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This study aims to investigate the modal meamngs of you under Kratzer (1981)'s and Xie (2006)'s modality theory. Data is collected from Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese (ASBCMC hereafter). In ASBCMC, you has two types of modal meanings. It expresses the divergence between the speaker's expectation and the situation presented by the sentence (labeled as you1 hereafter). It also can indicate the convergence between the expectation and the situation (labeled as you2 hereafter). In respect to you1, the proposition that describes the situation has a truth value opposite to that of the expectation. In this condition, the expectation is from the speaker's presupposition developed upon objective factors. The proposition that describes the situation which you2 presents always has the same truth value as that of the expectation from the speaker's personal wish. The simple necessity of negation can be put in use to define the truth value of the proposition of you. You1 tends to denote the lexical meaning 'transition' which you2 cannot denote. In declarative sentences, you is the predicate to predicate the proposition. Meanwhile, it is also adverbials to modify the predicate of the sentence. In the negative sentence and rhetorical question sentences, you has no contribution to the sentential contents and is only predicated on the proposition. The speaker frequently uses you to refute the obligation from others and his own ability. You is also employed to indicate the speaker's agreement about his judgment or others' ability. 本文主要在Kratzer ( 1 981 ）和谢佳玲（ 2006 ）的情态理论框架下探讨了情态副词“又”的语义特征。语料库显示“又”在实际运用中有两种情态语义。一种是表达说话者的期望与命题事实的背离，另一种是表达期望符合命题事实，但大多数情况下“又”显示第一种情态义。接下来本文从几个方面讨论和对比了这两种语义。本文的研究结论是，“又”在表达期望与命题事实背离时，命题真值与说话者的期望为对立关系：“又”表期望与命题符合时，命题真值与说话者期望相同。“又”的命题真值可用否定必要性未定义。 “又”表背离预期时，含有“重复”，“递进”，“并列”及“转折”词汇义，也存在对句子没有语义贡献的情况。而“又”表符合预期时，不含有“转折”义，只含有重复，递进，并列三种词汇义。这与“又”表达的情景有关。 另外，在语料库中， “又”用在陈述句型中，都对句子有i吾义贡献，即都含有词汇意义，如“递进”， “重复” 等。此时“又”既修饰句中谓语，又充当高层谓语对整个命题进行评注。而在特殊句型中，“又”无词汇意义，仅作为高层谓语作用于整个 命题，表达说话者的主观情态。 最后，本文归类了与“又”共现的情态词，结果显示说话者常用“又”来反驳来自外部的义务或否认自身的能力，也用来表达说话者对自身的判断及别人的能力的肯定。

Orientador: Marcelo Esteban Coniglio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T12:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peron_NewtonMarques_D.pdf: 1773917 bytes, checksum: da2d2a1b1ecf8da6e26e419dee4888c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esse é um estudo sobre a viabilidade de matrizes finitas como semântica para lógica modal. Separamos nossa análise em dois casos: matrizes determinísticas e não-determinísticas. No primeiro caso, generalizamos o Teorema de Incompletude de Dugundji, garantindo que uma vasta família de lógicas modais não pode ser caracterizada por matrizes determinísticas finitas. No segundo caso, ampliamos a semântica de matrizes não- determinísticas para lógica modal proposta independentemente por Kearns e Ivlev. Essa ampliação engloba sistemas modais que, de acordo com nossa generalização, não podem ser caracterizados por matrizes determinísticas finitas / Abstract: This is a study on the feasibility of finite matrices as semantics for modal logics. We separate our analysis into two cases: deterministic and non-deterministic matrices. In the first case, we generalize Dugundji's Incompleteness Theorem, ensuring that a wide family of modal logic cannot be characterized by deterministic finite matrices. In the second, we extend the non-deterministic matrices semantics to modal logics proposed independently by Kearns and Ivlev. This extension embraces modal systems that, according to our generalization, cannot be characterized by finite deterministic matrices / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

From introduction: A popular misconception regarding Aristotle's views on modality is that Aristotle adhered to the doctrine of no unrealized possibilities. According to this doctrine, all possibilities are realized in time; in other words, if it is possible that something could happen, then at some time it is the case that that happens. For example, if it is possible for Socrates to escape from prison, then there will be a time at which Socrates will actually escape from prison. On this view, the possible and the actual co-incide; whereas there is abundant evidence that Aristotle was careful to maintain a distinction between the possible and the actual.

The main objective of this study is to theorize a possible method of compatibility between macro-rhetorical analyses and micro-dynamic analyses of power, discourse, and the subject. The vehicle for application is conflict over privacy rights, and the proposed bridge between the two levels of analysis is the grammatical-pragmatic relation of modality and positionality. This investigation thus draws upon key theoretical elements from conventional structuralism, post-structuralism, and pragmatics. These form the framework for discussion of a number of analyses of selected textual features that reflect moves to truth and power, and the shifting status of the subject. Two general sets of analyses emerge. One focuses on rhetorically-motivated constructions of the subject, and the other on the uses of modality as indices of subject position. I have chosen the example of the conflict over privacy rights because the strongest instances occur in power struggles between individuals and institutions. The samples for analysis are drawn from the discourse of individuals and institutions involved in this conflict. My investigation focuses on power relations involved in control over the hermeneutic authority that influences the determination of speaking subjects and the establishment of truth. At the center of this discussion is the philosophical question of the subject, not only in terms of power over subject construction, but also in terms of the status of subject hood per se. The relationship between the self and discursive constructions of the self is thus examined. At issue is an ethical concern: the individual seems to need both conventionally approved constructions of herself in social contexts, and a measure of independent control over her self such that she has subject integrity. Three types of analyses, corresponding to the three levels of theoretical orientation identified above, inform this investigation: 1.conventional rhetorical analyses (structuralist), as they are exemplified in Kenneth Burke's dramatistic and logological calculus (at the level of global power struggle) 2.micro-analyses (post-structuralist), as they are ex-emplified in Foucault's archaeological approach to power, knowledge, and the speaking subject (at the level of local relations of force and their indices in "statements") 3.^grammatical-pragmatic analyses of modality, evidentiality, and the "statement," informed by studies in social semiotics (at the grammatical level of modality as a linguistic index of power and positionality) This work is intended to contribute to speculative research on how the three levels of analysis might be integrated. The results of this study show correlations between grammatical features of modality and subject status. Where there is a positive correlation, the uses of modality indicate conformity and acceptance in terms of institutional norms. Where there is a negative correlation, modality is not aligned with subject construction, and the "subject" involved is therefore institutionally powerless. She cannot receive a serious audience for her discourse. In the former case the authority invested in speaking subjects also sanctions credibility in the construction of truth and facts. Both reinforcements of, and changes in, the status quo occur only where modality and subject status are aligned with each other in terms of a specific organizational structure and situation. In the latter case where discourse is divorced from salient positionality, the speaker can utter only empty rhetoric. Resourceful individuals, however, may manoeuver within these institutional constraints to both utilize the conventions of discourse and to activate resistance to these restrictions in a field of low-level detectability. Such individuals (bricoleurs) are able to play with the aletheic phemonemon of truth: they retain the social character of convention and at the same time exercise a certain degree of independence or freedom in order to protect the ethical core or integrity of the self. This play is rhetorical strategy par excellence: the individual finds a way of co-existing with the institution. Resistance is thus survival by troping the world. It involves using the modality of the situation and moving the self strategically in and out of position. The bricoleur constructs resourceful faces that please yet deceive, that bend to discursive technology yet serve the self, and that disclose yet conceal. The modality of strategic aletheia is non-canonical and ordinary. One constructs the truths that protect, however temporary. And, however transitory, one makes a self that is at home in the world. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

A generalized inclusion (g.i.) frame consists of a set of points (or "worlds") W and an assignment of a binary relation Rw on W to each point w in W. generalized inclusion frames whose Rw are partial orders are called comparison frames. Conditional logics of various comparative notions, for example, Lewis's V-logic of comparative possibility and utilitarian accounts of conditional obligation, model the dyadic modal operator > on comparison frames according to (what amounts to) the following truth condition: oc>13"holds at w" if every point in the truth set of a bears Rw to some point where holds. In this essay I provide a relational frame theory which embraces both accessibility semantics and g.i. semantics as special cases. This goal is achieved via a philosophically significant generalization of universal strict implication which does not assume accessibility as a primitive. Within this very general setting, I provide the first axiomatization of the dyadic modal logic corresponding to the class of all g.i. frames. Various correspondences between dyadic logics and first order definable subclasses of the class of g.i. frames are established. Finally, some general model constructions are developed which allow uniform completeness proofs for important sublogics of Lewis' V. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

ModaI logic is concerned with the logic of necessity and possibility. The central problem of modal ontology is summed up in the following question, "What are the ontological commitments of the user of modal terminology? " This thesis is primarily about the ontological commitments that Aristotle made when he employed modal terms. Aristotle’s modal ontology is h e r e analysed in conjunction with four modal problems. My primary objective, is to clarify some of the discussions of Aristotle's modal ontology that have been advanced by certain twentieth century philosophers. The first problem to be considered is the famous ' sea battle’ argument of De Interpretatione 9 . Here is a summary of the problem: If it is currently true that there will be a sea battle tomorrow, then in some sense it is inevitable that there will in fact be a sea battle; if predictions are true, is not a form of determinism being supported? One analysis in particular is studied at length, namely that of Jaakko Hintikka. Hintikka holds that the sea battle argument is best Interpreted if the metaphysical principle of plenitude is attributed to Aristotle. The principle of plenitude effectively merges modality with temporality; what is necessarily the case is always true, and vice versa. Hintikka also interprets Aristotle's stand on the ‘Master Argument’ of Diodorus in light of the attribution of the principle of plenitude to Aristotle. Diodorus' argument is the second of the four problems that this essay considers,. Unlike Aristotle, Diodorus appears to have favored a strong version of determinism. According to Hintikka, Diodorus actually strove to prove the principle of plenitude (as opposed to assuming it, as Aristotle presumably did). I am very sceptical regarding Hintikka's interpretations of these two problems. The sea battle argument is not adequately answered by the solution which Hintikka sees Aristotle adopting. Alternative answers are relatively easy to come by. The evidence cited by Hintikka for ascribing the principle of plenitude is, it is shown, somewhat inconclusive. As for the Master Argument, there is a great deal of paucity in regards to textual evidence. Hinikka himself virtually concedes this point. (Thus, whereas I feel it to be incumbent to offer an alternative interpretation of the sea battle argument, I do not share this attitude towards the Master Argument.) The third and fourth problems play a key role in twentieth century analytic philosophy. Both were first formulated by W.V. Quine in the forties. These problems are somewhat subtle and will not be explained further. Suffice it to say that an analysis of Aristotle's works by Alan Code reveals that the Stagirite had an answer to Quine's criticisms of modal logic. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

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The subject matter of this diploma thesis is linguistic modality in German with focus on certain problems in translating modal verbs structures from German to Czech. In the theoretical part, the concept of modality as well as the differentiation of modal field is elucidated. Besides the usually used classification of subjective and objective modality, a more precise structure is applied, which is that of epistemic and non-epistemic modality. In addition, in the field of non-epistemic modality, two other sub-types are distinguished according to whether a speaker s evaluation is present or not. The practical part methodologically relies on concrete data such as modal verbs used with perfect infinitive or modal verbs in past perfect tense (Plusquamperfekt) and their translations from German to Czech. Based on selected examples, the aim of this thesis is to emphasize the main differences between Czech and German modality and to underline their essential significance to the translation accuracy.