The adverb is the indeclinable and not inflective part of speech, who denotes the attribute of act, state, characteristic and different factors of act and state (place, time, reason, purpose and etc.). The adverb has the distinctive word-formation and derivation. Also the adverb has the distinctive accentuation. The accentuation of adverbs takes on a whole new dimension – morphonological dimension. Lithuanian language has the free accent, because of it morphonological features of morphemes determine the place of accent. There is an intensive interest in the frequency of different units of language now. Users has the possibility to use the Electronic Frequency Dictionary now. The base of this master‘s work are adverbs from Common Press Words of the 20th century: Electronic Frequency Dictionary (2004). There were more than 1200 adverbs in Electronic Frequency Dictionary. The derivatives of suffix -ai make about 67% of them. The mostly usable adverbs are these: dar, čia, dabar, daug, gerai, kaip, taip, daugiau, kur, kiek, ten, taip pat, vėl, jau, labai, todėl. The accentual domination of word-formation formants and the features of morphemes of underlying words determine the accentuation of adverbs derivatives. The accentual power of theme of underlying words and flexions and the attraction of flexions determine the accentuation of phrases (these phrases became adverbs) and the accentuation of other single adverbs. The short adverbs have the accent of underlying words.

Der Forschungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Semantik der Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B). Der Ausgangspunkt der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung beruht auf der Annahme, die semantische Analyse der Temporaladverbien im Text ermögliche die Untersuchung der Zeitwahrnehmung der vergangenen Epochen. Den theoretischen Teil (Kapitel 1-5) eröffnet die Fragestellung nach der Zeit. Es werden mehrere grundlegende Zeitkonzepte beschrieben, in denen das untersuchte Problem aus der Perspektive der subjektiven Wahrnehmung (im Unterschied zur objektiven Zeit), chronologisch (von Aurelius Augustinus bis zu Arvydas Šliogeris ) problematisiert wird. Im anschließenden Kapitel wird das Wesen der zyklischen und der linearen Zeitwahrnehmung dargestellt. Auch die ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit den sprachlichen Mitteln zum Ausdruck der Zeit (mit Schwerpunkt auf dem Temporaladverb) wird im theoretischen Teil unternommen. Abgeschlossen wird der Teil mit der ausführlichen Darstellung des literaturhistorischen Kontexts des zu untersuchenden Textes (Kapitel 5). Im empirischen Teil (Kapitel 6) werden die mhd. Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B) analysiert. Im Kapitel (7) werden die Schlussfolgerungen aus der Untersuchung des Liedes gezogen. Mit der Erscheinung der vorliegenden Dissertation erfolgt die Anknüpfung der litauischen Germanistik an das fachübergreifende Gespräch über die Zeitwahrnehmung im Rahmen der germanistischen Mediävistik... [der volle Text, siehe weiter] / Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – laiko prieveiksmių semantika Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Disertacijos tikslas – remiantis viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analize nustatyti, kuris laiko suvokimo modelis dominuoja apie 1200 m. nežinomo autoriaus parašytoje Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Manoma, kad skirtingais žmogaus vystymosi etapais vyravo vienas iš trijų laiko suvokimo modelių: laikas kaip atskirų punktų visuma, kaip tam tikras pasikartojantis ciklas arba kaip nenutrūkstanti linija. Manoma, kad būtent Viduramžiais dabartinės Vokietijos teritorijoje ciklinį laiko suvokimo modelį pakeitė linijinis. Suformuluotas darbo tikslas peržengia kalbos istorijos tyrimų ribas, todėl iškelta problema nagrinėjama ir iš filosofijos mokslo, religijotyros, kultūrologijos bei literatūros mokslo perspektyvų. Darbą sudaro septynios dalys: įvadas, skyriai „Laiko suvokimas kaip filosofijos mokslo tyrimo objektas“, „Laiko suvokimas bei laiko suvokimo modeliai“, „Kalbos priemonės laikui reikšti“, „Nybelungų giesmės tekstas bei jo sociokultūrinis kontekstas“, „Nybelungų giesmės vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analizė“ bei išvados. Išanalizavus 822 viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmius buvo nustatyta, kad Nybelungų giesmėje egzistuoja ir ciklinis, ir linijinis laiko modeliai. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad tekste atsispindi nuostata, jog laikas – tai amžina ir besikartojanti kategorija. Tą liudija 59 % visų analizės metu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the doctoral thesis is to explore the semantics of the adverbs of time in The Song of the Nibelungs (Manuscript B). Drawing on the analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German, the research aims at disclosing the prevalent model of time in The Song of the Nibelungs, composed by an anonymous writer about AD 1200. It is assumed that at different stages of the development of humanity one of the three models of time was dominant: time as the sum of separate points, time as a cycle or an uninterrupted line. It is supposed that mainly in the Middle Ages in the territory of present-day Germany there was a shift from the cyclical to linear concept of time. The research question is discussed not only from the perspective of historical linguistics but also from philosophical, religious, cultural and literary perspectives. The doctoral thesis consists of seven parts: Introduction, chapters „Conceptualization of time as the object of research in philosophy“, „Conceptualization of time and its models“, „Linguistic means of expressing time“, „The text of The Song of the Nibelungs and its sociocultural context“, „The analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German in The Song of the Nibelungs“ and Conclusions. The research of 822 adverbs of time in Middle High German has proved that The Song of the Nibelungs displays both cyclical and linear models of time. The findings of the research have revealed that 59% of the adverbs of time refer to time as an infinite... [to full text]

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – laiko prieveiksmių semantika Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Disertacijos tikslas – remiantis viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analize nustatyti, kuris laiko suvokimo modelis dominuoja apie 1200 m. nežinomo autoriaus parašytoje Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Manoma, kad skirtingais žmogaus vystymosi etapais vyravo vienas iš trijų laiko suvokimo modelių: laikas kaip atskirų punktų visuma, kaip tam tikras pasikartojantis ciklas arba kaip nenutrūkstanti linija. Manoma, kad būtent Viduramžiais dabartinės Vokietijos teritorijoje ciklinį laiko suvokimo modelį pakeitė linijinis. Suformuluotas darbo tikslas peržengia kalbos istorijos tyrimų ribas, todėl iškelta problema nagrinėjama ir iš filosofijos mokslo, religijotyros, kultūrologijos bei literatūros mokslo perspektyvų. Darbą sudaro septynios dalys: įvadas, skyriai „Laiko suvokimas kaip filosofijos mokslo tyrimo objektas“, „Laiko suvokimas bei laiko suvokimo modeliai“, „Kalbos priemonės laikui reikšti“, „Nybelungų giesmės tekstas bei jo sociokultūrinis kontekstas“, „Nybelungų giesmės vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analizė“ bei išvados. Išanalizavus 822 viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmius buvo nustatyta, kad Nybelungų giesmėje egzistuoja ir ciklinis, ir linijinis laiko modeliai. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad tekste atsispindi nuostata, jog laikas – tai amžina ir besikartojanti kategorija. Tą liudija 59 % visų analizės metu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the doctoral thesis is to explore the semantics of the adverbs of time in The Song of the Nibelungs (Manuscript B). Drawing on the analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German, the research aims at disclosing the prevalent model of time in The Song of the Nibelungs, composed by an anonymous writer about AD 1200. It is assumed that at different stages of the development of humanity one of the three models of time was dominant: time as the sum of separate points, time as a cycle or an uninterrupted line. It is supposed that mainly in the Middle Ages in the territory of present-day Germany there was a shift from the cyclical to linear concept of time. The research question is discussed not only from the perspective of historical linguistics but also from philosophical, religious, cultural and literary perspectives. The doctoral thesis consists of seven parts: Introduction, chapters „Conceptualization of time as the object of research in philosophy“, „Conceptualization of time and its models“, „Linguistic means of expressing time“, „The text of The Song of the Nibelungs and its sociocultural context“, „The analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German in The Song of the Nibelungs“ and Conclusions. The research of 822 adverbs of time in Middle High German has proved that The Song of the Nibelungs displays both cyclical and linear models of time. The findings of the research have revealed that 59% of the adverbs of time refer to time as an infinite... [to full text] / Der Forschungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Semantik der Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B). Der Ausgangspunkt der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung beruht auf der Annahme, die semantische Analyse der Temporaladverbien im Text ermögliche die Untersuchung der Zeitwahrnehmung der vergangenen Epochen. Den theoretischen Teil (Kapitel 1-5) eröffnet die Fragestellung nach der Zeit. Es werden mehrere grundlegende Zeitkonzepte beschrieben, in denen das untersuchte Problem aus der Perspektive der subjektiven Wahrnehmung (im Unterschied zur objektiven Zeit), chronologisch (von Aurelius Augustinus bis zu Arvydas Šliogeris ) problematisiert wird. Im anschließenden Kapitel wird das Wesen der zyklischen und der linearen Zeitwahrnehmung dargestellt. Auch die ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit den sprachlichen Mitteln zum Ausdruck der Zeit (mit Schwerpunkt auf dem Temporaladverb) wird im theoretischen Teil unternommen. Abgeschlossen wird der Teil mit der ausführlichen Darstellung des literaturhistorischen Kontexts des zu untersuchenden Textes (Kapitel 5). Im empirischen Teil (Kapitel 6) werden die mhd. Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B) analysiert. Im Kapitel (7) werden die Schlussfolgerungen aus der Untersuchung des Liedes gezogen. Mit der Erscheinung der vorliegenden Dissertation erfolgt die Anknüpfung der litauischen Germanistik an das fachübergreifende Gespräch über die Zeitwahrnehmung im Rahmen der germanistischen Mediävistik... [der volle Text, siehe weiter]

Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Cláudia Nívea Roncarati de Souza / Banca: Sanderléia Roberta Longhin-Thomazi / Resumo: O trabalho objetiva investigar e descrever o caráter multifuncional da partícula já no português brasileiro falado culto, enfatizando principalmente os níveis e camadas de análise da Gramática Funcional de Dik (1989) e da recente Gramática Funcional do Discurso (HENGEVELD, 1989 e 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, no prelo). A hipótese principal é que há vários tipos de já que são distribuídos de acordo com características sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas em diferentes níveis e camadas de atuação gramatical. Um desses tipos é o aspectual que dispõe de características similares ao uso de already em inglês e que é analisado como marcador de aspecto inceptivo com diferentes funções semânticas no discurso de acordo com a proposta de Michaelis (1996) para a língua inglesa. A multifuncionalidade de já permite a investigação do item como possuindo características mais ou menos concretas, o que sugere estar envolvido um processo de gramaticalização. Nessa direção, faz-se necessária a aplicação (i) dos princípios gerais de Hopper (1991) e (ii) dos domínios cognitivos de Sweetser (1991), entre outros. Além disso, nossa definição de gramaticalização vai além da tradicional, segundo a qual a gramaticalização é um processo em que um item lexical assume características mais gramaticais, ou um item gramatical se torna ainda mais gramatical. Acrescenta-se aqui, de acordo com Traugott (1995), que, nesse processo, o item pode sofrer um acréscimo de características discursivas, o que leva a entender o Discurso como fazendo parte da gramática da língua. Essa opção teórica coincide com a proposta multifuncional adotada, uma vez que, na GFD, o Discurso constitui um dos níveis de análise dentro da gramática. A amostra lingüística de já foi extraída do córpus mínimo do Projeto Gramática do Português Falado, que advém de dados do Projeto NURC. / Abstract: This study aims at investigating and describing the multifunctional character of the particle já in Standard Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. It mainly emphasizes the levels and layers of analysis from Dik's Functional Grammar (1989) and from the recent Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD, 1989 and 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, forthc., in prep.). The main hypothesis is that there are several types of já which are distributed according to syntatic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics in different levels and layers of grammar. Among these types, there is the aspectual, which has characteristics similar to those of the use of already in English and which is analyzed as an inceptive aspect marker with different semantic functions in discourse according to Michaelis' proposal (1996) for the English language. The multifunctionality of já allows us to investigate this item as having more or less concrete characteristics, which suggests the involvement of a grammaticalization process. In this sense, it is necessary to apply: (i) the general principles (HOPPER, 1991) and (ii) the cognitive domains (SWEETSER, 1991), among others. Besides this, our definition of grammaticalization goes beyond the traditional definition, according to it, the grammaticalization is a process in which the lexical item assumes more grammatical characteristics, or a grammatical item becomes even more grammatical. In addition, according to Traugott (1995), the item in this process may show an increase of discursive characteristics, leading to an understanding of Discourse as part of the grammar of the language. This theoretical option is coherent with the multifunctional proposal addopted, since in FDG the Discourse is one of the levels of analysis in the grammar. The linguistic samples of já were taken from the minimum corpus of the Spoken Portuguese Grammar Project, which is built with data of the NURC Project. / Mestre

Neste trabalho, buscamos analisar, de um ponto vista sincrônico e quantitativo, as funções que os locativos aqui, aí, ali e lá exercem na oração e no texto. Para isso, trabalhamos com a variedade do português popular falado no Brasil, mais especificamente o dialeto utilizado pelos informantes do projeto Filologia Bandeirante (MEGALE, 1998) e pelos falantes que forneceram material para organização do Banco de Dados do Português Popular Falado na Cidade de São Paulo (RODRIGUES, 1987). A principal questão analisada foi a da função sintática dos advérbios locativos, ou seja, se seriam sempre adjuntos, como algumas Gramáticas Tradicionais (GT) acreditam ou se poderiam exercer a função de argumentos de predicado, como alguns estudos já apontam. Adotando os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Gramática Funcional de DIK (1989) e da Sociolingüística Variacionista, nosso objetivo é descrever, analisar e explicar o comportamento dos locativos, buscando identificar os possíveis contextos que favoreçam o aparecimento destes termos ora como argumento, ora como satélites de EsCo. / In this research we analyze, of a point sight synchronic and quantitative, the functions that the locative case aqui, aí, ali and lá are used in the sentence and in the text. For that, we work with the range of the Portuguese popular spoken in Brazil, more specifically the dialect utilized by the informers of the Filologia Bandeirante project (MEGALE, 1998) and by the talkative that supplied stuff for organization of the Banco de Dados do Português Popular Falado na Cidade de São Paulo (RODRIGUES, 1987). The main question analyzed was the syntactic function of the adverbs locative case, for instance if would be always adjunct, as some Traditional Grammar (GT) believe or it would be able to exercise the predicate arguments function, like some studies already aim. Adopting the theoretical-methodological budgets of the Functional Grammar of DIK (1989) and of the Sociolinguistics Variationist, our objective is going to describe, analyze and explain the behavior of the locative case, seeking identify the possible contexts that favor the appearance of these we will have as argument, or on the other hand like satellites of EsCo.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the epistemic modality of selected French adverbs in -ment. After a theoretical introduction of basic terms and characterizations of the epistemic modality and the principal means of its expression, it focuses on the very epistemic adverbs. At first, for the purpose of the following research, we specify the syntactically and semantically homogenous group of epistemic adverbs in -ment, defining it by dictionaries and constituent works. Afterwards, this group is analyzed quantitatively - on the French corpora Frantext, L'Est républicain and frWac - as well as qualitatively - on the parallel corpus InterCorp - with an emphasis on the post-verbal position of the adverb in the sentence, on the certainty degree and the Czech translation equivalents. The final part of the study is constituted by a reversed analysis of acquired Czech equivalents. Key words: French, epistemic modality, modal specificators, modal adverb, corpus linguistics.

This thesis studies the equivalents of the words already, still, not yet and no longer in the Romance languages. These concepts constitute an onomasiological domain located in the periphery of aspect that have come to be known as phasal polarity expressions. Specifically, this thesis studies the phasal polarity adverbials in 45 Romance varieties belonging to 34 distinct Romance languages. The data were collected using a variety of written sources and ellicitated material, and were analysed according to three of Kramer's parameters: expressibility, coverage and wordhood. The results are generally in line with previous literature but diverging phenomena have also been observed. The findings of this study add to the growing body of literature on the topic and lay the foundation for more thorough descriptions of phasal polarity in the Romance languages.

No description available.

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wemylla de Jesus Almeida.pdf: 8693970 bytes, checksum: 0b9e2a49df16f810ef3e9e9e42d75466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / This research reflects on the syntax of the teaching process of the Portuguese language, in particular, the adverb function in Brazil in the second half of the nineteenth century. We seek to trace the historiographical paths in learning, taking as corpus Syntax study work and construction of the Portuguese Language, Thomaz da Silva Brandão (1888). In this perspective, the theoretical foundation of our work is the Historiography Language (HL), specifically, Koerner (1996), based on its three principles: context, mapping the climate of opinion, the spirit of the time, immanence establishing an overview of the theory and terminology used in the works and, fitness, introducing modern approaches of technical vocabulary, from the analysis. Therefore, for the adjustment, use the work of New study lessons of syntactic analysis, Adriano da Gama Kury (1999) in order to contribute to the development of the Portuguese language teaching in elementary school. Thus, our main objectives are to explain how his gave the study of syntax, especially, the adverb function to the implementation process of the Portuguese language in the second half of the nineteenth century, in Thomaz grammar studies da Silva Brandão (1888) and Adriano da Gama Kury (1999), the twentieth century also explain the deployment process of a language policy in a historiographical approach. As a result of our research, we also noticed that the works analyzed contributed greatly to the implementation of the syntax of the words of the Portuguese language, since there are gaps in the teaching of adverb function that need to be filled / Esta pesquisa reflete sobre o processo de ensino da sintaxe da Língua Portuguesa, em especial, da Função do Advérbio, no Brasil, na segunda metade do século XIX. Buscamos traçar o percurso historiográfico no ensino, tomando como corpus a obra de estudo Syntaxe e construcção da Lingua Portugueza, de Thomaz da Silva Brandão (1888). Nessa perspectiva, o embasamento teórico do nosso trabalho é o da Historiografia Linguística (HL), especificamente, com Koerner (1996), partindo dos seus três princípios: contextualização, que traça o clima de opinião, o espírito de época, imanência, que estabelece um quadro geral da teoria e da terminologia usada nas obras e, adequação, que introduz aproximações modernas do vocabulário técnico, passando à análise. Assim sendo, para a adequação, utilizamos a obra de estudo Novas lições de análise sintática, de Adriano da Gama Kury (1999), a fim de contribuir com o desenvolvimento do ensino de Língua Portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental. Dessa forma, os nossos principais objetivos consistem em explicar como seu deu o estudo da sintaxe, sobretudo, da Função do Advérbio, para o processo de implementação da Língua Portuguesa, na segunda metade do século XIX, nos estudos de gramática de Thomaz da Silva Brandão (1888) e de Adriano da Gama Kury (1999), do século XX, além disso, explicitar o processo de implantação de uma política linguística em uma abordagem historiográfica. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa, constamos que as obras analisadas contribuíram muito para a implementação da sintaxe do advérbio da Língua Portuguesa, uma vez que há lacunas no ensino da Função do Advérbio que precisam ser preenchidas