Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 camara_al_me_sjrp.pdf: 374446 bytes, checksum: b176f9827b5e550f988678da04e528f1 (MD5) / O trabalho objetiva investigar e descrever o caráter multifuncional da partícula já no português brasileiro falado culto, enfatizando principalmente os níveis e camadas de análise da Gramática Funcional de Dik (1989) e da recente Gramática Funcional do Discurso (HENGEVELD, 1989 e 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, no prelo). A hipótese principal é que há vários tipos de já que são distribuídos de acordo com características sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas em diferentes níveis e camadas de atuação gramatical. Um desses tipos é o aspectual que dispõe de características similares ao uso de already em inglês e que é analisado como marcador de aspecto inceptivo com diferentes funções semânticas no discurso de acordo com a proposta de Michaelis (1996) para a língua inglesa. A multifuncionalidade de já permite a investigação do item como possuindo características mais ou menos concretas, o que sugere estar envolvido um processo de gramaticalização. Nessa direção, faz-se necessária a aplicação (i) dos princípios gerais de Hopper (1991) e (ii) dos domínios cognitivos de Sweetser (1991), entre outros. Além disso, nossa definição de gramaticalização vai além da tradicional, segundo a qual a gramaticalização é um processo em que um item lexical assume características mais gramaticais, ou um item gramatical se torna ainda mais gramatical. Acrescenta-se aqui, de acordo com Traugott (1995), que, nesse processo, o item pode sofrer um acréscimo de características discursivas, o que leva a entender o Discurso como fazendo parte da gramática da língua. Essa opção teórica coincide com a proposta multifuncional adotada, uma vez que, na GFD, o Discurso constitui um dos níveis de análise dentro da gramática. A amostra lingüística de já foi extraída do córpus mínimo do Projeto Gramática do Português Falado, que advém de dados do Projeto NURC. / This study aims at investigating and describing the multifunctional character of the particle já in Standard Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. It mainly emphasizes the levels and layers of analysis from Dik's Functional Grammar (1989) and from the recent Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD, 1989 and 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, forthc., in prep.). The main hypothesis is that there are several types of já which are distributed according to syntatic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics in different levels and layers of grammar. Among these types, there is the aspectual, which has characteristics similar to those of the use of already in English and which is analyzed as an inceptive aspect marker with different semantic functions in discourse according to Michaelis' proposal (1996) for the English language. The multifunctionality of já allows us to investigate this item as having more or less concrete characteristics, which suggests the involvement of a grammaticalization process. In this sense, it is necessary to apply: (i) the general principles (HOPPER, 1991) and (ii) the cognitive domains (SWEETSER, 1991), among others. Besides this, our definition of grammaticalization goes beyond the traditional definition, according to it, the grammaticalization is a process in which the lexical item assumes more grammatical characteristics, or a grammatical item becomes even more grammatical. In addition, according to Traugott (1995), the item in this process may show an increase of discursive characteristics, leading to an understanding of Discourse as part of the grammar of the language. This theoretical option is coherent with the multifunctional proposal addopted, since in FDG the Discourse is one of the levels of analysis in the grammar. The linguistic samples of já were taken from the minimum corpus of the Spoken Portuguese Grammar Project, which is built with data of the NURC Project.

Adverbs constitute an important element in expressing circumstances. In our dissertation we try to present various types of adverbs in the language of texts which date back to 17th and 18th centuries (so-called Baroque period). The word-formation aspect of these adverbs and the development of their meaning are emphasized. Different semantic shifts of adverbs are observed as well as their usage with functions of different parts of speech (usually particles or conjunctions). The development of adverbs found in Baroque texts is compared both with older language period and with some results of their development in contemporary Czech.

This thesis deals with a comparison of relative clauses in Czech and Spain language. The first part is devoted to the theoretical definition of the term "relative clause" in both languages and their comparison. In the second part the author performed a linguistic analysis of the Czech and Spanish comparable text with focuse on identification of the grammatical phenomena described in the theoretical part. This thesis is written in Czech language and includes a summary in Spanish.

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T11:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 34277584 bytes, checksum: 6fc5e0665234e0ce22ab6e264ba741fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T11:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 34277584 bytes, checksum: 6fc5e0665234e0ce22ab6e264ba741fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Negation is a linguistic universal event present in all languages; each one of them reveals particular forms of manifesting the act of denying, naturally mental, human in excellence. This work aims at describing the discursive-linguistic functioning of one of the negation forms in Portuguese, the pre-verbal NO, particularly in Vestibular entrance Essays, based on the linguistic Functionalism to American side, especially in the sociocognitiva approach of the grammaticalization process (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). We compared the traditional and functionalist approaches concerning the negation adverb NO, taking into account the possibility of the pre-verbal NO, more specifically, constituting a correlated negative construction. Then, we described the uses of the construction of the pre-verbal NO in the textual genre in focus, verifying the most and least prototypical of such uses, as well as recursive and encapsulated forms of such construction. We concluded, finally, that the discursive-linguistic functioning of the pre-verbal NO could present a synchronic path of grammaticalization in frank change, considering more connective and modalizadores-argumentative uses, given the constitution of a correlated negative construction, specifically in opinion essays, written by candidates of the 2013 Vestibular, from Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. / La negación es un universal lingüístico presente en todas las lenguas, cada una de las cuales revela formas particulares de expresar el acto de negar, mental por naturaleza, humano por excelencia. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el funcionamiento lingüístico y discursivo de una de las formas de negación en la lengua portuguesa, el NO preverbal, sobre todo en las redacciones de selectividad basado en el funcionalismo lingüístico al lado americano, especialmente en la aproximación sociocognitiva del proceso de gramaticalización (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). Comparamos los enfoques tradicional y funcionalista en el tratamiento dado al adverbio de negación NO, teniendo en vista la posibilidad del preverbal NO, más específicamente, constituir una correlación negativa construcción. Con este fin, describimos los usos de la construcción NO preverbal en el género en cuestión, comprobando las situaciones más prototípicas y menos prototípicas de estos usos, así como las formas recursivas y encapsuladas de tal construcción. Observamos, por último, que el funcionamiento lingüístico-discursivo del NO preverbal puede presentar una trayectoria sincrónica de gramaticalización en claro cambio, a partir de los usos más conectivos y modalizadores-argumentativa, con miras a la constitución de una correlación negativa construcción, más particularmente en Artículos de opinión escritos por los candidatos para la Selectividad 2013 de la Universidad Estadual da Paraíba. / A negação é um universal linguístico presente em todas as línguas, cada uma das quais revelando formas particulares de manifestar o ato de negar, mental por natureza, humano por excelência. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o funcionamento linguístico-discursivo de uma das formas de negação em língua portuguesa, o NÃO pré-verbal, particularmente em Redações de Vestibular, com base no Funcionalismo linguístico de vertente norte-americana, em especial na abordagem sociocognitiva do processo de gramaticalização (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). Comparamos as abordagens tradicional e funcionalista no tratamento dado ao advérbio de negação NÃO, tendo em vista a possibilidade de o NÃO pré-verbal, mais especificamente, constituir uma construção correlata negativa. Para tanto, descrevemos os usos da construção NÃO pré-verbal no gênero textual em questão, verificando as situações mais prototípicas e menos prototípicas desses usos, bem como formas recursivas e encapsuladas de tal construção. Constatamos, enfim, que o funcionamento linguístico-discursivo do NÃO pré-verbal pode apresentar uma trajetória sincrônica de gramaticalização em franca mudança, a partir de usos mais conectivos e modalizadores/argumentativos, tendo em vista a constituição de uma construção correlata negativa, mais particularmente em Artigos de opinião, escritos por candidatos ao Vestibular 2013, da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba.

This thesis has attempted to determine if there are differences, concerning adverbial placement, between the sentences of left- and right-handed writers. To make this determination, I have statistically analyzed compositions of eight graduate students (four left-handed and four right-), and two left-handed published authors' (Lewis Carroll's and Mark Twains) private correspondence.

In recent years, computer software has been used to assist in the analysis of clinical language samples. However, this software has been unable to accurately identify complex syntactic structures such as adverbial clauses. Complex structures, including the adverbial clause, are of interest in child language due to differences in the development of this structure between children with and without language impairment. The present study investigated the accuracy of new software, called Cx, in identifying adverbial clauses. Two separate collections of language samples were used. One collection included 10 children with language impairment, 10 age-matched peers, and 10 language-matched peers. A second collection contained language from 174 students in first grade, third grade, fifth grade, and junior college. There was high total agreement between computerized and manual analysis with an overall Kappa level of .895.

Le dialecte syrien de Tartous ne dispose pas d’adverbes dérivés d’un adjectif, comme c’est le cas en français, pouvant fonctionner comme adverbes de manière. Par contre,Les deux langues utilisent deux moyens similaires pour exprimer la manière. Le premier concerne la construction introduite par la préposition avec en français et parla préposition bə (‘associatif’) en syrien de Tartous, et le second, l’objet interne en français et l’objet dit absolu en syrien de Tartous. Compte tenu de la différence entre les systèmes linguistiques des deux langues, nous pourrons faire l’hypothèse que même dans les cas des deux moyens comparables dont disposent les deux langues pour exprimer la manière, ils ne sont pas soumis aux mêmes types de contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques en français et en syrien de Tartous. Cette étude comparative nous permettra de comprendre le fonctionnement de chacun des moyens utilisés dans les deux langues pour exprimer la manière, et par là de faire ressortir les différences syntaxique et sémantique qui séparent les compléments de manière dans les deux langues. / The Syrian dialect of Tartous does not have adverbs derived from adjectives that work as adverbs of manner, like in French. On the other hand, both languages use two similar ways of expressing condition ; the first one is construct introduced by thepreposition ‘with’ (‘avec’ in French, ‘bi’ in Syrian). The second way is the cognate object, or what is known in Syrian as ‘absolute effect’.With the differences between the two language systems in mind, we can assume that even if we have similar ways of expressing manner, yet they are controlled by different grammatical and semantic rules.Comparing the two languages allows us to understand the method of expressing manner in each language, and then identify the semantic and grammatical distinctions between the adverbs of manner in the two languages.

Cette thèse décrit la langue du seizième siècle, à partir d’un corpus de textes français, du point de vue de l’adverbialité.La détermination d’un corpus de textes en phrase ponctuées syntaxiquement, a demandé de longs questionnements sur la phrase, la ponctuation, et l’histoire des textes. La question de l'adverbialité a été choisie comme critère du point de vue de la sémantique, de la morphologie et de la syntaxe. Un relevé des faits adverbiaux a construit l'hypothèse que l'adverbialité, en phrase, au seizième siècle, puisse se jouer, parfois simultanément, sur les différents niveaux de la hiérarchie syntaxique, qui forment autant de lieux possibles à l'adverbialité, ce qu'a confirmé un travail de délimitation, en phrase, d'un territoire adverbial. Les faits adverbiaux relevés dans le corpus se sont révélés de morphologies très variées. La multiplicité de ces possibilités a donné matière à un questionnement que sous-tendait la question du lieu où ils apparaissaient, dans la hiérarchie syntaxique. Les raisons qui fondaient l’analyse et l’adverbialité, alors qu’elles semblaient propres à chaque fait adverbial, se sont révélées également et logiquement présentes d’un fait de discours adverbial à l’autre, d'une morphologie à l'autre, ce qui nous a conduite à les penser comme le dénominateur commun nécessaire à l’entier des faits adverbiaux. Ce travail propose de repenser comme logiquement unies ces perspectives d'étude, si éloignés soient les résultats qu’elles font apparaître dans la langue du seizième siècle, afin de retrouver un dénominateur commun à l’ensemble des adverbe, et de concevoir comme l’union logique qui construit, en pensée, l'ensemble des faits adverbiaux. / This thesis describes sixteenth-century language, based on a corpus of French texts, from an adverbial perspective.The establishment of a textual corpus organized in sentences, according to syntax and to punctuation required interrogating the sentence, the punctuation and the history of the texts. The question of the adverbs was chosen as the criteria for a semantic, morphologic, and syntactic perspective. A survey of adverbial occurrences led to the hypothesis that adverbality, in the sentence, during the sixteenth century, could function, sometimes simultaneously, on different levels of syntactic hierarchy, levels that likewise present possibilities for adverbality, which was confirmed by a process of circumscription of an adverbial territory within the sentence. The adverbial occurrences taken from the corpus showed quite variable morphology. These many possibilities gave rise to a first stage of questioning that arose from the question of where in the syntactical hierarchy these occurrences were found. Although the reasons underpinning this analysis seemed dependent upon each adverbial occurrence, they proved in fact to be equally and logically present from one occurrence to another and from one morphology to another. This led us to think that a common denominator might be necessary for the entirety of adverbial occurrences. We propose a reconceptualization of these perspectives as logically connected, however disparate the results are as they appear in the language of the sixteenth-century. This leaves us with a reason to continue searching for a common denominator for the adverb and to conceive a logical union that constructs a total entity of adverbial occurrences.

No description available.