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Thesis (DAppLing)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Dept. of Linguistics, 2009. / Bibliography: p. 208-233.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral--Edinburgh) under title: The linguistic analysis of modality. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 291-296).

Thesis (M.A. (Health Social Science))--Mahidol University.

Orientadores: Anna Christina Bentes da Silva, Josane Moreira de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:05:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_RosanaFerreira_D.pdf: 1294916 bytes, checksum: 7551a54b1c86e72e9f0a8dc66472ad0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta tese investiga a expressão de modalidades típicas do subjuntivo em duas sincronias do português: século XVI (dados de GANDAVO, 1556) e contemporaneidade (dados de Muriaé-MG e de Feira de Santana-BA). Utilizam-se dos pressupostos teóricos e procedimentos metodológicos da Sociolingüística Quantitativa (LABOV, 1972, 1994) e analisam-se os contextos de tempo presente das sentenças completivas, adverbiais e relativas. Nesse trabalho, aventa-se a hipótese central de que em diversas fases do português, o fenômeno do uso do subjuntivo não esta apenas relacionado a co-ocorrencia do indicativo e do subjuntivo, como costumam abordar na literatura sociolinguistica (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, dentre outros), mas também a realização de estruturas alternativas, a saber: sentenças que se apresentam com a forma verbal nominalizada, no gerúndio, no infinitivo, elíptica ou no futuro condicional. Aventa-se, também, a hipótese de que o português falado no solo mineiro esteja manifestando uma etapa mais avançada do processo de variação linguística. Mas especificamente, no caso do uso do presente do subjuntivo, assume-se a hipótese de que construções com a forma verbal no presente do subjuntivo não estejam tão frequentes no vernáculo mineiro como esta no baiano, fato que se manifesta pela recorrência, em índices mais altos, dos usos do presente do indicativo e de estruturas alternativas nos dados de Muriaé-MG. Para, assim, caracterizar o fenômeno em estudo, busca-se verificar a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais na co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo e no uso de estruturas alternativas, bem como, identificar os aspectos sintáticos e semânticos apresentados por essas estruturas. Em conclusão encontra-se exposto o que pode ser sintetizado nas seguintes palavras: a expressão das modalidades típicas do subjuntivo apresenta nas duas sincronias pontos em comum e características díspares. Eis os pontos afins: alto índice de uso de estruturas alternativas (em torno de 70%), exceto em contexto de sentenças relativas; co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo, sobretudo em contexto de adverbiais e relativas. Referente aos pontos díspares, cada quadro sincrônico do fenômeno apresenta-se impar em relação a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais. Com isso, atesta-se, assim, a validade da hipótese de que o fenômeno do não-uso do subjuntivo encontra-se em estagio mais avançado na amostra mineira do que na baiana. / Abstract: This thesis investigates the expression of typical modalities of the subjunctive in two synchronies of the Portuguese: century XVI (data of GANDAVO, 1556) and contemporarily (data from Muriae-MG and Feira de Santana-BA). The estimated theoreticians and methodological procedures of the Quantitative Sociolinguistics use themselves of (LABOV, 1972, 1994) and analyze the contexts of present time of the completive, adverbial and relative clauses. In this work it is suggested the central hypothesis of that in diverse phases of the Portuguese, the phenomenon of the use of the subjunctive is not only related to the co-occurrence of the indicative and the subjunctive, as they used to considered in sociolinguistics literature (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, amongst others), but also to the realization of alternative structures, namely, sentences which present themselves with the verbal forms nominalizated, in the gerund, in the infinitive, elliptical or in the conditional future. It also suggests the hypothesis of that the Portuguese said in the "mineiro" area is revealed a stage more advanced of the process of linguistic variation. But specifically, in the case of the use of the present of the subjunctive, it is assumed hypothesis of that constructions with the verbal form in the present of the subjunctive are not so frequent in vernacular "mineiro" as it is in the "baiano", fact which manifests by the recurrence, in higher levels, of the uses of the present of the indicative and alternative structures in the data of Muriae-MG. For, thus, characterizing the phenomenon in studying, it is tried to verify the performance of structural and social factors in co-occurrence of indicative/subjunctive and the use of alternative structures, as well as identifying the syntactic and semantic aspects that characterize these structures. In conclusion, it is displayed what it can be synthesized in the following words: the expression of the typical modalities of the subjunctive presents in common in the two synchronies points and different characteristics. Here it is the similar points: high index of use of alternative structures (around 70%), except in context of relative sentences; co-occurrence of the indicative/ subjunctive, over all in context of adverbial and relative clauses. Referring to the points, we can affirm that each synchronous set of the phenomenon is presented odd in relation to the performance of structural and social factors. With this, it is certified, thus, the validity of the hypothesis of that the phenomenon of the not-use of the subjunctive is found in a more advanced stage in the "mineiro" sample of than in the "baiano" one. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the questions that have challenged scholars of BH for many years is whether the language should be regarded as a tense, aspectual or modal language. In this thesis, I argue that the lack and application of a metacategory for describing any language in general, and BH in particular, has been the main problem of the debate. A sound methodology is needed in order to be able to make an argument that can be tested empirically. The present study presents such a viable methodological approach. Using Bhatian parameters for tense, aspect and modal prominent languages, crosslinguistic metacategories of tense, aspect and mood were developed. These were applied to BH and the outcome was the hypothesis that BH is an aspect-prominent language. After formulating the above-mentioned hypothesis for BH, a corpus had been selected in the light of which the hypothesis was tested. The result demonstrates that BH consistently maintains perfective and imperfective aspectual distinctions. It was found that even where aspectual distinctions are extended to modal categories, the distinction in meanings between the perfective and the imperfective forms of the BH verb are not neutralised. From these observations, it has been concluded that there is the need to revisit the semantics of Proto Semitic. A model like the one used in this study could be replicated in the study of Proto Semitic. Such a revisit, it is hypothesised, may give fresh insights into the verbal system of Proto Semitic in general and BH in particular / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die vrae wat reeds vir baie jare vir kenners van Byblese Hebreeus (=BH) In uitdaging is, is of die taal 'n tempustaal, 'n aspektuele taal of 'n modale taal is. In hierdie tesis voer ek aan dat die gebrek aan die toepassing van 'n metakategorie vir die beskrywing van tale in die algemeen, en BH in die besonder, die hoof probleem in die debat is. 'n Deeglike begronde metodologie is nodig om 'n hipotese daar te stel wat empiries getoets kan word. Hierdie studie wil so 'n metodologie formuleer. Deur gebruik te maak van Bhat se parameters vir tale waarvan die tempus, aspek en modaliteit prominent is, is kruislinguistiese metakategorieë vir tempus, aspek en modaliteit ontwikkel. Hierdie metakategorieë is op BH toegepas en die resultaat daarvan was die hipotese dat BH 'n aspek-prominente taal is. Nadat die bogenoemde hipotese vir BH geformuleer is, is 'n korpus geselekteer in die lig waarvan hierdie hipotese getoets kon word. Die resultaat demonstreer dat BH konsekwent die perfektiewe en imperfektiewe aspektuele onderskeid handhaaf. Daar is gevind dat selfs wanneer aspektuele onderskeidings uitgebrei is na modale kategorieë, die onderskeid tussen die perfektiewe en die imperfektiewe vorme van die BH werkwoord nie geneutraliseer word me. Vanuit hierdie waarnemings is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dit nodig is om weer te gaan kyk na die semantiek van Proto-Semities. 'n Model soos die een wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, kan ook in die studie van Proto-Semities bebruik word. Die hipotese is dat so 'n hernude ondersoek nuwe insigte kan gee in die werkwoordsisteem van Proto-Semities in die algemeen en BH in die besonder.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral--Edinburgh) under title: The linguistic analysis of modality. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 291-296).

Thesis (DAppLing)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Dept. of Linguistics, 2009. / Bibliography: p. 208-233. / Introduction -- Conceptual frameworks: language competence and the acquisition of modality -- Generic frameworks: speech, writing and electronic communication -- Linguistic frameworks: modality and related concepts -- Research design and methodologies -- FTDs in the ACAD and BB corpora -- Learner's use of FTDs in discoursal context and their individual repertoires -- Conclusions and implications. / While natural interaction is one of the important components that lead to successful language learning (Vygotsky 1978, 1986), communication in classroom practice in Thailand is mostly teacher-centered and not genuinely interactive. Online group communication is different because it allows learners to exercise interpersonal communicative skills through interaction and meaning negotiation, as in reciprocal speech situations. At the same time it gives learners time to think and produce language without having to face the kind of pressure they feel in face-to-face classroom discussion. The language learner's competence is thus likely to be enhanced by opportunities to communicate online, and to be more visible there than in academic contexts, although there is a dearth of experimental research to show this. One way of investigating the pedagogical potential of bulletin board discussions is to focus on the interpersonal linguistic devices used in textual interactions (Biber 1988). -- The purpose of this research is to find out whether students communicating online in bulletin board writing will exercise their repertoires of linguistic fine-tuning devices (hedges, modals, and intensifiers) more extensively than when writing academic essays. This was expected because hedges, modals and intensifiers are likely to be found in interactive discussions (Holmes 1983), while academic tasks do not create such an environment. Though hedges and modal devices are also found in academic genres (Salager-Meyer 1994, Hyland 1998), those used tend to be academic in function rather than communicative. -- In order to compare the frequency and variety of the fine-tuning devices used by learners in the two mediums, data was gathered from 39 Thai students of English at Kasetsart University, from (1) their discussions in online bulletin boards and (2) their academic essays. Tasks were assigned on parallel topics in three text types (narrative, explanatory, argumentative) for both mediums. The amount of writing was normalized to create comparable text lengths. Measures used in the quantitative analysis included tallying of the types and tokens of the experimental linguistic items, with the help of the AntConc 2007 computer concordancer. Samples of written texts from the two mediums were also analyzed qualitatively and compared in terms of their discourse structure (stages, moves and speech acts), to see which functional segments support or prompt particular types of pragmatic devices. -- The findings confirm that in electronic bulletin boards the students exercise their repertoires of fine-tuning devices more frequently, and use a greater variety of pragmatic functions than in academic essays. This is probably because online discussion fosters interactions that are more typical of speech (Crystal 2006), and its structure allows for a series of interpersonal moves which have no place in academic tasks. Text-type also emerged as a significant factor: writing argumentative texts prompted greater use of modals and intensifiers than the narrative and explanatory ones. Thus students' communicative competence showed itself most fully in the argumentative online assignments, and was not so evident in academic and expository essays. Frequent use of modal and intensifying elements was also found to correlate with the students' English proficiency grades, and how regularly they wrote online. This incidentally shows the importance of exposure to L2 in language acquisition, and that lower-proficiency learners need more opportunities to exercise their L2 resources in interactive discourse, in order to develop competence in using them. -- These research findings support Long's (1996) 'Interaction Hypothesis', that learners learn best in situations that cater for interaction; and Swain's (1985) 'Output Hypothesis', that learners need the chance to exercise their language naturally in a variety of contexts -through academic tasks as well as social interactions, which are equally important for language education. Extended performance opportunities undoubtedly feed back into the learner's communicative competence. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xi, 389 p. ill

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Linguistics, 2009. / Bibliography: p. 210-223. / General introduction -- A multimodal analysis of the 2006 Mexican presidential campaign billboards -- Study 2: Discourses of obligation and prohibition within an institutional setting -- Study 3: Gatekeeping practices at the LEMO: a multimodal analysis -- General conculsions. / This is a thesis composed of three studies linked by a common critical multimodal approach to the analysis of the data. Fairclough's (1992, 1995) three-dimensional framework was drawn on in order to explore the social practice, discursive practice and text dimensions of the discourses in question. The first two studies focus on printed texts in Mexican Spanish, whereas the third study addresses spoken interaction in English with occasional code switching to Spanish. -- Study 1: A Multimodal Analysis of the 2006 Mexican Presidential Campaign Billboards - This is a joint study (with my colleague Michael Witten and approved by my supervisor and the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie) which analyzes the political discourse of the multimodal and multisemiotic texts that the three major political parties involved in the 2006 Mexican presidential elections produced and extensively distributed through the medium of public billboards. We investigate how these parties express their particular ideologies, construct and convey social identities and relationships, and construct relations of power between themselves and the readers/viewers of these texts, through the medium of billboards. As indicated in the preamble, the methodological framework addresses these issues drawing on Fairclough's (1992, 1995) three-dimensional model of analysis while employing a variety of qualitative techniques, tools, and approaches. -- Study 2: Discourses of obligation and prohibition within an institutional setting - Following the theme of multimodal critical discourse analysis, this study examines the institutionalized discourses of obligation and prohibition at the Library of the Language Faculty (LEMO)*of a public university in Mexico. Six different texts pertaining to various genres ranging from a protocol to notices were examined. Multiple qualitative methodologies and tools such as those drawn from ethnography, critical discourse analysis, and systemic functional linguistics are utilized in the analysis of the data. Power relations between the institution and the library users are examined as well as the conditions of text production and reception, the latter through an ethnographic component. An emphasis is placed on the linguistic text. -- Study 3: Gatekeeping practices at the LEMO - This study investigates one of the gatekeeping practices at the Language Faculty of a public university in Mexico (see above). The particular practice concerned consists of the professional examinations (vivas) that students have to take in order to obtain their degrees of 'Licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas' (BEd in Modern Languages) in the English Teaching section of the university. This study focuses on the professional discourse(s) utilized by both candidates and examiners by means of analyzing the texts of four recorded professional examinations. This study chiefly draws on Goffman's (1959) dramaturgical concepts of 'frontstage' and 'backstage', where the analysis of the frontstage work addresses the Question-and-Answer section of the examinations, and the analysis of the backstage work addresses the subsequent deliberations among the examiners concerning the performance of the candidates. Multiple qualitative methodologies and tools are again drawn upon, such as ethnographic analysis, interactional sociolinguistics and critical discourse analysis. (* Facultad de Lenguas) / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xii, 233 p. : ill. (some col.)