This thesis aims at describing and analyzing the morphosyntactic features of adverbs ending in mente (-ly) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). One of these features is the fact that adverbs have a close relationship with the adjectives in constructions such as (i) O João entrou na sala rápido / O João entrou na sala rapidamente John entered the room fast / O John entered the room quickly . Based on these examples, we assume that adverbs are a subclass of adjectives, having in mind that these categories occur in the same syntactic environment. Another factor for this assumption relates to their morphological constitution, since, in order to form adverbs in -mente, it is expedient to have an adjectival root. Then, I assume that the adjectives in sentences as in (i) may have a morphological default, i.e., without addition of -mente in their internal structure, or rather, they have to obtain a more specified form with mente in its internal structure. The theoretical framework adopted here is based on the work of Marantz (2001), whose analysis on the formation of morphological nominalizations is extended here to explain the adverbs in -mente in BP and Harris (1999). / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese tem como objetivo descrever e analisar as características morfossintáticas dos advérbios terminados em mente no português brasileiro (PB). Uma dessas características é o fato de os advérbios possuírem uma estreita relação com os adjetivos em construções do tipo (i) O João entrou na sala rápido / O João entrou na sala rapidamente. Com base nesses exemplos, iremos assumir que os advérbios são uma subclasse dos adjetivos, tendo em vista que essas categorias ocorrem num mesmo ambiente sintático. Outro fator determinante para essa assunção refere-se a sua constituição morfológica, uma vez que para se formar advérbios em mente é preciso ter uma raiz adjetival. Assim, assumo que os adjetivos em sentenças como em (i) podem possuir uma característica morfológica default, isto é, sem acréscimo de mente em sua estrutura interna, ou, por outro lado, obter uma forma mais especificada com o mente em sua estrutura interna. O embasamento teórico aqui adotado se fundamenta nos trabalhos de Marantz (2001), cuja análise sobre a constituição morfológica das nominalizações é estendida aqui para explicar a formação dos advérbios em mente no PB e Harris (1999).

This thesis is focused on the study of restrictive focusing adverbs in the Czech and Spanish languages. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part describes the exclusion focusing adverbs in both languages using secondary literature. The practical part uses the parallel corpus to examine what lexical equivalents correspond to individual Czech focusing adverbs, and shows their individual semantic or positional differences in detail.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

M.A. (African Languages) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Ideofoner används flitigt i japanska och är viktiga att lära sig men bjuder på stora svårigheter för andraspråkstalare. Den här studien undersöker vilka sammanhang japanska ideofoner används i, specifikt vilka verb som ofta modifieras av ideofoner och vilka dessa ideofoner är. En japansk bloggkorpus på 5,5 miljarder tokens delades upp i tokens, ordklasstaggades, dependensparsades och söktes igenom. Vid en signifikansnivå på 0,001 hittades 2398 verb som ofta modifieras av ideofoner och 52719 kollokationer av verb och ideofoner, medan antalet unika ideofoner var 756. Detta visar att ideofoner används i en stor mängd sammanhang där det finns en relation mellan ideofon och verb. De 20 högst rankade kollokationerna undersöktes mer ingående och innehöll till största delen skildringar av sinnesintryck som är ovanliga att uttrycka med ideofoner i många språk, och som därmed kan vara svåra för många andraspråkstalare. / Ideophones are widely used in Japanese and are important to learn, but present big challenges for L2 speakers. This study investigates the contexts that ideophones in Japanese occur in, specifically what verbs are often modified by ideophones and those ideophones. A Japanese blog corpus consisting of 5.5 billion tokens was split up into tokens, tagged with part of speech and dependency relations and then searched. At a significance level of 0.001, 2398 verbs were found to often be modified by ideophones, and 52179 collocations of verbs and ideophones were found. The number of unique ideophones were 756. This shows that ideophones are used in many contexts where there is a relationship between ideophone and verb. The 20 highest ranked collocations were examined. Most contained depictions of sensory imagery normally not expressed by ideophones in many languages, and which might therefore be difficult for many L2 speakers.

In the last few decades, there has been increased interest in the incorporation of data from bi- and multilingual individuals in linguistic theory: from second language acquisition and language attrition to heritage varieties and code-switching. This dissertation discusses a range of ways in which code-switching data can provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie linguistic structures. The data will be analysed within the framework of Minimalist Generative syntax and Distributed Morphology.The first part investigates grammatical gender assignment in code- switching between English, a language without grammatical gender, and two languages with grammatical gender: French and Belgian Dutch. These languages have comparable, but different gender systems. French has two genders: masculine and feminine, whereas Belgian Dutch adds a third: neuter. The study in this part of the dissertation compares gen- der assignment strategies in bilinguals with different profiles. In addition, the code-switching data provide evidence against the default status of neuter in Belgian Dutch.The second part focuses on word order and includes two studies: one on verb-second word order in Dutch-English code-switching and one on adverb placement in English-French and Dutch-English code- switching. The verb-second chapter identifies a lacuna in the traditional Generative analysis for verb second and uses the CS data to address this. The chapter on adverb position looks at placement of the adverb between the verb and its direct object, which is allowed in Dutch and French, but not in English. For all domains investigated, it is found that the finite verb predicts word order.Taken together, these studies demonstrate that bilingual data can shine a light on elements of the theory of grammar which remain in the shadows when only monolingual data is used. / Les dernières décennies ont vu croître l’intérêt pour l’intégration à la réflexion en linguistique théorique des données produites par des locuteurs/trices bilingues ou multilingues, que celles-ci concernent l’acquisition d’une langue seconde, l’attrition, les langues d’héritage ou l’alternance codique. Le présent travail développe plusieurs exemples où les données issues de l’alternance codique éclairent les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les structures linguistiques. Les données recueillies sont interprétées dans le cadre de la syntaxe générative minimaliste et de la morphologie distribuée (« distributed morphology »).Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l’attribution du genre grammatical dans l’alternance entre l’anglais, d’une part, et le français et le néerlandais de Belgique, de l’autre. Alors qu’il n’y a pas en anglais de genre grammatical, le français et le néerlandais de Belgique marquent ce genre, mais de façon différente :si le français distingue deux genres, masculin et féminin, le néerlandais de Belgique y adjoint un troisième, le neutre. Dans cette partie de la thèse, nous dressons le profil des stratégies d’attribution du genre auprès de deux types distincts de bilingues et nous établissons également que le neutre n’est pas le genre par défaut en néerlandais de Belgique.Dans un second temps, nous nous penchons sur l’ordre des constituants. Dans une première étude, nous examinons l’ordre des mots avec « verbe second » (V2) dans l’alternance anglais-néerlandais. Nous abordons ensuite le placement de l’adverbe dans l’alternance anglais- français et anglais-néerlandais. Le chapitre consacré à V2 identifie une lacune dans la littérature générative et tire profit des données de l’al- ternance pour y proposer une solution. Le chapitre consacré à l’adverbe s’intéresse au placement de celui-ci entre le verbe et son objet, position licite en français et néerlandais mais pas en anglais. Dans ces deux études, il apparaît que c’est la langue du verbe à la forme finie qui prédit l’ordre des constituants.L’ensemble des recherches ici réunies démontre que les données bilingues mettent en lumière des aspects de la théorie grammaticale qui restent dans l’ombre lorsque le chercheur se limite à des données monolingues. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

吳茂源. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (p. 318-336). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in English. / Wu Maoyuan. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (p. 318-336).

PhD (Xitsonga) / Ehansi ka Senthara ya MER Mathivha ya Tindzimi ta Xintima, Vutshila na Mfuwo / Riengeteri hi xin’wana xa swihluvi swa mbulavulo lexi nga si kambisisiwaka hi vuenti eka Xitsonga. Hikokwalaho, ndzavisiso lowu wu ringeta ku pfala vangwa leri hi ku endla nkambisiso wo enta hi maengeteri eka Xitsonga. Maengeteri ma nga aviwa hi mitlawakulu minharhu ku nga maengeteri ma ndhawu, maengeteri ma nkarhi na maengeteri ma mukhuva. Ndzavisiso lowu wu kambisisa xivumbeko, tinhlamuselo na vulongoloxamarito bya maengeteri lama boxiweke laha henhla eka Xitsonga hi ku kongomisa eka swivulwahava swa maengeteri ma ndhawu, nkarhi, ntalo na maengeteri ma mukhuva. Eka ndzavisiso lowu ku kambisisiwa matirhelo ma maengeteri ma vundhawu lama humaka eka maviti mo tanihi mavitavito, mavitaswilo na masivi mo tanihi masivinene, masivintalo, masivikomba na man’wana na man’wana ku ya hi mitlawa ya maviti eswivulweni. Mahungu ma ndzavisiso lowu ma hlengeletiwile hi ku tirhisa endlelo ra khophasi laha mulavisisi a nga kuma mahungu kusuka eka matsalwa hi ku kongomisa eka tinovhele ta Xitsonga leti landzelaka: Xisomisana;Thuketana, F.A, (1983), N’waninginingi ma ka tindleve; Thuketana, F.A. (1978), Ndzi ta n’wi kuma; Chauke W.R. (2003), Nsuku wa mina; Chauke W.R. (1992), Hi ya kwihi; Maluleke M.J. (1993), I vutomi; Lubisi, C.M (2007), Xilondza; Lubisi,C.M. (2009), Mulunguntima; Khosa, T.H. (1996), Xona hi xihi? Maluleke; D.R. (1987) na Swa vilula; Ngobeni, M.T. (1996). Ndzavisiso lowu wu le hansi ka ka thiyori ya Neo-Davidsoni, ku nga ntlawa wa tithiyori leti tirhanaka na vuxaka lebyi nga kona exikarhi ka swiphemu swa xiendleko eka xivulwa na maendlelo lama simekiweke eka nhlamuselo, leynga ta tithisiwa eka tinhlamuselo ta maegeteri. Eka ndzavisiso lowu ku tirhisiwa endlelo ra nxopaxopo wa vundzeni bya matsalwa ku xopaxopa mahungu ma ndzavisiso. / NRF

This PhD thesis examines a phenomenon known as Monosyllabic Circumflexion (MC, hereafter) from a historical linguistics / phonological point of view. MC denotes a Lithuanian or Balto-Slavic phenomenon according to which long vowels and diphthongs in monosyllabic words exhibit a circumflex tone instead of the expected acute tone.  It is observed in the following four categories: I. 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic stems (e.g., šõks ― šókti `to jump;' vy͂s ― výti `to drive') II. reflexes of PIE root nouns (e.g., Latv. gùovs `cow;' Lith. šuõ `dog') III. prepositions/adverbs (e.g., nuõ `from' ~  nùotaka `bride;' vė͂l `again' ~ Latv. vêl `still, yet,' tė͂ (permissive particle) < *teh1) IV. pronominal forms (e.g., tuõ ~ gerúoju `the good (m.~sg.~instr.),' tie͂ ~ tíeji `id. (pl.nom)'). The unexpected circumflex tone in these categories is problematic and important for the solution of a Balto-Slavic accentological question on the etymological background of acute and non-acute tones. The aim of this thesis is to partially contribute to the solution of this problem by establishing the existence of MC and its relative chronology. The first category, the 3rd person future forms, provides a substantial number of examples and counterexamples. The examination of them has revealed the fact that the counterexamples constitute a morpho-semantic group of verbs whose future stems underwent considerable morphological changes in the prehistory, hence not exhibiting MC. This shows that the regular tonal reflex of the 3rd person future forms of monosyllabic acute stem must be circumflex, allowing for the establishment of MC as a regular phonological process, although this category does not provide much information on the relative chronology of MC. The second category, the reflexes of Proto-Indo-European root nouns, gives an important clue as to where MC is located in the relative chronology of Balto-Slavic sound changes. Next, there is a discussion of whether the results of the examinations of the first two categories can be maintained for the data of the third and fourth categories, which show an irregular distribution of the acute and circumflex tones in monosyllabic forms. It is shown that various morphological factors, such as homonymic clashes within the paradigms for pronouns, can explain why some monosyllabic forms have acute tone. Also, the linguistic feature of West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian that tend to preserve the results of MC is revealed. These dialects are known to have played an important role in the formation of standard Lithuanian. In this way, the monosyllabic forms with unexpected circumflex tone in Lithuanian are explained as a combination of MC in the Proto-Balto-Slavic time and the dialectal tendency of West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian.

Neste trabalho, buscamos analisar, de um ponto vista sincrônico e quantitativo, as funções que os locativos aqui, aí, ali e lá exercem na oração e no texto. Para isso, trabalhamos com a variedade do português popular falado no Brasil, mais especificamente o dialeto utilizado pelos informantes do projeto Filologia Bandeirante (MEGALE, 1998) e pelos falantes que forneceram material para organização do Banco de Dados do Português Popular Falado na Cidade de São Paulo (RODRIGUES, 1987). A principal questão analisada foi a da função sintática dos advérbios locativos, ou seja, se seriam sempre adjuntos, como algumas Gramáticas Tradicionais (GT) acreditam ou se poderiam exercer a função de argumentos de predicado, como alguns estudos já apontam. Adotando os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Gramática Funcional de DIK (1989) e da Sociolingüística Variacionista, nosso objetivo é descrever, analisar e explicar o comportamento dos locativos, buscando identificar os possíveis contextos que favoreçam o aparecimento destes termos ora como argumento, ora como satélites de EsCo. / In this research we analyze, of a point sight synchronic and quantitative, the functions that the locative case aqui, aí, ali and lá are used in the sentence and in the text. For that, we work with the range of the Portuguese popular spoken in Brazil, more specifically the dialect utilized by the informers of the Filologia Bandeirante project (MEGALE, 1998) and by the talkative that supplied stuff for organization of the Banco de Dados do Português Popular Falado na Cidade de São Paulo (RODRIGUES, 1987). The main question analyzed was the syntactic function of the adverbs locative case, for instance if would be always adjunct, as some Traditional Grammar (GT) believe or it would be able to exercise the predicate arguments function, like some studies already aim. Adopting the theoretical-methodological budgets of the Functional Grammar of DIK (1989) and of the Sociolinguistics Variationist, our objective is going to describe, analyze and explain the behavior of the locative case, seeking identify the possible contexts that favor the appearance of these we will have as argument, or on the other hand like satellites of EsCo.