the relative weights of each of the 7 subcriteria in the cargo owners modal decision, and the respective contributions to the decision in light of the attributes of the alternatives. The study concludes that the multicriterial evaluation, contemplating quantitative and qualitative criteria, yields a more comprehensive analysis of the important criteria hierarchy and the distinction of key issues in modal competition.

Das Verkehrsmittelwahlverhalten von Menschen ist komplex. So spielen soziodemografische, sozioökonomische sowie raum- und siedlungsstrukturelle Merkmale eine Rolle. In dieser Arbeit wird dieses Verhalten untersucht. Dabei wird eine homogene Grundgesamtheit geschaffen, welche alle Personen beinhaltet, die sowohl über eine Dauerkarte des öffentlichen Personenverkehrs als auch einen Personenkraftwagen verfügen. Anhand derer soll eine deskriptive Analyse und eine multinomiale logistische Regression Aufschluss geben, ob es Unterschiede zwischen den jeweiligen Nutzergruppen gibt. So lässt sich die Gruppe der ÖV-Nutzer durch folgende Charakteristiken beschreiben: der Großteil sind Frauen, sowie Personen, die eine hohe schulische und berufliche Bildung besitzen. Des Weiteren werden eher weniger Wege mit dem ÖV als mit dem PKW zurückgelegt. Erwerbstätige hingegen entscheiden sich eher für den PKW. / Human behavior towards the choice of transportation varies in very complex ways such as sociodemographics, socioeconomics as well as settlement structures. For this paper a homogenous population is created from season ticket holders for public transportation and car owners. Based on this population a descriptive analysis followed by a multinomial logistic regression is supposed to generate the differences between the user groups. The group of users of the public transportation system can be characterized as followed: the majority of users are women as well as highly educated people. Within this specific group distances are more likely to be covered by public transportation rather than by car. However the working population prefers to go by passenger car.

The choice of means of transport at regular commuting is an issue that affect wide range of working population in Zruč nad Sázavou as well as students. The thesis explains on a representative sample of the population preference and choice of different means of transport at regular commuting to work and school from a small town Zruč nad Sázavou which is located in a relatively peripheral area. First, using statistical methods, socio-demographic, spatial and infrastructural aspects affecting the choice of means of transport are analysed. The second part of the research assesses the socio-psychological aspects of the choice of means of transport using controlled interview. Both surveys were conducted on the four main directions of commuting from Zruč nad Sázavou. Due to the peripheral location of the town and the lower extent of public transport car traffic in the form of individual trips or carpooling is more preferred for regular commuting For certain groups of people public transport still fulfills its function in providing transport services.

This thesis aims to modal-choice and changes of transport behaviour, especially for students on the route from Praha to České Budějovice. The route is chosen due to expanding of the highway and to newly introduced bus and train services. The category of the students is interesting terms to limited options in the context of finances in relation to employees. The comparison of the preferences of these groups is the goal of the thesis. The goal verification has been completed by quantitative and qualitative research by questionnaire. The questionnaire for employees was created by Public opinion research centre, while the questionnaire for the students was created specifically by the author of the thesis. Contrary to the original assumptions, the thesis found that students prefer travel time ahead of the price and employees prefer flexibility ahead of the travel time. The goal of this thesis is determination of meaning chosen factors in modal-choice and monitoring differences of these factors between employees and students. Further, the thesis evaluate competitiveness each of transport modes on the chosen route. Keywords: modal-choice, transport behaviour, public transport

As pesquisas de origem e destino (Pesquisas O/D) são tradicionalmente realizadas a partir do relato dos participantes de todas as viagens ocorridas nos últimos dias. No entanto, uma série de estudos realizados recentemente aponta que existem equívocos nos relatos dos participantes nas pesquisas O/D tradicionais, principalmente em relação à distância e ao tempo dos percursos relatados. Esses estudos apontam a utilização da tecnologia GPS (Global Positioning System) como uma forma confiável para a obtenção de informações sobre cada etapa de viagem. A tecnologia GPS, apesar de suas limitações, está disponível popularmente nos últimos anos e apresenta resultados significativos de registros em tempo real, inclusive de viagens curtas. Dessa forma, foram levantadas as experiências internacionais de estudos de pesquisas O/D segmentadas por etapa de viagem, utilizando a tecnologia GPS. Com base nisso, foi aplicada uma pesquisa de origem e destino na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre com GPS e com Entrevistas posteriores. Os estudos estrangeiros apontam que essa é a melhor forma para obtenção dos dados e minimização dos erros. Os dados coletados na pesquisa O/D foram tabulados em um banco de dados e as informações registradas foram tratadas em softwares gráficos gratuítos. Sendo assim, foi possível cruzar os dados relatados pelos participantes na entrevista com os dados registrados pelo aparelho GPS. As análises apontam que todos os indivíduos apresentaram discrepâncias no relato da duração e da distância, em comparação aos dados efetivamente registrados. Essas discrepâncias foram tanto positivas quanto negativas. As implicações dessas diferenças entre os dados relatados e registrados no GPS para fins de modelagem foram vistas nos modelos de escolha modal Logit Multinomial elaborados. O modelo elaborado a partir de dados registrados pelo GPS aponta ajustes apropriados e resultado significativo de variáveis. O modelo elaborado com base nos dados relatados não se comporta como o esperado, conforme as hipóteses previamente estabelecidas, e apresenta variáveis não significativas. / Origin and destination surveys are traditionally made from the participants' reports of all trips occurring in the last days, known as Diary Trip. However, a number of recent studies show that there are mistakes in the accounts of participants in traditional origin and destinations surveys, especially in relation to distance and time. These studies point the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology as a reliable way to obtain information about each trip leg. GPS technology, despite its limitations, is popularly available in recent years and presents significant results of real-time records, including short trips. Therefore, we surveyed the experiences of international origin and destination studies segmented by leg trip, using GPS technology. Based on this, a origin and destination survey was applied in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre with GPS and Diary Trip. Foreign studies indicate that this is the best way to obtain the data and minimizing errors. The data collected in the origin and destination survey were tabulated in a database and the information recorded was treated in free graphics software. Therefore, it was possible to cross the data reported by the participants in the Diary Trips with the data recorded by the GPS. The analyzes suggest that all subjects had discrepancies in reporting the duration and distance, compared to the data actually reported. These discrepancies have been both positive and negative. The implications of these differences, between reported and recorded on the GPS data, for modeling, can be seeing in the modal choice model Multinomial Logit elaborate. The model developed from data recorded by the GPS indicates appropriate adjustments and significant outcome variables. The model developed based on reported data does not behave as expected, as previously established hypotheses, and presents no significant variables.

As pesquisas de origem e destino (Pesquisas O/D) são tradicionalmente realizadas a partir do relato dos participantes de todas as viagens ocorridas nos últimos dias. No entanto, uma série de estudos realizados recentemente aponta que existem equívocos nos relatos dos participantes nas pesquisas O/D tradicionais, principalmente em relação à distância e ao tempo dos percursos relatados. Esses estudos apontam a utilização da tecnologia GPS (Global Positioning System) como uma forma confiável para a obtenção de informações sobre cada etapa de viagem. A tecnologia GPS, apesar de suas limitações, está disponível popularmente nos últimos anos e apresenta resultados significativos de registros em tempo real, inclusive de viagens curtas. Dessa forma, foram levantadas as experiências internacionais de estudos de pesquisas O/D segmentadas por etapa de viagem, utilizando a tecnologia GPS. Com base nisso, foi aplicada uma pesquisa de origem e destino na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre com GPS e com Entrevistas posteriores. Os estudos estrangeiros apontam que essa é a melhor forma para obtenção dos dados e minimização dos erros. Os dados coletados na pesquisa O/D foram tabulados em um banco de dados e as informações registradas foram tratadas em softwares gráficos gratuítos. Sendo assim, foi possível cruzar os dados relatados pelos participantes na entrevista com os dados registrados pelo aparelho GPS. As análises apontam que todos os indivíduos apresentaram discrepâncias no relato da duração e da distância, em comparação aos dados efetivamente registrados. Essas discrepâncias foram tanto positivas quanto negativas. As implicações dessas diferenças entre os dados relatados e registrados no GPS para fins de modelagem foram vistas nos modelos de escolha modal Logit Multinomial elaborados. O modelo elaborado a partir de dados registrados pelo GPS aponta ajustes apropriados e resultado significativo de variáveis. O modelo elaborado com base nos dados relatados não se comporta como o esperado, conforme as hipóteses previamente estabelecidas, e apresenta variáveis não significativas. / Origin and destination surveys are traditionally made from the participants' reports of all trips occurring in the last days, known as Diary Trip. However, a number of recent studies show that there are mistakes in the accounts of participants in traditional origin and destinations surveys, especially in relation to distance and time. These studies point the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology as a reliable way to obtain information about each trip leg. GPS technology, despite its limitations, is popularly available in recent years and presents significant results of real-time records, including short trips. Therefore, we surveyed the experiences of international origin and destination studies segmented by leg trip, using GPS technology. Based on this, a origin and destination survey was applied in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre with GPS and Diary Trip. Foreign studies indicate that this is the best way to obtain the data and minimizing errors. The data collected in the origin and destination survey were tabulated in a database and the information recorded was treated in free graphics software. Therefore, it was possible to cross the data reported by the participants in the Diary Trips with the data recorded by the GPS. The analyzes suggest that all subjects had discrepancies in reporting the duration and distance, compared to the data actually reported. These discrepancies have been both positive and negative. The implications of these differences, between reported and recorded on the GPS data, for modeling, can be seeing in the modal choice model Multinomial Logit elaborate. The model developed from data recorded by the GPS indicates appropriate adjustments and significant outcome variables. The model developed based on reported data does not behave as expected, as previously established hypotheses, and presents no significant variables.

As pesquisas de origem e destino (Pesquisas O/D) são tradicionalmente realizadas a partir do relato dos participantes de todas as viagens ocorridas nos últimos dias. No entanto, uma série de estudos realizados recentemente aponta que existem equívocos nos relatos dos participantes nas pesquisas O/D tradicionais, principalmente em relação à distância e ao tempo dos percursos relatados. Esses estudos apontam a utilização da tecnologia GPS (Global Positioning System) como uma forma confiável para a obtenção de informações sobre cada etapa de viagem. A tecnologia GPS, apesar de suas limitações, está disponível popularmente nos últimos anos e apresenta resultados significativos de registros em tempo real, inclusive de viagens curtas. Dessa forma, foram levantadas as experiências internacionais de estudos de pesquisas O/D segmentadas por etapa de viagem, utilizando a tecnologia GPS. Com base nisso, foi aplicada uma pesquisa de origem e destino na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre com GPS e com Entrevistas posteriores. Os estudos estrangeiros apontam que essa é a melhor forma para obtenção dos dados e minimização dos erros. Os dados coletados na pesquisa O/D foram tabulados em um banco de dados e as informações registradas foram tratadas em softwares gráficos gratuítos. Sendo assim, foi possível cruzar os dados relatados pelos participantes na entrevista com os dados registrados pelo aparelho GPS. As análises apontam que todos os indivíduos apresentaram discrepâncias no relato da duração e da distância, em comparação aos dados efetivamente registrados. Essas discrepâncias foram tanto positivas quanto negativas. As implicações dessas diferenças entre os dados relatados e registrados no GPS para fins de modelagem foram vistas nos modelos de escolha modal Logit Multinomial elaborados. O modelo elaborado a partir de dados registrados pelo GPS aponta ajustes apropriados e resultado significativo de variáveis. O modelo elaborado com base nos dados relatados não se comporta como o esperado, conforme as hipóteses previamente estabelecidas, e apresenta variáveis não significativas. / Origin and destination surveys are traditionally made from the participants' reports of all trips occurring in the last days, known as Diary Trip. However, a number of recent studies show that there are mistakes in the accounts of participants in traditional origin and destinations surveys, especially in relation to distance and time. These studies point the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology as a reliable way to obtain information about each trip leg. GPS technology, despite its limitations, is popularly available in recent years and presents significant results of real-time records, including short trips. Therefore, we surveyed the experiences of international origin and destination studies segmented by leg trip, using GPS technology. Based on this, a origin and destination survey was applied in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre with GPS and Diary Trip. Foreign studies indicate that this is the best way to obtain the data and minimizing errors. The data collected in the origin and destination survey were tabulated in a database and the information recorded was treated in free graphics software. Therefore, it was possible to cross the data reported by the participants in the Diary Trips with the data recorded by the GPS. The analyzes suggest that all subjects had discrepancies in reporting the duration and distance, compared to the data actually reported. These discrepancies have been both positive and negative. The implications of these differences, between reported and recorded on the GPS data, for modeling, can be seeing in the modal choice model Multinomial Logit elaborate. The model developed from data recorded by the GPS indicates appropriate adjustments and significant outcome variables. The model developed based on reported data does not behave as expected, as previously established hypotheses, and presents no significant variables.

Das Verkehrsmittelwahlverhalten von Menschen ist komplex. So spielen soziodemografische, sozioökonomische sowie raum- und siedlungsstrukturelle Merkmale eine Rolle. In dieser Arbeit wird dieses Verhalten untersucht. Dabei wird eine homogene Grundgesamtheit geschaffen, welche alle Personen beinhaltet, die sowohl über eine Dauerkarte des öffentlichen Personenverkehrs als auch einen Personenkraftwagen verfügen. Anhand derer soll eine deskriptive Analyse und eine multinomiale logistische Regression Aufschluss geben, ob es Unterschiede zwischen den jeweiligen Nutzergruppen gibt. So lässt sich die Gruppe der ÖV-Nutzer durch folgende Charakteristiken beschreiben: der Großteil sind Frauen, sowie Personen, die eine hohe schulische und berufliche Bildung besitzen. Des Weiteren werden eher weniger Wege mit dem ÖV als mit dem PKW zurückgelegt. Erwerbstätige hingegen entscheiden sich eher für den PKW. / Human behavior towards the choice of transportation varies in very complex ways such as sociodemographics, socioeconomics as well as settlement structures. For this paper a homogenous population is created from season ticket holders for public transportation and car owners. Based on this population a descriptive analysis followed by a multinomial logistic regression is supposed to generate the differences between the user groups. The group of users of the public transportation system can be characterized as followed: the majority of users are women as well as highly educated people. Within this specific group distances are more likely to be covered by public transportation rather than by car. However the working population prefers to go by passenger car.

Physical inactivity is a cause of health problems globally that cause suffering for people and amass significant costs for states. One way of improving physical activity is by formulating policy and implementing planning decisions that encourage active travel. At the heart of the issue, however, lies the matter of modal choice. A majority of short trips that can be made by foot are made by car, but why do people make this decision? A large number of factors play a part in modal choice, but the role of distance is under researched.This paper set out to research if car familiarity makes a respondent overestimate walked distances, and whethercar drivers cognise distances more or less accurately than pedestrians.Standardised interviews were conducted at Gränby Centrum in Uppsala with 99 respondents who were asked to estimate their travelled distance from home to the interview location in both metres and in time. By utilising network analysis in GIS software, the respondent’s estimates were compared to the ‘objective’ distance travelled. It was found that, contrary to what was hypothesised; respondents that held a driver’s license and respondents that had driven recently did not overestimate their travelled distances more than respondents that did not hold a driver’s license. Findings did, however, suggest that respondents with higher car familiarity tended to both under- and overestimate distances in metres (but not time) to a greater extent than respondents with low car familiarity.