Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) are complex and interesting objects of study. They are quite popular among both casual and connoisseur gamers, and they are often played continuously over many years. Despite a reasonable amount of existing research on MMORPGs, no clear explanation has emerged to explain what particular game features encourage so many players to enjoy these games for so long. In this thesis, I contend that the most important elements in the success of an MMORPG are meritocratic play and managed player efficiency (MPE). This contention is proved by examining the existing literature on player enjoyment and game design, surveying popular MMORPGs, and building and testing a simple, browser-based game that implements meritocratic play and managed player efficiency. While existing research and my survey of popular MMORPGS provide good support for the importance of meritocratic play and MPE, participants in my study provided much stronger support by reporting particular enjoyment of game tasks that displayed the clearest meritocratic play and the best opportunities to manage player efficiency.

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In this work the influence of solid electrolyte additives on the gas sensing properties of tin oxide layers was investigated systematically for the first time. NASICON (NAtrium, Super Ionic CONductor, Na(1+x)Zr2SixP(3-x)O12; 0 <= x <= 3) was used as a model for solid electrolyte additives. The structure of that material is ideally suitable for studies of the correlation between material parameters and the gas sensitivity of the layers. In the NASICON structure the content of mobile Na+-ions can be varied by a factor of four resulting in a simultaneous change of the ionic conductivity sigma(Na+) by approximately three orders of magnitude without considerable structural alterations. Powders of SnO2 and NASICON (x = 0; 2.2; 3) were prepared separately by means of sol-gel routes and mixed in a volume ratio of 80/20. Pastes were prepared from these powders with different compositions and screen printed on alumina substrates with a fourfold structure of thin film gold electrode combs. Four different compositions were characterised simultaneously at elevated temperatures in various gas atmospheres. The conductivity of the layers, when measured in air, decreases considerably with increasing Na+-content in the NASICON additive. This is correlated with enhanced activation energy of the electronic conductivity. The sensitivity of the layers to polar organic molecules like R-OH (alcohols), R-HO (aldehydes) and ROOH (carboxylic acids) is highly enhanced by the NASICON additive. This is observed especially on the admixtures with NASICON of high Na+-content (x = 2.2 and x = 3). On the other hand, the sensitivity to substances with mid-standing functional groups like 2-propanol or propanone can not be enhanced by NASICON additives. Furthermore the sensitivity of these composite layers to CO, H2, NH3, methane, propane, propene and toluene (all exposed as admixtures with air) is lower than the sensitivity of pure SnO2-layers. These observations are well correlated with the results of gas consumption measurements on SnO2/NASICON powders by means of FTIR spectroscopy. In spite of the lack of surface analytical data, a model of surface chemical gas reactions based on a triple phase boundary (SnO2/NASICON/gas atmosphere) was developed, which explains the experimental observations qualitatively. It is assumed that the decrease of the electronic conductivity as observed in the presence of NASICON additives with increasing Na+-content is due to an enhanced electron depletion layer. This is formed in the SnO2 grains by Na+/e- interactions across the SnO2/NASICON-interface. The enormous enhancement of the sensitivity to polar organic molecules may be due to specific nucleophilic interactions with the Na+-ions and coupled Na+/e--interactions at the triple phase reaction sites.

In this work the influence of solid electrolyte additives on the gas sensing properties of tin oxide layers was investigated systematically for the first time. NASICON (NAtrium, Super Ionic CONductor, Na(1+x)Zr2SixP(3-x)O12; 0 <= x <= 3) was used as a model for solid electrolyte additives. The structure of that material is ideally suitable for studies of the correlation between material parameters and the gas sensitivity of the layers. In the NASICON structure the content of mobile Na+-ions can be varied by a factor of four resulting in a simultaneous change of the ionic conductivity sigma(Na+) by approximately three orders of magnitude without considerable structural alterations. Powders of SnO2 and NASICON (x = 0; 2.2; 3) were prepared separately by means of sol-gel routes and mixed in a volume ratio of 80/20. Pastes were prepared from these powders with different compositions and screen printed on alumina substrates with a fourfold structure of thin film gold electrode combs. Four different compositions were characterised simultaneously at elevated temperatures in various gas atmospheres. The conductivity of the layers, when measured in air, decreases considerably with increasing Na+-content in the NASICON additive. This is correlated with enhanced activation energy of the electronic conductivity. The sensitivity of the layers to polar organic molecules like R-OH (alcohols), R-HO (aldehydes) and ROOH (carboxylic acids) is highly enhanced by the NASICON additive. This is observed especially on the admixtures with NASICON of high Na+-content (x = 2.2 and x = 3). On the other hand, the sensitivity to substances with mid-standing functional groups like 2-propanol or propanone can not be enhanced by NASICON additives. Furthermore the sensitivity of these composite layers to CO, H2, NH3, methane, propane, propene and toluene (all exposed as admixtures with air) is lower than the sensitivity of pure SnO2-layers. These observations are well correlated with the results of gas consumption measurements on SnO2/NASICON powders by means of FTIR spectroscopy. In spite of the lack of surface analytical data, a model of surface chemical gas reactions based on a triple phase boundary (SnO2/NASICON/gas atmosphere) was developed, which explains the experimental observations qualitatively. It is assumed that the decrease of the electronic conductivity as observed in the presence of NASICON additives with increasing Na+-content is due to an enhanced electron depletion layer. This is formed in the SnO2 grains by Na+/e- interactions across the SnO2/NASICON-interface. The enormous enhancement of the sensitivity to polar organic molecules may be due to specific nucleophilic interactions with the Na+-ions and coupled Na+/e--interactions at the triple phase reaction sites.

Les syndromes démyélinisants acquis (SDA) pédiatriques sont un groupe de maladies qui affectent la substance blanche (SB) et la substance grise (SG) du système nerveux central (SNC) chez les enfants, et qui partagent certaines caractéristiques et mécanismes pathologiques. Les SDA peuvent être monophasiques ou récurrents. Les SDA comprennent des maladies telles que l'encéphalomyélite aiguë disséminée (EMDA), les troubles du spectre de la neuromyélite optique (TS-NMO), la sclérose en plaques (SEP) et le syndrome démyélinisant récurrent avec anticorps contre la glycoprotéine oligodendrocytique de myéline (anticorps anti-MOG). Ce dernier syndrome, appelé aussi maladie MOG+, a été reconnu récemment comme une entité distincte faisant partie des maladies démyélinisantes récurrentes chez les enfants. La maladie MOG+ présente des caractéristiques semblables à celles de la SEP; en effet, certains cas ont été déjà considérés comme une forme « atypique » de SEP. La maladie MOG+ et la SEP partagent des lésions dans la SB du SNC, mais la SEP est caractérisée aussi par des lésions corticales (LCs) cérébrales, insuffisamment étudiées dans la maladie MOG+. Par conséquent, le but de cette recherche a été de comparer les caractéristiques démographiques et des lésions cérébrales visibles sur des études d’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) chez les enfants atteints de SEP et ceux atteints de la maladie MOG+. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons utilisé des scans IRM 3T, incluant les contrastes pondérés T1, FLAIR et des images de transfert de magnétisation (ITM) de 14 enfants atteints de SEP et 13 enfants atteints de la maladie MOG+. Nous avons mesuré le nombre des LCs, le volume des lésions dans la SB et les valeurs normalisées d’ITM dans les LCs et les lésions de la SB. Nos résultats ont montré que les enfants atteints de la maladie MOG+ étaient plus jeunes au début de la maladie et que celle-ci présentait une durée plus longue que la maladie du groupe SEP. Quant aux lésions cérébrales, les LCs étaient présentes dans la maladie MOG+, mais leur nombre était significativement plus élevé dans le groupe SEP. Cependant, les valeurs normalisées d’ITM dans ces lésions (valeurs qui sont sensibles à la quantité de myéline) n'étaient pas significativement différentes entre les deux groupes. En plus, le volume des lésions de la SB était significativement plus élevé dans le groupe SEP et les valeurs normalisées d’ITM dans ces lésions, significativement inférieures comparativement à la maladie MOG+, témoignant ainsi d’une démyélinisation plus sévère et des différences potentielles dans les mécanismes de démyélinisation. / Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes (ADS) are a group of diseases that affect the white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) of the central nervous system (CNS) in children and that share similar pathological characteristics and mechanisms. ADS can be monophasic or recurrent. The ADS include diseases like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorders (NMO-SD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Relapsing Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) syndrome or MOG+ disease, which has been recently recognised as a distinct pathology and is part of the relapsing ADS in children. MOG+ disease shares features with MS; indeed, some MOG+ cases have been considered as an “atypical” form of MS until recently. Both MOG+ disease and MS present lesions in the WM of the CNS. MS is also characterized by focal brain cortical lesions (CL), which have not been extensively studied in MOG+ disease yet. For this reason, the aim of this research project was to compare the demographic and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of children with MS and children with MOG+ disease. To achieve our goal, we used 3T MRI including T1-weighted, FLAIR and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) contrasts of 14 MS participants, and 13 relapsing MOG+ participants. CL counts, WM lesion volumes, normalized MTR values in CLs, and WM lesions were compared across groups. Our results show that children with MOG+ disease were younger at disease onset and had a longer disease duration compared to the MS group. CL were present in MOG+ participants, but counts were significantly higher in the MS group. However, their normalized-MTR values, which are sensitive to myelin, were not significantly different between both groups. WM lesion volumes were significantly higher in the MS group, but their normalized MTR values were significantly lower than in MOG+ WM lesions, likely reflecting more severe demyelination and potential differences in the demyelinating mechanism.