This thesis is in the form of a novel about three work colleagues who, as part of their job, have to drive long distances together. The story is told from the perspective of all of them but mainly from one of the women who tells the story in the first person. The man and two women are so different from each other in personality and outlook on life, and the basis of the novel is their interactions with each other, the frictions within their relationships, and the thoughts that go through their heads while they are driving. These people spend long hours together in the car and in motel rooms yet they never get any closer to each other. The only one of them who seems to get anything from the experience is the woman who is in the first person, as she achieves a greater sense of her own identity. The other two regard the experiences as just another job and of no great importance in their lives. / Master of Arts (Hons)

<p>Det svenska förarprovet har vuxit fram ur praktisk yrkeserfarenhet. Oavsett vilken trafikinspektör som bedömer ett specifikt körprov ska bedömningen göras lika. Kognitiva egenskaper bedöms i körprovet genom att observera handlingar och beteenden. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv undersöka hur trafikinspektörer bedömer kognition, för att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som finns. Tre analyser gjordes utifrån tolv intervjuer med trafikinspektörer vid två av Vägverkets förarprovskontor.</p><p>Trafikinspektörerna ombads beskriva vad som är viktigt hos en bilförare. Samtliga formella kriterier för körprovet nämndes av någon informant. Utöver kriterierna nämndes även många andra begrepp av ett fåtal personer vardera. Dessa begrepp kan räknas till områdena kognitionspsykologi, allmän psykologi, bilkörning och övergripande egenskaper. De tre mest nämnda begreppen var uppmärksamhet, erfarenhet och riskmedvetande.</p><p>Sju körprovskriterier definierades av trafikinspektörerna. Många olika begrepp användes för att definiera kriterierna och samtliga kriterier definierades olika av informanterna. Definitionerna delades in i kategorier och de kategorier som användes för samtliga kriterier var förberedelser, handlingar och perception.</p><p>Ur det som sades av informanterna gjordes en analys om hur begrepp kopplas samman med varandra, för att hitta alla associationer som görs till varje begrepp. Många olika kopplingar kunde hittas genom denna analys och av dessa nämndes hälften av enbart någon informant. Två kopplingar nämndes av elva av informanterna. Den ena var manövrering – automatisering, den andra var uppmärksamhet – syn.</p><p>Studien påvisade både likheter och skillnader i åsikter informanterna emellan. I viss utsträckning använda sig informanterna av samma begrepp, men de lade olika innebörder i begreppen. Trafikinspektörernas olika synsätt medför en risk för att de bedömer körprov olika trots att de använder samma bedömningskriterier.</p> / <p>The Swedish driving license test has developed from practical professional experience. Regardless of which traffic inspector judges a specific driving test, the judgement is to be equal. Cognitive qualities are judged in the driving test by observing actions and behaviours. The purpose of this essay was to investigate, from a theoretical perspective, how traffic inspectors judge cognition, in order to investigate differences and similarities. Three analyses were made, based on twelve interviews with traffic inspectors working at two of the Swedish Road Administration’s offices for driving license tests.</p><p>The traffic inspectors were asked to describe what is important in a car driver. All formal driving test criteria were mentioned by some informant. In addition to the criteria, many other concepts were mentioned by a few persons each. These concepts belong to the areas cognitive psychology, general psychology, car driving and overall qualities. The three most mentioned concepts, including criteria and other concepts, were attention, experience and risk awareness.</p><p>Seven driving test criteria were defined by the traffic inspectors. Many different concepts were used to define the criteria and all criteria were defined differently by the informants. The definitions were divided into categories. The categories preparations, actions and perception were used for all criteria.</p><p>An analysis about how concepts were connected to each other was made, in order to find all associations made with each concept. Many different connections were found in this analysis and more than half of these were mentioned by only one informant.</p><p>Two connections were mentioned by eleven informants. One of these was manoeuvring – automation, the other was attention – vision.</p><p>Both similarities and differences in opinions were found among the informants in this study. The informants used the same concepts to some extent, but they associated different meanings with the concepts. The traffic inspectors’ differences in opinions lead to a risk of judging driving tests differently, although the same judgement criteria are used.</p>

Submitted by BETHANYA GRAICK CARIZIO null (bethanya.carizio@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-18T04:21:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_BETHANYA_G_CARIZIO_PPG_DESIGN.pdf: 4436212 bytes, checksum: f2f9fe75b5430036c2548a2454b777fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T13:26:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carizio_bc_me_bauru.pdf: 4436212 bytes, checksum: f2f9fe75b5430036c2548a2454b777fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T13:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carizio_bc_me_bauru.pdf: 4436212 bytes, checksum: f2f9fe75b5430036c2548a2454b777fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O uso de telefone celular durante a condução de automóvel é uma causa importante de risco aumentado de acidentes. Distratores, como conversar ao telefone celular no modo viva-voz ou segurando o equipamento na mão, interferem no mecanismo atencional, e tendem a perturbar o comportamento perceptual e motor dos motoristas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito distrator de usar o telefone celular (condições viva-voz e na mão) sobre o comportamento perceptivo-motor de motoristas durante a direção simulada de automóvel. Dez motoristas novatos e dez experientes tiveram a cinemática de olhos e cabeça mensurada enquanto dirigiam em um simulador de direção sob condições de 80-120 km/h de velocidade, luz do dia, trajetória linear e baixo nível de tráfego. De modo geral, os resultados mostraram que o número de fixações aumentou, o tempo relativo de fixação diminuiu, a variância horizontal e vertical do olhar, a variância da posição e da orientação da cabeça aumentou durante as condições de uso do celular viva-voz e na mão, comparadas à condição controle (sem conversa). Efeitos dos grupos de experiência não foram observados. Em suma, conversar ao telefone celular tende a perturbar a atenção devido à diminuição da estabilidade de olho e da cabeça; consequentemente, à obtenção de informação visual relevante para a segurança da direção. Áreas de estudo como o design ergonômico podem efetivamente auxiliar o planejamento de equipamentos e de aparelhos que atendem às demandas cognitivas, perceptuais e motoras dos motoristas, contribuindo para a segurança no trânsito. / Using a mobile phone while driving a car is an important cause of increase ed risk of accidents. Distractors such as talking on a cell phone in speakerphone mode or holding the device in hand interfere in the attentional mechanism and tend to disrupt drivers’ perceptual and motor behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distractor effect of using a cell phone (speakerphone mode and in hand conditions) on drivers’ perceptual-motor behavior during simulated car driving. Ten novices and ten experienced drivers had eyes and head kinematics measured while driving in a driver simulator under conditions of 80-120 Km/h velocity, day light, linear trajectory, and low traffic level. Generally, results showed that number of fixations increased, relative fixation time decreased, horizontal and vertical gaze variance increased, and variance of head position and orientation increased during both speakerphone mode and in hand conditions of mobile phone use, as compared to the control (no talking) condition. Effects of experience group were not observed. In sum, talking on a mobile phone tend to disturb attention due to decrease in eyes and head stability and, consequently, pickup of relevant visual information for safety driving. Areas of study as ergonomic design can effectively help in the planning of equipment or devices that meet the cognitive, perceptual and motor drivers’ demands, contributing to road safety.

Les variables neurovégétatives permettent d’évaluer l’état fonctionnel de l’individu, et représentent un intérêt pour mieux comprendre le comportement du conducteur, facteur déterminant de la sécurité routière. Ce travail est centré sur l’évaluation de la charge mentale du conducteur automobile par l’analyse de l’activité électrodermale. L’objectif est d’extraire les meilleurs indicateurs du signal électrodermal pour différencier la charge mentale induite par des situations de conduite réelle. L’analyse d’une trentaine d’indicateurs phasiques a permis de différencier des situations de conduite nominale, comparables en termes d’exigence comportementale mais différentes au niveau cognitif. Après traitement approprié du signal, en particulier en appliquant des transformations log, l’amplitude des réponses électrodermales est apparue comme un des indices les plus discriminants. Toutefois, les différences de charge mentale induites par les situations de conduite n’ont pas exactement correspondu à celles qui avaient été supposées. Une explication alternative mettant en avant des processus d’anticipation est proposée. Trois indicateurs toniques, dont deux sont nouveaux, ont ensuite été testés dans une expérience de double tâche, où une activité secondaire distractive était effectuée simultanément à la conduite. L’un s’est révélé inadapté au profil des signaux, mais les deux autres ont permis d’établir une hiérarchisation partielle de la surcharge induite. Particulièrement sensible à l’aspect cognitif de la distraction, l’évaluation psychophysiologique de la charge mentale par l’activité électrodermale apparaît complémentaire de l’analyse de la performance de conduite. / As an assessment tool for individual’s functional state, autonomic indices can help improving our knowledge of drivers’ behaviour, which is a central road safety causal factor. This work is focused on driver’s mental workload assessment, relying on electrodermal activity analysis. This is an attempt to highlight the most reliable electrodermal indices with the aim to distinguish accurately mental workload elicited by actual driving situations. The analysis of about thirty phasic indices, led to differentiate nominal driving situations. These were selected on the basis of comparable behavioural requirements, but of differences cognitive processes. After appropriate signal processing, (using log transformations in particular), electrodermal responses amplitude has the most potential to distinguish among experimental conditions. However, some of the differences about mental workload were not exactly those which were previously expected. An alternative interpretation of results highlighting anticipation processes is thus proposed. Tonic variations were then studied in a dual task experiment, including two new indices. The distractive power of several secondary tasks, performed while driving, was to be evaluated using these indices. One of the indices was unrelated to signals’ profile. Conversely, the two others gave a clear distinction of potential distraction elicited selectively by each secondary task. Mental workload was thus showed as being evaluated accurately using electrodermal activity analysis. Using objective physiological data and defining new electrodermal indices brought more reliability in the field of mental workload. Thus, electrodermal activity is a good candidate to complete data usually brought by tests or questionnaires.

La question de l'évaluation des aptitudes à la conduite constitue un enjeu important, tant en termes sécuritaires pour l'ensemble des usagers qu'en termes de qualité de vie pour les personnes dont les compétences subissent un déclin et voient leur autonomie menacée, comme les personnes atteintes de lésions cérébrales acquises. Classiquement, cette évaluation est assurée par une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques et une épreuve sur route. Cependant, ces outils présentent de nombreuses limites. Pour pallier ces limites, de plus en plus de praticiens et chercheurs se tournent vers des outils de simulation. Toutefois, les simulateurs ne font pas l'unanimité car il ne s'agit pas d'une mise en situation réelle. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de montrer l'apport du simulateur pour l'évaluation des compétences de conduite. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à certains processus qui peuvent être déficitaires et avoir un impact important en conduite (attention sélective, attention partagée, anticipation, etc.). Pour cela, nous avons créé un protocole complet l'évaluation de la conduite, composé d'une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques, d'une épreuve de conduite sur route et d'une épreuve de conduite sur simulateur. Ce protocole a été proposé à des personnes victimes de lésions cérébrales,connues dans la littérature pour présenter des déficits dans les processus qui nous intéressaient. Nous voulions d'une part montrer que le simulateur de conduite est aussi discriminant que les deux autres évaluations pour estimer les compétences de conduite en confrontant les résultats aux différentes évaluations. D'autre part, nous souhaitions mettre en avant l'apport du simulateur pour l'étude des mécanismes déficitaires en montrant leur implication en conduite chez des populations présentant des déficits cognitifs comme les personnes cérébrolésées.Les résultats confirment que le simulateur de conduite peut permettre d'évaluer les compétences en conduite, comme les tests neuropsychologiques et l'évaluation sur route. En effet, lors du test de conduite sur simulateur les participants cérébrolésés étaient d’une part discriminés des participants contrôles. D’autre part, les résultats étaient cohérents entre les différentes évaluations : Les participants notés majoritairement déficitaires aux tests neuropsychologiques ou à l’épreuve sur route l’étaient également sur simulateur. Par ailleurs, le simulateur apporte un autre éclairage sur les déficits en conduite en apportant notamment des informations supplémentaires susceptibles d’expliquer la nature des déficits observés sur route (oculométrie, mesure des temps de réaction). Le simulateur permet ainsi d'étudier les principauxprocessus impliqués en conduite, dans une situation écologique. Le simulateur constitue donc un outil pertinent pour l’évaluation des déficits cognitifs et leurs répercussions sur l’activité de conduite. / The question of the driving skills assessment is an important issue, both in terms of security for all road users and in terms of life quality for people whose skills are decreasing and have their autonomy threatened, as brain-injured people. Usually, this assessment is performed by a neuropsychological tests battery and an on-road test. Nevertheless, these toolspresent many limitations. To overcome these limitations, more and more practitioners and researchers are looking around simulation tools. However, simulators are not welcomed unanimously because it is not a real-life situation. The purpose of this study is to show the contribution of the simulator in the assessment of the driving skills. We are particularly interested insome processes which may be impaired and may have a great issue in driving (selective attention, shared attention, anticipation, etc.). In that way, we created a complete assessment protocol of driving, consisting in a neuropsychological test battery, an on-road driving test, and a simulator driving test. This protocol was proposed to people suffering of brain damages, known in the literature to present deficits in the processes which interested us. We wanted on one hand to show that the driving simulator is also discriminating as the two other evaluations to estimate the driving skills, by confronting the results to the various evaluations. On the other hand, we wished to put forward the contribution of the simulator for the study of the impaired mechanisms by showing their implication in driving in populations presenting cognitive deficits as the brain-injured people.The results confirm that the simulator allow us to assess the driving skills, as well as neuropsychological tests and on-road evaluation. On one hand, during the driving test on simulator, the brain-injured participants were discriminated from the control one. On the other hand, the results were coherent between the various assessments: The participants who were mainly noted impaired in the neuropsychological tests or in the on-road driving test were also noted impaired on the simulator. Besides, the simulator gives another perspective on the deficits in driving by bringing in particular additional information susceptible to explain the nature of the deficits observed on road (eye-tracker, response time measures). The simulator so allows to study the main processes involved in driving, in an ecological situation. Thus, the simulator constitutes a relevant tool for assessing cognitive impairments and their repercussions on the driving activity.Moreover, it provides a new perspective on driving skills. It also help to study the main processes involved in driving, in ecological conditions. In particular, we could highlight some cognitive deficits in brain-injured people. The simulator is therefore a relevant tool

This qualitative study examined the psychological demands of Formula One Racing, and the psychological skills former Formula One drivers utilized to meet those demands. The participants were nine former drivers, from six different countries, who have competed in at least one Formula One World Drivers Championship grand prix. The qualitative data were gathered using a semi-structured interview framework, developed by the researcher, to explore the psychological skills established from other validated psychological skills questionnaires, such as the Test of Performance Strategies, (Thomas, Murphy, & Hardy, 1999). Eight of the interviews were done via Skype, and one interview was performed in person. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and then sent to the participants to make any edits or corrections. Once the transcriptions were approved, the data were coded by the researcher using constant comparative methods as described in Charmaz (2006). Three phases of coding resulted in four themes and 14 sub-themes. The themes that emerged include: (1) Applied Sport Psychology in Formula One, (2) Psychological Skills, (3) Uncontrollable Aspects of Competition, (4) Career Components. Drivers used various psychological skills in a focused effort to aid their performance. Drivers discussed the important role psychology plays in their sport, and the psychological resources available to them during their career. Drivers discussed the danger element of their competition, and how they and their competitors managed the fear associated with racing. The drivers in this study competed in an era that was much more dangerous than the current era of Formula One racing (Barnes, 2013). The drivers' use of psychological skills, and perceptions of sport psychology, may guide consultants working with race car drivers and those working with other populations that have similar psychological and physical demands. / Kinesiology

L’Affichage Tête Haute (ATH) est la solution émergente pour l’aide visuelle à la conduite automobile, surtout dans certaines conditions de visibilité réduite par un temps dégradé ou une route mal éclairée. Le dispositif ATH permet de projeter des informations virtuelles, directement dans le champ de vision central de la scène de conduite, sans détournement du regard de la route. La perception visuelle du conducteur est ainsi augmentée avec une coexistence entre le réel et le virtuel. Cependant, pour garantir la bonne perception de ces informations virtuelles et permettre aux conducteurs d’engager les actions appropriées au bon moment, il est nécessaire d’assurer un paramétrage optimal. Ce projet de thèse se consacre à l’étude de trois facteurs majeurs : (1) la Parallaxe de Mouvement du Conducteur – PMC, (2) la distance de projection de la RA, (3) la condition de visibilité. Ces différents facteurs ont été progressivement introduits au cours des expérimentations. Deux métaphores visuelles RA pour l’aide à la conduite primaire ont été spécialement conçues. Trois expérimentations ont été menées sur sujets réels dans les simulateurs de conduite de Renault. L’ATH-RA a été simulé virtuellement et intégré à l’environnement virtuel de conduite, ce qui a permis la réalisation d’études subjectives et objectives, afin d’étudier progressivement : l’impact de la PMC, le lien avec la distance de projection, et l’influence des conditions de visibilité. Dans ce travail pluridisciplinaire, nous tentons de comprendre comment les informations Réalité Augmentée sont perçues par le conducteur ainsi que l’influence sur le comportement et les performances durant la conduite, afin de proposer des préconisations sur les paramètres d’un ATH-RA. / Head-Up Display is the emerging solution for visual aid while driving a car, especially during reduced visibility conditions, such as bad weather or when the road is poorly lighted. The HUD device allows to project virtual information in the central field of view of the driving scene, enabling the driver to keep his attention on the road. The visual perception of the driver is therefore augmented, with a coexistence between the real and virtual world. However, it is necessary to ensure an optimal setting in order to guarantee the good perception of the virtual information, and allow drivers to take appropriate actions at the right moment. This thesis project is dedicated to study three important parameters: (1) The Driver Head Motion Parallax, (2) AR projection distance, (3) visibility conditions. An experimental approach has been implemented, with the selection of two AR visual metaphors for driving aid. Three experimentations with real subjects have been realized in Renault’s driving simulators, where the three factors have been integrated progressively. The AR-HUD was simulated virtually and embedded in the virtual driving scene. This allowed to realize subjective and objective analysis to progressively study: the impact of the PMC, the link with the projection distance, and the influence of visibility conditions. The aim of this multidisciplinary work is an attempt to understand how AR information if perceived by the driver, and the influence on driver behavior and performance.

Det svenska förarprovet har vuxit fram ur praktisk yrkeserfarenhet. Oavsett vilken trafikinspektör som bedömer ett specifikt körprov ska bedömningen göras lika. Kognitiva egenskaper bedöms i körprovet genom att observera handlingar och beteenden. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv undersöka hur trafikinspektörer bedömer kognition, för att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som finns. Tre analyser gjordes utifrån tolv intervjuer med trafikinspektörer vid två av Vägverkets förarprovskontor. Trafikinspektörerna ombads beskriva vad som är viktigt hos en bilförare. Samtliga formella kriterier för körprovet nämndes av någon informant. Utöver kriterierna nämndes även många andra begrepp av ett fåtal personer vardera. Dessa begrepp kan räknas till områdena kognitionspsykologi, allmän psykologi, bilkörning och övergripande egenskaper. De tre mest nämnda begreppen var uppmärksamhet, erfarenhet och riskmedvetande. Sju körprovskriterier definierades av trafikinspektörerna. Många olika begrepp användes för att definiera kriterierna och samtliga kriterier definierades olika av informanterna. Definitionerna delades in i kategorier och de kategorier som användes för samtliga kriterier var förberedelser, handlingar och perception. Ur det som sades av informanterna gjordes en analys om hur begrepp kopplas samman med varandra, för att hitta alla associationer som görs till varje begrepp. Många olika kopplingar kunde hittas genom denna analys och av dessa nämndes hälften av enbart någon informant. Två kopplingar nämndes av elva av informanterna. Den ena var manövrering – automatisering, den andra var uppmärksamhet – syn. Studien påvisade både likheter och skillnader i åsikter informanterna emellan. I viss utsträckning använda sig informanterna av samma begrepp, men de lade olika innebörder i begreppen. Trafikinspektörernas olika synsätt medför en risk för att de bedömer körprov olika trots att de använder samma bedömningskriterier. / The Swedish driving license test has developed from practical professional experience. Regardless of which traffic inspector judges a specific driving test, the judgement is to be equal. Cognitive qualities are judged in the driving test by observing actions and behaviours. The purpose of this essay was to investigate, from a theoretical perspective, how traffic inspectors judge cognition, in order to investigate differences and similarities. Three analyses were made, based on twelve interviews with traffic inspectors working at two of the Swedish Road Administration’s offices for driving license tests. The traffic inspectors were asked to describe what is important in a car driver. All formal driving test criteria were mentioned by some informant. In addition to the criteria, many other concepts were mentioned by a few persons each. These concepts belong to the areas cognitive psychology, general psychology, car driving and overall qualities. The three most mentioned concepts, including criteria and other concepts, were attention, experience and risk awareness. Seven driving test criteria were defined by the traffic inspectors. Many different concepts were used to define the criteria and all criteria were defined differently by the informants. The definitions were divided into categories. The categories preparations, actions and perception were used for all criteria. An analysis about how concepts were connected to each other was made, in order to find all associations made with each concept. Many different connections were found in this analysis and more than half of these were mentioned by only one informant. Two connections were mentioned by eleven informants. One of these was manoeuvring – automation, the other was attention – vision. Both similarities and differences in opinions were found among the informants in this study. The informants used the same concepts to some extent, but they associated different meanings with the concepts. The traffic inspectors’ differences in opinions lead to a risk of judging driving tests differently, although the same judgement criteria are used.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to evaluate the effect of shock absorber on vehicle limits. At the beginning of the thesis, shock absorber properties were described. Then computational model was created and manoeuvres for shock absorber behaviour were defined. Created mathematical model is based on quarter model of a car and excitation in form of road with a random profile is an essential part of the model. This model was used for evaluation of heave. After heave analysis, shock absorber behaviour during drive was investigated. Drive conditions were defined as set of handling manoeuvres. For the drive investigation, complete multibody virtual model of racing car was used. Based on drive investigation analysis, optimal damping characteristics for each manoeuvre were found. Furthermore, each optimal characteristic was compared for different manoeuvres. Obtained results were compared. As a conclusion, compromise damping characteristic was suggested with the aim to fit the combination of all defined drive conditions. Final part of the thesis was aimed at validation of the computational model. Data measured during real drive were used as an input for this validation.

Physical inactivity is a cause of health problems globally that cause suffering for people and amass significant costs for states. One way of improving physical activity is by formulating policy and implementing planning decisions that encourage active travel. At the heart of the issue, however, lies the matter of modal choice. A majority of short trips that can be made by foot are made by car, but why do people make this decision? A large number of factors play a part in modal choice, but the role of distance is under researched.This paper set out to research if car familiarity makes a respondent overestimate walked distances, and whethercar drivers cognise distances more or less accurately than pedestrians.Standardised interviews were conducted at Gränby Centrum in Uppsala with 99 respondents who were asked to estimate their travelled distance from home to the interview location in both metres and in time. By utilising network analysis in GIS software, the respondent’s estimates were compared to the ‘objective’ distance travelled. It was found that, contrary to what was hypothesised; respondents that held a driver’s license and respondents that had driven recently did not overestimate their travelled distances more than respondents that did not hold a driver’s license. Findings did, however, suggest that respondents with higher car familiarity tended to both under- and overestimate distances in metres (but not time) to a greater extent than respondents with low car familiarity.