Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThatyaraFS_TESE.pdf: 2261024 bytes, checksum: 74bab2a80598c4c57b40e93ffcf6b1e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / We present a study of nanostructured magnetic multilayer systems in order to syn- thesize and analyze the properties of periodic and quasiperiodic structures. This work evolved from the deployment and improvement of the sputtering technique in our labora- tories, through development of a methodology to synthesize single crystal ultrathin Fe (100) films, to the final goal of growing periodic and quasiperiodic Fe/Cr multilayers and investi- gating bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layer dependence for each generation. Initially we systematically studied the related effects between deposition parameters and the magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe films, grown by DC magnetron sput- tering on MgO(100) substrates. We modified deposition temperature and film thickness, in order to improve production and reproduction of nanostructured monocrystalline Fe films. For this set of samples we measured MOKE, FMR, AFM and XPS, with the aim of investi- gating their magnocrystalline and structural properties. From the magnetic viewpoint, the MOKE and FMR results showed an increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to in- creased temperature. AFM measurements provided information about thickness and surface roughness, whereas XPS results were used to analyze film purity. The best set of parame- ters was used in the next stage: investigation of the structural effect on magnetic multilayer properties. In this stage multilayers composed of interspersed Fe and Cr films are deposited, following the Fibonacci periodic and quasiperiodic growth sequence on MgO (100) substrates. The behavior of MOKE and FMR curves exhibit bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic layers. By computationally adjusting magnetization curves, it was possible to determine the nature and intensity of the interaction between adjacent Fe layers. After finding the global minimum of magnetic energy, we used the equilibrium an- gles to obtain magnetization and magnetoresistance curves. The results observed over the course of this study demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of the sputtering technique in the synthesis of ultrathin films and high-quality multilayers. This allows the deposition of magnetic nanostructures with well-defined magnetization and magnetoresistance parameters and possible technological applications / Nesta tese apresentamos um estudo desenvolvido em sistemas magn?ticos de multica-madas nanoestruturadas, com o objetivo principal voltado a s?ntese e an?lise das propriedades de estruturas peri?dicas e quasiperi?dicas. Este trabalho evolui desde a implanta??o e o dom?nio da t?cnica de sputtering em nossos laborat?rios, passando pelo desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a s?ntese de filmes nanom?tricos monocristalinos de Fe (100), at? o objetivo final de crescer multicamadas do tipo Fe/Cr peri?dicas e quasiperi?dicas e analisar o comportamento do acoplamento entre as camadas ferromagn?ticas de acordo com a gera??o da amostra. Primeiramente estudamos de maneira sistematica os efeitos relacionados entre os par?metros de deposi??o e as propriedades magn?ticas de filmes nanom?tricos de Fe, crescidos por DC sputtering em substrato de MgO (100). Variamos par?metros como a temperatura de deposi??o e a espessura dos filmes, com o prop?sito de dominar o processo de produ??o e reprodu??o de filmes nanoestruturados monocristalinos de Fe. Nesta s?rie de amostras foram realizadas medidas de MOKE, FMR, AFM e XPS, a fim de investigar suas propriedades magnetocristalinas e estruturais. Do ponto de vista magn?tico, os resultados de MOKE e FMR revelaram um crescimento da anisotropia magnetocristalina decorrente do aumento da temperatura. As medidas de AFM forneceram informa??es a respeito da espessura e rugosidade da superf?cie, enquanto que os resultados de XPS foram utilizados na an?lise da pureza da composi??o dos filmes. O melhor conjunto de par?metros foi utilizado na etapa seguinte, a investiga??o do efeito estrutural nas propriedades magn?ticas das multicamadas. Nesta etapa foram depositadas multicamadas compostas por filmes de Fe e Cr intercalados, seguindo seq??ncia de crescimento peri?dica e quasiperi?dica de Fibonacci, em substrato de MgO (100). O comportamento das curvas obtidas por MOKE e FMR e- videnciaram a presen?a do acoplamento de troca entre as camadas ferromagn?ticas. Atrav?s do ajuste computacional realizado para as curvas de magnetiza??o, foi poss?vel determinar a natureza e a intensidade da intera??o entre as camadas adjacentes de Fe. Ap?s minimizar numericamente a energia magn?tica total que descreve o comportamento do sistema, utiliza-se os ?ngulos de equil?brio para obter curvas de magnetiza??o e magnetoresist?ncia. O conjunto de resultados obtidos ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho demonstram a efici?ncia e versatilidade da t?cnica de sputtering na s?ntese de filmes ultrafinos e multicamadas de alta qualidade. Permitindo inclusive a deposi??o de nanoestruturas magn?ticas que apresentaram patamares bem definidos de magnetiza??o e magnetoresist?ncia com possibilidade de aplica??o tecnol?gica

The magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) describes the change in polarization of light reflected from a magnetic surface. This change is proportional to the magnetization and depends on the wavelength of light. Because of these properties, MOKE has found use as a tool to probe magnetism in matter. The aim of the project is to develop an experimental setup to measure the wavelength dependence of MOKE. This is of interest as it can be used to determine the wavelength that gives the largest change in polarization to optimize measurements and provide information about the electronic structure of the sample. Initially, the experimental setup used a laser with tunable wavelength. However, it turned out to be pulsed, which made it incompatible with the rest of the setup. Therefore, three lasers with fixed wavelengths were instead used. The setup was evaluated by measuring the Kerr rotation and hysteresis curves for three Ni samples with varying thicknesses and a TbCo sample, at three different wavelengths. The primary finding was that the setup is not suitable for spectroscopic measurements due to the inability to compare values obtained at different wavelengths. To facilitate spectroscopic measurements, a new light source with tunable wavelength is required. The setup is capable of measuring hysteresis curves.

No description available.

No description available.

Neste trabalho procura-se compreender o comportamento das configurações magnéticas presentes em objetos micrométricos e filmes finos. Estes estudos foram realizados principalmente através de microscopia de força magnética (MFM) e do efeito Kerr magneto-ótico (MOKE). Foi também desenvolvido um procedimento para a obtenção de curvas de histerese a partir de imagens de microscopia MOKE. Para definir o tamanho e a geometria dos objetos empregaram-se as técnicas de litografia por feixe de luz e por feixe de elétrons, e depois para a deposição do material de Co e CoFeSiB amorfo, se fez uso do magnetron sputering. O material assim obtido foi analisado para determinar suas propriedades magnéticas por meio das técnicas do MOKE, magnetrometria de amostra vibrante (VSM), MFM, e microscopia de força atômica (AFM) para o estudo da morfologia dos objetos. Os resultados do MFM e sua interpretação foram apoiados por simulações da estrutura magnética usando o programa Mumax3. Além disso foram analisados as relações entre as propriedades magnéticas e cristalografias de um material de Fe6%Si por médio das imagens MOKE e as imagens de EBSD. As medidas das curvas de histereses por VSM foram feitas em filmes preparados nas mesmas condições dos objetos litografados. Elas mostram que não há eixo anisotropia preferencial, portanto, não apresentam uma direção preferencial de magnetização. Com base nas medidas do MFM se encontrou que os objetos de Co policristalino apresentam configurações de estrutura de domínios magnéticos complexas, diferentes comparativamente do material magneticamente mais mole de CoFeSiB amorfo. Isto se deve as diferenças entre os dois materiais, na anisotropia magnética e magnetostricção. As diferentes geometrias dos objetos estudados apresentaram configurações magnéticas diferentes entre si, fato este, determinado principalmente pela anisotropia de forma. As semelhanças entre objetos da mesma geometria, mas de diferentes materiais mostraram fortes semelhanças, porém com a presença de perturbações locais no caso de Co. O material mole, amorfo, apresenta estados magnéticos ideais e simples, isto é, as tensões mecânicas residuais não geram perturbações magnéticas neste material de baixa magnetostricção. Além disto, nos objetos quadrados a presença de paredes de domínio do tipo cross-tie tem lugar sob certas condições, tendo a espessura do objeto como principal parâmetro. Estes resultados para a parede do tipo cross-tie foram vistos também em simulações micromagnéticas feitas no programa Mumax3. As estruturas magnéticas foram simuladas, com boa similaridade para a amostra de CoFeSiB, mas encontrou-se discordâncias no caso da amostra de Co, estas discordâncias foram analisadas e se estabeleceu as possíveis causas em cada geometria. / In this work the aim is to understand the behavior of the magnetic configurations present in micrometric objects and thin films. This study was developed through the use of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). Another development was the use of MOKE microscopy images to obtain hysteresis curves. To define the size and geometry of the objects were used laser beam and electron beam lithography techniques, and for the deposition of Co and amorphous CoFeSiB materials was used magnetron sputtering. The produced samples were analyzed to determine its magnetic properties by MOKE, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), MFM, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique for the study of the object morphology. The results of the MFM and its interpretation were supported by simulations of the magnetic structure using the Mumax3 software. The measurements of the hysteresis loops by VSM were made on films produced under the same conditions of the lithographed objects. They show that there was no overall preferential anisotropy on the surface, this shows the absence of anisotropy in the deposition of the grains, in the case of Co, and therefore do not present a preferential direction of magnetization. Based on the MFM measurements, the polycrystalline Co objects were found to have different configurations compared to the amorphous CoFeSiB magnetically soft material. This is due to the differences in magnetic anisotropy and magnetostriction. The different geometries of the studied objects presented different magnetic configurations between them, this fact is determined mainly by the shape anisotropy. The similarities between objects of the same geometry but of different materials showed strong similarities with the presence of local perturbations in the case of Co. The magnetically soft amorphous material presents ideal and simple magnetic states, due to the fact the residual mechanical stresses do not generate disturbances in this low magnetostriction material. By the other side, in the square objects the presence of cross-tie domain walls takes place under certain conditions, where the thickness of the magnetic object is the main parameter. This kind of domain wall is also seen on the micromagnetic simulations developed using the Mumax3 software. The magnetic structures were simulated with good similarity to the amorphous CoFeSiB sample, but disagreements were found in the case of the Co sample. These disagreements were analyzed and the possible causes in each geometry were established.

No description available.

Magnetism is a familiar phenomenon, and is applied in a variety of devices, from simple ones, like compasses, to the more sophisticated magnetic hard disk drives. It is also known that the magnetization of a material can change, for example by heating or by exposure to an external magnetic field. The dynamics of transitions between different magnetizations, however, is largely unknown, particularly in complex materials. To further the understanding of such dynamics, this thesis presents an observational study of the dynamics of laser induced demagnetization of permalloy (Ni0.8Fe0.2). Dynamics were studied with element-specificity, i.e. Fe and Ni were studied simultaneously, but separately, rather than studying the overall material. The study was conducted at the HELIOS laboratory at Uppsala University, which features equipment for the study of magnetization dynamics. Important concepts like high-order harmonic generation (HHG) and the transverse magneto-optic Kerr effect (T-MOKE) are discussed. HHG is the laser induced generation of high energy photons, and T-MOKE relates the intensity of reflected light to the magnetization of the reflecting material. The study revealed a very short demagnetization time, and maximum demagnetization of both elements was achieved within 1 picosecond. An onset delay in the demagnetizations of Fe and Ni of about 25 femtoseconds was also observed. Both phenomena have been previously reported. The results further imply that the magnetizations diverge over a 10 picosecond time interval after the onset of demagnetization, which has not been previously reported. The apparent divergence may be due to an unknown transient setup-related issue. The short demagnetization times, as well as the onset delay could potentially contribute to the development of a more complete theory of magnetization dynamics. / Magnetism är ett bekant fenomen, som utnyttjas i allt från enkla tillämpningar, som kompasser,till mer sofistikerade sådana, som hårddiskar. Det är också känt att magnetiseringen i ett material kan ändras, t.ex. genom upphettning eller genom att det utsätts för ett yttremagnetiskt fält. Dynamiken vid övergångar mellan olika magnetiseringstillstånd är dock ett relativt okänt ämne, i synnerhet när det kommer till komplexa material. För främjandet av en större förståelse inom ämnet, presenteras här en observationell studie av dynamiken för laserinducerad avmagnetisering av permalloy (Ni0.8Fe0.2). Dynamiken undersöktes med grundämnesspecificitet, d.v.s. Fe och Ni undersöktes samtidigt, men var för sig, snarare än att materialet undersöktes som helhet. Undersökningen gjordes vid HELIOS-laboratoriet vid Uppsala Universitet, som tillhandahåller utrustning för undersökning av magnetiseringsdynamik. Viktiga koncept diskuteras, såsom övertonsgenerering och den transversella magnetooptiska Kerr-effekten (T-MOKE). Övertonsgenerering innebär laserinducerad generering av högenergifotoner, och T-MOKE relaterar reflekterad intensitet till magnetiseringen i det reflekterande materialet. Undersökningen påvisade en mycket kort avmagnetiseringstid, och maximal avmagnetisering nåddes inom en pikosekund. En relativ tidsförskjutning mellan avmagnetiseringsförloppen för Fe och Ni om ungefär 25 femtosekunder observerades också. Båda fenomen har rapporterats tidigare. Resultatet visar även en divergens mellan magnetiseringsförloppen under ett tidsspann på 10 pikosekunder efter avmagnetiseringens början, vilket inte har rapporterats förr. Den skenbara divergensen kan bero på ett okänt, tillfälligt problem i uppställningen. Den korta avmagnetiseringstiden och den relativa tidsförskjutningen skulle kunna bidra till utvecklingen av en mer komplett teori för magnetiseringsdynamik.

We present a time-resolved Kerr microscope, capable of measuring the magnetization dynamics of samples grown on transparent, double-side-polished substrates.The magnetization is excited by a current pulse, using a coplanar waveguide placed beneath the samples. The Kerr rotation is detected with the stroboscopic pump-probe technique, using a probing laser, synchronized with the current pulse.We report benchmark measurements of the time-resolved Kerr instrument for magnetization dynamics in thin permalloy and FePd films. The experimental results for ferromagnetic resonance peaks have been compared with the values predicted by Kittel. / Vi presenterar ett tidsupplöst Kerr-mikroskop, kapabel till att mäta magnetiseringsdynamiken hos magnetiska prov tillverkade på transparenta, dubbelsdigt polerade substrat. Magnetiseringen exiteras med en strömpuls via en koplanär vågguide placerad under provet. Kerr-rotationen detekteras med hjälp av en stroboskopisk ”pump-probe” teknik som använder en ”probing” laser synchroniserad med strömpulsen. Vi rapporterar prestandatest av det tidsupplösta kerr-instrumentet för magnetiseringsdynamiken i tunna permalloy - och FePd - filmer. De experimentella resultaten för de ferromagnetiska resonans-peakarna har jämförts med beräknade värden från Kittel.

Temperature dependent magnetization measurements were conducted on Fe-based heterostructures. A linear increase of the magnetic critical temperature with increasing Fe thickness was found for Fe/V superlattices with strong interlayer exchange coupling. For weakly coupled Fe/V superlattices anomalous values of the critical exponent β were attributed to differences in the effective interlayer exchange coupling in the surface region and in the interior of the superlattice stack. Hydrogen loading of a sample containing a thin Fe film, up to a maximum pressure of 4 mbar gave an increase of the magnetic critical temperature of ≈21 K. A sample with a double layer of Fe, exchange coupled over V, showed oscillations in the critical temperature when loaded to increasing pressure of hydrogen. The oscillations in the critical temperature indicate the presence of quasi-2D phases. Superlattices of Fe and V were investigated by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. It was found that the orbital magnetic moment shows the same trend as the magnetic anisotropy energy with thickness of the Fe layers. A model which takes into account a varying strain and interface density successfully described the changes in the orbital magnetic moment. The magnetization was measured as a function of temperature for a series of magnetically δ-doped Pd samples. A thin film of Fe induced a magnetic moment in surrounding Pd layers, leading to a magnetic thickness one order of magnitude larger than the thickness of the Fe film. A crossover in the magnetic spatial dimensionality was found as the thickness of the Fe film increased from ≈0.4 monolayers to ≈1 monolayer. First principle calculations of the magnetization profile together with a spin wave quantum well model were used to explain the dimensionality crossover by an increase in the available thermal energy for population of perpendicular spin wave modes.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-63).