O presente estudo analisa de que maneira as expressÃes linguÃsticas da modalidade deÃntica atuam na defesa de pontos de vista dos autores da coluna Confronto das Ideias do jornal O Povo. Pesquisamos, a partir de uma visÃo funcionalista da linguagem, a manifestaÃÃo da modalidade deÃntica em sessenta textos produzidos sobre trinta temas, cada tema com dois textos de posicionamentos contrÃrios. Os temas tratados na coluna fazem referÃncia a questÃes sociais, de interesse da comunidade. Os textos coletados foram publicados nos anos de 2013 e 2014. Vista como a modalidade relacionada à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsÃveis, a modalidade deÃntica foi aqui analisada quanto aos aspectos sintÃticos, semÃnticos e pragmÃticos. No que se refere aos meios linguÃsticos de expressÃo da modalidade deÃntica, verificamos que os auxiliares modais foram os mais recorrentes, com 62,7% de frequÃncia. Dentre eles, o verbo auxiliar dever foi constante frente aos demais, instaurando obrigaÃÃo, seguido pelo auxiliar modal poder, que teve uma considerÃvel frequÃncia, instaurando proibiÃÃo atravÃs da polaridade negativa nÃo+poder. O valor de obrigaÃÃo nos textos do corpus foi o mais frequente, com 65,9% de recorrÃncia, seguido do valor de permissÃo, manifestado, muitas vezes, como uma sugestÃo. Com relaÃÃo aos aspectos semÃnticos, a fonte deÃntica que mais instaurou a modalidade foi a do tipo enunciador, com 63,2% de frequÃncia, uma vez que os autores, na maioria dos casos, falam em nome deles e de um suposto senso comum. O alvo deÃntico mais frequente, sobre o qual recaem os valores deÃnticos instaurados nesses textos, foi o domÃnio-comum, com 49,2% de presenÃa nos textos. Esse tipo de alvo deÃntico diz respeito a toda a comunidade, inclusive o enunciador. Quando o alvo à uma terceira pessoa definida, à mais frequente a referÃncia a uma instituiÃÃo. O tempo verbal em que os verbos auxiliares modais mais se manifestaram foi o Presente, com 68,6% de frequÃncia, e o modo, o Indicativo, com 75,7% de recorrÃncia. ConcluÃmos que os autores se utilizam desses recursos para apresentar suas ideias com relaÃÃo a obrigaÃÃes, permissÃes, sugestÃes e proibiÃÃes acerca de assuntos de interesse social. Algumas expressÃes linguÃsticas sÃo usadas para asseverar ou atenuar a forÃa ilocucionÃria com que os autores defendem seus pontos de vista, objetivando conquistar a adesÃo dos leitores Ãs prÃticas apresentadas por eles como desejÃveis. A modalidade deÃntica à configurada, assim, como uma categoria que instaura noÃÃes relacionadas à conduta e à cidadania na defesa de opiniÃes sobre as questÃes de interesse social abordadas na coluna Confronto das Ideias do jornal O Povo. / This study analyzes how linguistic expressions of deontic modality act in defense of points of view on texts from âConfronto das Ideiasâ column of a Brazilian newspaper called âO Povoâ. We analyzed based on a functionalist view of language the manifestation of deontic modality in sixty texts produced over thirty topics each one with two contrary points of view. The topics covered in the column are about social issues of community interests. These texts were published in 2013 and 2014. Seen as the type of modality that is related to the possibility or need of acts performed by morally responsible agents, the deontic modality was analyzed in its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. With regard to the linguistic expressions of deontic modality, we verified that the modal auxiliaries were the most frequent of them with 62.7% of frequency. Among them, the auxiliary verb must was recurrent in establishing obligation, followed by the modal auxiliary can, that had an occasional frequency in establishing prohibition by negative polarity cannot. The obligation value was the most frequent with 65.9% of recurrence followed by permission value, often manifesting suggestions. With regard to semantic aspects, the deontic source that most introduced the modality was enunciator with 63.2% of frequency, since the authors, in most cases, speak on behalf of them and of a supposed common sense. The most common deontic target on which fall the deontic values was the common-area with 49.2% of presence in the texts. This type of deontic target relates to the whole community including the enunciator. When the target is defined by a third person, it was most frequent references to institutions. The tense in which the modal auxiliary verbs most appear was the Present, with 68.6% of frequency, and the Indicative, with 75.7% of recurrence. We conclude that the authors use these resources to present their ideas about obligations, permissions, suggestions and prohibitions related to topics of social interests. Some linguistic expressions were used to assert or attenuate the illocutionary force with which the authors defend their points of view, aiming to persuade the readers to practices presented by them as ideals. The deontic modality is therefore set as a category that introduces notions about conduct and citizenship in defense of points of view about social issues pointed in the column.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate simple Spanish clauses expressing implied will. They represent the way of how we can express our wish or desire without referring us to any addressee. This work consists of two parts, theoretical and modal. The first part is dedicated to the enlightenment of the term of verbal mode. This is considered to be important because these types of clauses are associated with a specific verbal mode, known as subjunctive. We will describe the use of subjunctive in simple clauses in more detail, but without neglecting its alternation with the indicative mode and the issue of an imperative mode, which consists in different approach to the meaning of the verbal mode in Spanish linguistic tradition. The second section of the chapter will then be dedicated to the modality, where we clarify the term and apply it on Spanish language. We will define specific expressions and paradigms that will be dealt with in the practical section. It will consist of a few corpuses analyzes in four different linguistic corpuses, namely InterCorp, Araneum Hispanicum Maius, CORPES XXI and CREA. KEY WORDS subjunctive, modality, wish clauses, Spanish, hable, hablara, deontic modality

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24393号 / 理博第4892号 / 新制||理||1699(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 長谷川 真人, 教授 牧野 和久, 准教授 照井 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Early stage disease diagnosis still remains a challenge despite much efforts to develop novel imaging and diagnostic techniques. Nanoparticles used as molecular imaging contrast agents with multifunctionality and flexibility provide a platform for targeting the specific disease biomarkers and integration of imaging modalities. In this work, we developed a simplified method for synthesis of radiolabeled targeted super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs). This method takes advantage of the chelator BAT that is conjugated to the PEG before the coating process begins. The effect of nanoparticle size and PEG density was investigated in a series of in vivo experiments. The 64Cu-VINP-SPIOs were used in the PET imaging of inflammation and 64Cu-CD105-SPIOs were used in imaging of 4T1 murine tumor model. In summary, we investigated the potential of the radiolabeled, targeted SPIOs in imaging atherosclerotic plaque and tumor in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron emission tomography (PET). Our results show that dual modality SPIOs with active targeting mediated by affinity ligands can be a great tool in molecular imaging and diagnosis of early stage plaque and tumor.

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The present thesis set out to investigate how sensory modality and spatial presentation influence visual and auditory duration judgments in the millisecond range. The effects of modality and spatial location were explored by considering right and left side presentations of mixed or blocked visual and auditory stimuli. Several studies have shown that perceived duration of a stimulus can be affected by various extra-temporal factors such as modality and spatial position. Auditory stimuli lead to more precise duration judgments than visual stimuli and often last subjectively longer than visual stimuli of equal duration. The circumstances under which these modality differences occur are not clear yet. Recent studies indicated an interaction between temporal and spatial processing. Overestimation of durations was associated with right side presentation of visual stimuli, underestimation with left side presentation. However, the effect of spatial presentation has not been explored in the auditory temporal judgments. Furthermore, there is a debate concerning the mechanisms underlying processing of visual and auditory intervals with some researchers supporting the view that there is a central, amodal temporal mechanism and others arguing in favour of distinct, modality specific temporal mechanisms. The above issues were examined in a series of experiments using the duration discrimination paradigm. Processing demands where varied between experiments by varying the number of stimuli positions and the way that different modality trials were presented (mixed or blocked). Across all experiments we found no effect of location either in visual or auditory domain. However, in experiments in which different modality trials were intermixed, participants in the visual versions of the task tended to overestimate durations of comparison stimuli that were presented at different locations to the standard stimuli. In such conditions, visual stimuli were also judged to be longer than the auditory. However, when the location of the comparison stimulus was at the same side as the standard a reverse effect was observed. These findings call into question an influence of the position per se on temporal judgments as the visual duration judgments were affected rather by the change of the location. Auditory judgments were not affected by location manipulations, suggesting that different mechanisms might underlie visual and auditory temporal processing. Based on these results, we propose the existence of an error-correction mechanism, according to which a specific duration is added in order to compensate for the loss of time caused by spatial attention shifts. This mechanism is revealed under some circumstances (such as mixed modality) where it is over-activated, resulting into a systematic bias. This work has important implications for the contemporary research in time perception as it is shedding new light on the possible ways that a unified experience of timing arises from modally and spatially specific temporal mechanisms.

This paper analyses the use of modal auxiliaries in an investment fund prospectus and how they are translated into Swedish. The semantics of modal auxiliaries is a rather fuzzy area. One modal verb such as may or will can have several different meanings, depending on the textual and situational context. Correctly interpreting the modal verbs is an important prerequisite for an accurate translation. A theoretical background founded on linguistic studies and grammatical presentations by Palmer (2001), Huddleston and Pullum (2002), Coates (1983), Teleman et al. (1999) and Wärnsby (2006) and others, provides a framework for analysing the meanings of the modal verbs in the source text and determining the most equivalent expressions in the Swedish modal system. Different types of modality, such as epistemic, deontic and dynamic, are discussed, along with the different textual and situational factors associated with each type. The analysis includes the most frequent modal auxiliaries found in the source text, namely (in the order of frequency from high to low) may, will, should, can, shall and must. Each modal verb is analysed in terms of its meanings and possible Swedish translations are discussed. One interesting aspect highlighted in the study is the close relationship between modality and futurity, which is particularly true for will. Due to the nature of the source text as a legal contract between the investment fund and the investors, the use of modal verbs specific to legal register is also considered in the analysis. The analysis shows that an awareness of the various factors associated with different types of modality and the linguistic features typical for the particular text type can help the translator correctly interpret and translate the modal verbs as accurately and consistently as possible.

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Abstract In this research report, the author defends Peter van Inwagen’s modal skepticism. Van Inwagen accepts that we have much basic, everyday modal knowledge, but denies that we have the capacity to justify philosophically interesting modal claims that are far removed from this basic knowledge. The author also defends the argument by means of which van Inwagen supports his modal skepticism. Van Inwagen argues that Stephen Yablo’s recent and influential account of the relationship between conceivability and possibility supports his skeptical claims. The author’s defence involves a creative interpretation and development of Yablo’s account, which results in a recursive account of modal epistemology, what the author calls the “safe explanation” model of modal epistemology. The defence of van Inwagen’s argument also involves a rebuttal to objections offered to van Inwagen by Geirrson and Sosa.