Yes / A large majority of primary school pupils fail to achieve 30-min of daily, in-school moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The aim of this study was to investigate MVPA accumulation and subject frequency during academic lesson segments and the broader segmented school day. Methods: 122 children (42.6% boys; 9.9 ± 0.3 years) from six primary schools in North East England, wore uniaxial accelerometers for eight consecutive days. Subject frequency was assessed by teacher diaries. Multilevel models (children nested within schools) examined significant predictors of MVPA across each school-day segment (lesson one, break, lesson two, lunch, lesson three). Results: Pupils averaged 18.33 ± 8.34 min of in-school MVPA, and 90.2% failed to achieve the in-school 30-min MVPA threshold. Across all school-day segments, MVPA accumulation was typically influenced at the individual level. Lessons one and two—dominated by maths and English—were less active than lesson three. Break and lunch were the most active segments. Conclusion: This study breaks new ground, revealing that MVPA accumulation and subject frequency varies greatly during different academic lessons. Morning lessons were dominated by the inactive delivery of maths and English, whereas afternoon lessons involved a greater array of subject delivery that resulted in marginally higher levels of MVPA. / This research was funded by Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council.

Yes / In England, the onset of COVID-19 and a rapidly increasing infection rate resulted in a lockdown (March-June 2020) which placed strict restrictions on movement of the public, including children. Using data collected from children living in a multi-ethnic city with high levels of deprivation, this study aimed to: (1) report children's self-reported physical activity (PA) during the first COVID-19 UK lockdown and identify associated factors; (2) examine changes of children's self-reported PA prior to and during the first UK lockdown. This study is part of the Born in Bradford (BiB) COVID-19 Research Study. PA (amended Youth Activity Profile), sleep, sedentary behaviours, daily frequency/time/destination/activity when leaving the home, were self-reported by 949 children (9-13 years). A sub-sample (n = 634) also self-reported PA (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children) pre-pandemic (2017-February 2020). Univariate analysis assessed differences in PA between sex and ethnicity groups; multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with children's PA. Differences in children's levels of being sufficiently active prior to and during the lockdown were examined using the McNemar test; and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors explaining change. During the pandemic, White British (WB) children were more sufficiently active (34.1%) compared to Pakistani Heritage children (PH) (22.8%) or 'Other' ethnicity children (O) (22.8%). WB children reported leaving the home more frequently and for longer periods than PH and O children. Modifiable variables related to being sufficiently active were frequency, duration, type of activity, and destination away from the home environment. There was a large reduction in children being sufficiently active during the first COVID-19 lockdown (28.9%) compared to pre-pandemic (69.4%). Promoting safe extended periods of PA everyday outdoors is important for all children, in particular for children from ethnic minority groups. Children's PA during the first COVID-19 UK lockdown has drastically reduced from before. Policy and decision makers, and practitioners should consider the findings in order to begin to understand the impact and consequences that COVID-19 has had upon children's PA which is a key and vital behaviour for health and development. / The Health Foundation Covid‑19 Award (2301201). ESRC/ MRC and British Heart Foundation (BHF). Sport England’s Local Delivery Pilot – Bradford. Wellcome Trust. UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and UK Economic and Social Science Research Council a British Heart Foundation Clinical Study grant [CS/16/4/32482] the National Institute for Health Research under its Applied Research Collaboration Yorkshire and Humber [NIHR200166]; ActEarly UK Prevention Research Partnership Consortium [MR/S037527/1]; NIHR Clinical Research Network through research delivery support for this study; UKRI Covid19 Research & Innovation Call, Medical Research Council.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit Lachgas (N2O) unter milden Reaktionstemperaturen (≈ RT) berichtet. N2O ist ein sehr unreaktives 1,3-dipolares Reagenz. Bisher in der Literatur durchgeführte 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O benötigten immer sehr drastische und gefährliche Reaktionsbedingungen (bis zu 300°C und 500 atm.). Dabei entstanden nach einer (postulierten) einleitenden 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition von N2O an Olefine oder Alkine immer nur stickstofffreie Reaktionsprodukte. Durch den Einsatz von hochreaktiven Cycloalkinen als 1,3-Dipolarophile konnten erstmals 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O bei deutlich milderen Bedingungen (–25°C bis +60°C) als den bisher bekannten durchgeführt werden. Dabei war es mit Cyclooctin und Cycloocten-5-in erstmals möglich, stabile und vollständig charakterisierbare Reaktionsprodukte zu erhalten, die alle drei Atome des addierten N2O-Moleküls enthalten. Mit 4,5-Didehydro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3,3,6,6-tetramethylthiepin konnte sogar erstmals ein alpha-Diazoketon durch 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von N2O erhalten und dieses bei –25°C NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht werden. Diese alpha-Diazoketone entstehen aus der elektrocyclischen Ringöffnung der entsprechenden 1,2,3-Oxadiazole welche aus der Cycloaddition von N2O und dem eingesetzten Cycloalkin stammen. Mit alpha-substituierten Cyclooctinen konnten auch 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O bei milden Temperaturen durchgeführt werden, um stickstofffreie Reaktionsprodukte zu erhalten.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit Lachgas (N2O) unter milden Reaktionstemperaturen (≈ RT) berichtet. N2O ist ein sehr unreaktives 1,3-dipolares Reagenz. Bisher in der Literatur durchgeführte 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O benötigten immer sehr drastische und gefährliche Reaktionsbedingungen (bis zu 300°C und 500 atm.). Dabei entstanden nach einer (postulierten) einleitenden 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition von N2O an Olefine oder Alkine immer nur stickstofffreie Reaktionsprodukte. Durch den Einsatz von hochreaktiven Cycloalkinen als 1,3-Dipolarophile konnten erstmals 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O bei deutlich milderen Bedingungen (–25°C bis +60°C) als den bisher bekannten durchgeführt werden. Dabei war es mit Cyclooctin und Cycloocten-5-in erstmals möglich, stabile und vollständig charakterisierbare Reaktionsprodukte zu erhalten, die alle drei Atome des addierten N2O-Moleküls enthalten. Mit 4,5-Didehydro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3,3,6,6-tetramethylthiepin konnte sogar erstmals ein alpha-Diazoketon durch 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von N2O erhalten und dieses bei –25°C NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht werden. Diese alpha-Diazoketone entstehen aus der elektrocyclischen Ringöffnung der entsprechenden 1,2,3-Oxadiazole welche aus der Cycloaddition von N2O und dem eingesetzten Cycloalkin stammen. Mit alpha-substituierten Cyclooctinen konnten auch 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O bei milden Temperaturen durchgeführt werden, um stickstofffreie Reaktionsprodukte zu erhalten.

Acidophilic bacteria are able to tolerate acidic environment and also contribute to the lowering of environmental pH value, implying potential applications in metal-leaching technology extracting metals from tailings and electronic wastes. In this study, we conducted a sampling campaign in abandoned Tin mine in Ha Thuong, Thai Nguyen province, to isolate acidophilic bacteria and to study physiological characteristics of the isolated bacteria. As a result, two acidophilic bacteria were successfully isolated and identification by 16S rDNA gene sequences showed that the two bacteria are similar to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (98% and 94 % of similarity, respectively). Both strains are tolerant of pH in the range of 3 and have the ability to grow optimally at temperatures of 30°C. / Vi khuẩn ưa axit có ý nghĩa ứng dụng trong công nghệ tách rút kim loại từ quặng đuôi và ngay cả từ rác thải linh kiện điện tử. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã tiến hành thu mẫu ở mỏ thiếc bỏ hoang ở Hà Thượng, Thái Nguyên nhằm phân lập được nhóm vi khuẩn ưa axit và qua đó nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh lý của vi khuẩn này. Kết quả chúng tôi đã phân lập được hai chủng vi khuẩn ưa axit. Định dạng bằng nhận diện trình tự gen 16S rADN cho thấy hai vi khuẩn này có độ tương đồng là 98% với vi khuẩn Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans và 94% Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Cả hai chủng vi khuẩn đều có tính chịu pH trong khoảng 3 và có khả năng sinh trưởng tối ưu ở nhiệt độ 30oC.

MOROCCO'S RELIGIOUS POLICY SINCE 2003 The year 2003 marks a beginning of a new era in moroccan religious policy, which aims at an unification of religious field in the kingdom and a fight against islamic radicalism. Moroccan king Mohammed VI. succeeded in management of both internal and external threats to his kingdom's stability in past twelve years and in a comparison with his counterparts he managed to emerge strengthened out of crisis of the first decade of a new millennium. Main topic of this essay is to map an effort to control moroccan religious scene by state and its achievements and failures.

O grande acúmulo de saponinas nos frutos imaturos de erva mate permite considerá-los uma fonte de matéria prima abundante e ainda não explorada para obtenção de saponinas. As saponinas são conhecidas como tensoativos naturais, sendo utilizadas pelas suas propriedades emulsificantes e farmacológicas. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar o uso de técnicas de extração emergentes, como Extração assistida por Ultrassom (US), Campo Elétrico Moderado (CEM) e Extração por Fluido Supercrítico (EFS) para a extração seletiva de saponinas a partir de frutos imaturos de erva mate. Foram investigadas três condições de intensidade de ultrassom (565, 423 e 282 W cm-²) e de intensidade de campo elétrico (50, 37,5 e 25 V cm-1) associadas a diferentes temperaturas de operação. A interação das intensidades de ultrassom e de campo elétrico com diferentes temperaturas foi avaliada através do método de superfície de resposta. Para as extrações por fluido super e sub crítico foram utilizadas três condições de pressão (10, 20 e 30 MPa) e posteriormente sua correlação com diferentes vazões de solvente (1,62; 2,22 e 2,78 x10-4 kg s-1) e temperatura (30, 40 e 50 °C) foi investigada através do métodos de superfície de resposta. Curvas de rendimento das extrações em função do tempo foram levantadas para as condições ótimas de campo elétrico e intensidade de ultrassom (37,5 V cm-1 e 565 W cm-², respectivamente) a 40°C. As curvas foram modeladas matematicamente, com ajuste satisfatório, por modelos cinéticos de 1ª e 2ª ordem e também por um modelo difusivo baseado na 2ª Lei de Fick. Para extração supercrítica, foi construída a curva de extração para a condição de 10 MPa e 40 °C e esta curva foi modelada matematicamente. Assim, foram estimados parâmetros relacionados à transferência de massa, importantes para a compreensão fenomenológica dos processos extrativos. Nesse estudo, a extração com CO2 supercrítico mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para a obtenção de saponinas, sendo mais seletiva em relação aos processos por campo elétrico e ultrassom. Os ensaios com ultrassom e campo elétrico conseguiram gerar extratos brutos com até 68,30 e 64,26 μgilexmg-1extrato em massa de equivalente de saponina por massa de extrato, respectivamente. Os extratos obtidos com fluido supercrítico apresentaram elevada seletividade para saponinas, gerando extratos brutos com até 100,9 μgilex mg-1 extrato de saponina por massa de extrato. A pressão de operação não apresentou efeito tanto no rendimento global de extrato quanto no de saponina. / Considering the substantial amount of saponins in unripe yerba mate fruits, they are an abundant source of raw material not exploited yet. Saponins are known as natural surfactants, being used by their emulsifier and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate emergent extraction techniques such as Ultrasound (US), Moderate Electric Field (MEF) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) for the selective extraction of saponins from unripe fruits of yerba mate. Three power conditions (565, 423 and 282W cm-2), electric field intensities (50, 37.5 and 25 V cm-1) and pressure conditions (10, 20 and 30 MPa) were initially assayed for US, MEF and SFE respectively at 40 °C. Power and electric field intensity were found to affect the saponins yields, thus, their correlation with different temperatures were evaluated with a factorial design. At the optimal condition, US and MEF saponins yields were 6.42% and 6.83% (%gilex gextract-1). Extraction yield curves were raised for optimum conditions of electric field and ultrasound power (37.5 V cm-1 and 565 W cm-², respectively). Three different kinetic models were used to model mathematically the overall extraction curves, namely a first-order, second-order, and a mass transfer model based on Fick’s Law. The operating pressure had no effect on either the overall brute extract or saponins yield for SFE. Although the extracts obtained with supercritical fluid showed low brute extracts yields, it was highly selective for saponins yielding up to 10.09%. For supercritical extraction, the extraction curve for 10 MPa and 40 °C was assayed and the experimental data fitted by a mathematical model. Parameters related to mass transfer, important for understanding of the extractive processes, were successfully estimated. In this study, the extraction with ultrasounds, electric field and supercritical CO2 were shown to be technically viable to obtain saponins from unripe yerba mate fruits, being EFS more selective than the other technics studied.

in English Title: Decisions of administrative courts concerning actions against the decision of administrative body in cases of administrative delicts A subject matter of this thesis is analysis of current law and judicial practice in field of review of decisions of administrative bodies in cases of administrative delicts. In introduction of the thesis the author briefly sums up the historical development of the administrative jurisprudence and the influence of international regulation and judicial decisions of the international courts. The author describes and analyzes international requirements on deciding in full jurisdiction and relevant law in the Czech Republic. In this context, the author briefly analyzes the current and relevant law in Germany and Poland. The thesis analyzes whether the Czech law meets the requirements on deciding in full jurisdiction of not. The author describes chosen particularities of law regarding the judicial review of administrative delicts and the influence of judicial decisions upon the limits of the relevant law. The thesis further analyzes judicial decisions and its influence upon possible extension of protection of offender of administrative delict. The author further considers and analyzes court's right to moderate the punishment, its legal scope and possible...

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching a picture communication system to students with moderate to severe disabilities using the PECS Phase III application. A multiple probe across participants design was used to conduct the study and evaluate the effectiveness of the training on the PECS Phase III application. The results of the study demonstrated that teaching a picture communication system on an augmentative and alternative communication device is effective in the school setting with young adults with moderate and severe disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of QR code (quick reference) linked video-based instruction (VBI) on daily vocational skills for students with moderate to severe disabilities (MSD). A multiple probe across participants was used to evaluate the effectiveness of VBI accessed through scanning a QR code. During technology training a system of least prompts was used to teach students to unlock the iPod, scan the QR code, press play, and press pause between each step of the task; after reaching mastery, students entered into the intervention condition (VBI). During VBI an immediate change in level was observed across three particpants. This study found a functional relationship between VBI and the completion of vocational tasks.