Potsdam, University, Diss., 2005.

No description available.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Jena.

This study aims to investigate the modal meamngs of you under Kratzer (1981)'s and Xie (2006)'s modality theory. Data is collected from Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese (ASBCMC hereafter). In ASBCMC, you has two types of modal meanings. It expresses the divergence between the speaker's expectation and the situation presented by the sentence (labeled as you1 hereafter). It also can indicate the convergence between the expectation and the situation (labeled as you2 hereafter). In respect to you1, the proposition that describes the situation has a truth value opposite to that of the expectation. In this condition, the expectation is from the speaker's presupposition developed upon objective factors. The proposition that describes the situation which you2 presents always has the same truth value as that of the expectation from the speaker's personal wish. The simple necessity of negation can be put in use to define the truth value of the proposition of you. You1 tends to denote the lexical meaning 'transition' which you2 cannot denote. In declarative sentences, you is the predicate to predicate the proposition. Meanwhile, it is also adverbials to modify the predicate of the sentence. In the negative sentence and rhetorical question sentences, you has no contribution to the sentential contents and is only predicated on the proposition. The speaker frequently uses you to refute the obligation from others and his own ability. You is also employed to indicate the speaker's agreement about his judgment or others' ability. 本文主要在Kratzer ( 1 981 ）和谢佳玲（ 2006 ）的情态理论框架下探讨了情态副词“又”的语义特征。语料库显示“又”在实际运用中有两种情态语义。一种是表达说话者的期望与命题事实的背离，另一种是表达期望符合命题事实，但大多数情况下“又”显示第一种情态义。接下来本文从几个方面讨论和对比了这两种语义。本文的研究结论是，“又”在表达期望与命题事实背离时，命题真值与说话者的期望为对立关系：“又”表期望与命题符合时，命题真值与说话者期望相同。“又”的命题真值可用否定必要性未定义。 “又”表背离预期时，含有“重复”，“递进”，“并列”及“转折”词汇义，也存在对句子没有语义贡献的情况。而“又”表符合预期时，不含有“转折”义，只含有重复，递进，并列三种词汇义。这与“又”表达的情景有关。 另外，在语料库中， “又”用在陈述句型中，都对句子有i吾义贡献，即都含有词汇意义，如“递进”， “重复” 等。此时“又”既修饰句中谓语，又充当高层谓语对整个命题进行评注。而在特殊句型中，“又”无词汇意义，仅作为高层谓语作用于整个 命题，表达说话者的主观情态。 最后，本文归类了与“又”共现的情态词，结果显示说话者常用“又”来反驳来自外部的义务或否认自身的能力，也用来表达说话者对自身的判断及别人的能力的肯定。

published_or_final_version / English / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

The present study addresses, in a comparative Swedish-French perspective, the derived adverb and its modification by a following adjective. From a translational point of view, the structure derived adverb + adjective is interesting, since its translation into French is reputed to generate problems. In this study, a linguistic approach is adopted to these translation problems. For the investigation, a corpus of 510 Swedish tokens representing the structure derived adverb + adjective, and their respective translations into French, was compiled. The tokens originate from 22 contemporary Swedish novels. The number of translators represented in the corpus amount to 14. The tokens were classified into two major groups: intensifying adverb + adjective and qualitative adverb + adjective. The former group was further divided into subcategories according to the semantic nature of the adjective from which the adverb is derived. The main objectives of the study are (1) to investigate the solutions adopted by the translators when rendering the construction derived adverb + adjective in French, (2) to analyse the factors − those inherent to the language and those situated on the contextual level − involved in the cases where the original structure is not maintained in the French translations, (3) to show that the solutions adopted by the translators differ according to which semantic category the adverb belongs to − the intensifying group or the qualitative group. Furthermore, the difficulties of making a clear division between intensifying adverbs and qualitative adverbs placed before the adjective are discussed at some length. The results show that when the adverbial element is intensifying, the same structure is more often maintained in the French translations than in those cases where the adjective is modified by a qualitative adverb. The study also demonstrates the great variety of factors involved in the cases where the structure derived adverb + adjective is not maintained in the French translations. These cases may be due to the fact that the equivalent of the Swedish phrase in question would form a non-established unit in French, to the lack of an equivalent adverb in French, to the tendency of the French language to favour nominal constructions, or to individual preferences of the translator.

Elicitation of basic clause structure

This study investigates variable positioning of adverbs in compound verb tenses in vernacular Quebec French using the sociolinguistic framework of Variation Theory (Weinreich et al. 1968; Labov 1969). While variable adverb placement is addressed in both the prescriptive and linguistic literature, whether their explanations for it hold in practice remains to be determined; quantitative research of this phenomenon in usage-based corpora is limited, and rare in French. The research objectives are therefore to determine the productivity of variable adverb placement in French in these verbal contexts, to uncover the linguistic and/or social factors which constrain it, and to evaluate the extent to which current treatments of this variable in the literature accurately reflect what occurs in speech. Data is thus extracted from a corpus of spontaneous discourse, is coded for several linguistic and social factors, and is quantitatively analysed using standard variationist methodology (Poplack & Tagliamonte 2001). Overall rates of variant use suggest that variable adverb placement is robust, with adverbs occurring just slightly more frequently after the past participle than between the auxiliary and the participle; placement at the beginning of the sentence is rare. The results of the distributional and multivariate analyses largely confirm the purported conditioning effects of the tested linguistic factors, suggesting that prescriptive and theoretical linguistic approaches are generally correct in their accounts of this phenomenon. However, closer investigation reveals these effects to be sensitive to the lexical identity of the adverb, namely, their particular placement preferences; once these positioning predilections are taken into consideration, the conditioning effects of the linguistic factors essentially disappear. Sociodemographic factors are also found to be mildly implicated in variable adverb placement, and these too are sensitive to the influence of the lexical identity of the adverb. Ultimately, it is argued that this variable is primarily lexically-constrained, a finding which can be only minimally and indirectly inferred from the relevant literature. Taken together, the results of this study provide new and vital insight into the mechanisms underlying variable adverb placement in French, and also highlight the importance of quantitatively investigating such variable language phenomena in corpora of vernacular speech.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1976. / Bibliography: leaves [372]-378. / Microfiche. / xiii, 378 leaves