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DNA-Based Materials: From Single Molecules to Liquid CrystalsGyawali, Prabesh 03 March 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques en virologie et hépatologie : Small-Molecule Cyclophilin Inhibitors (SMCypI) / Development of new therapeutic approaches in virology and hepatology : Small-Molecule Cyclophilin Inhibitors (SMCypI)Ruiz Chavez, Isaac 16 January 2019 (has links)
Au sein du laboratoire, par une stratégie de conception de médicaments par la méthode des fragments, nous avons généré une nouvelle famille d'inhibiteurs de cyclophilines, les SMCypI (« Small-Molecule Cyclophilin Inhibitors »), non liée aux autres inhibiteurs de cyclophilines existants. Les cyclophilines sont des protéines cellulaires impliquées dans un grand nombre de processus biologiques. Toutefois, les inhibiteurs de cyclophilines disponibles possèdent de nombreux inconvénients qui rendent leur utilisation clinique difficile. Au cours de ma thèse nous nous sommes intéressés au développement des SMCypI dans deux domaines en particulier, la Virologie et l’Hépatologie.Dans le domaine de la Virologie, les cyclophilines sont impliquées dans la réplication de plusieurs virus et constituent donc une cible de choix dans le développement d'antiviraux à large spectre. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation de l’activité antivirale de ces molécules sur le virus de l’Hépatite C, avec comme objectif de démontrer leur activité pangénotypique, leur haute barrière à la résistance, leur mécanisme d’action et leur activité antivirale à large spectre pour d’autres virus de la famille des Flaviviridae.Dans le domaine de l’Hépatologie, les lésions d’ischémie-reperfusion hépatique sont rencontrés pendant la chirurgie hépatique et la transplantation hépatique. La mitochondrie est un acteur majeur via l’ouverture du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondrial. L’ouverture du pore est modulée par la cyclophiline D. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié les effets des SMCypI sur cette deuxième cible. Cela nous a permis de démontrer leur effet hépatoprotecteur dans un modèle murin d’ischémie-reperfusion hépatique.L’ensemble de ces résultats ouvre la porte pour le concept des antiviraux à large spectre, et l’utilité dans le domaine de l’hépatologie comme molécules hépatoprotectrices.... / In our laboratory we previously reported a rational design of a new family of smallmolecule cyclophilins inhibitors, SMCypI, unrelated to other cyclophilins inhibitors by means of a complex fragment-based drug discovery approach. Cyclophilins are cellular proteins involved in multiple biological processes. Unfortunately, different disadvantages have limited their clinical development. The aim my thesis was to study the SMCypI in two particulars fields, Virology and Hepatology.In the field of Virology, cyclophilins inhibitors are involved in viral replication of multiple viruses, which make them a convenient target for the development of “broad-spectrum antivirals”. Here, we first characterized the pangenotypic anti-HCV activity of this new family of SMCypI, with high resistance barrier. We studied its mechanism of action andits broad antiviral activity on other members of the Flaviviridae family.In the field of Hepatology, ischemia-reperfusion injuries occur during liver surgery and liver transplantation. Mitochondria play a central role in the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The opening of this pore is mainly regulated by cyclophilin D. The aim of the second part of our work was to demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect of the SMCypl in a murine model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury.Overall, these results are leading the way to the development of broad-spectrumantiviral drugs and their use in hepatology as hepatoprotective drugs....
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Facile Fabrication of Meso-to-Macroscale Single-Molecule Arrays for High-Throughput Digital AssaysJanuary 2019 (has links)
abstract: One of the single-most insightful, and visionary talks of the 20th century, “There’s plenty of room at the bottom,” by Dr. Richard Feynman, represented a first foray into the micro- and nano-worlds of biology and chemistry with the intention of direct manipulation of their individual components. Even so, for decades there has existed a gulf between the bottom-up molecular worlds of biology and chemistry, and the top-down world of nanofabrication. Creating single molecule nanoarrays at the limit of diffraction could incentivize a paradigm shift for experimental assays. However, such arrays have been nearly impossible to fabricate since current nanofabrication tools lack the resolution required for precise single-molecule spatial manipulation. What if there existed a molecule which could act as a bridge between these top-down and bottom-up worlds?
At ~100-nm, a DNA origami macromolecule represents one such bridge, acting as a breadboard for the decoration of single molecules with 3-5 nm resolution. It relies on the programmed self-assembly of a long, scaffold strand into arbitrary 2D or 3D structures guided via approximately two hundred, short, staple strands. Once synthesized, this nanostructure falls in the spatial manipulation regime of a nanofabrication tool such as electron-beam lithography (EBL), facilitating its high efficiency immobilization in predetermined binding sites on an experimentally relevant substrate. This placement technology, however, is expensive and requires specialized training, thereby limiting accessibility.
The work described here introduces a method for bench-top, cleanroom/lithography-free, DNA origami placement in meso-to-macro-scale grids using tunable colloidal nanosphere masks, and organosilane-based surface chemistry modification. Bench-top DNA origami placement is the first demonstration of its kind which facilitates precision placement of single molecules with high efficiency in diffraction-limited sites at a cost of $1/chip. The comprehensive characterization of this technique, and its application as a robust platform for high-throughput biophysics and digital counting of biomarkers through enzyme-free amplification are elucidated here. Furthermore, this technique can serve as a template for the bottom-up fabrication of invaluable biophysical tools such as zero mode waveguides, making them significantly cheaper and more accessible to the scientific community. This platform has the potential to democratize high-throughput single molecule experiments in laboratories worldwide. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2019
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Investigation of G-quadruplex and Small Molecule Interactions at the Single Molecule LevelMaleki, Parastoo 06 December 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Access to the Genome: A Study of Transcription Factor Binding Within NucleosomesBrehove, Matthew Steven January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Synthesis and characterisation of 3d-4f-complexes and their magnetic properties / Synthèse et caractérisations de matériaux moléculaires magnétiquesFeuersenger, Jürgen 20 December 2010 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse décrit (i) la synthèse de complexes hétérométalliques d’ions 3d et 4f à partir de précuseurs de Mn, Fe et Co, de sels de lanthanides et de ligands organiques et (ii) l'étude de leurs structures et propriétés. 41 complexes polynucléaires ont été synthétisés dans le cadre de ce travail. Les structures moléculaires de tous les composés ont été déterminées par diffraction des rayons X. Les propriétés magnétiques de 22 complexes ont été étudiées, dont quatre montrent une relaxation lente de leur aimantation considérée comme la signature d’un comportement de molécule-aimant. L'activité catalytique du complexe {Mn4Dy6Li2} calciné a aussi été étudiée et s'est avérée efficace pour l'oxydation du monoxyde de carbone. L'étude systématique de complexes isostructuraux de lanthanides a montré que l'incorporation d’ions 4f peut introduire de l’anisotropie magnétique et que l’ion DyIII est généralement le meilleur candidat pour le ciblage de molécules-aimants hétérométalliques 3d- 4f. / This dissertation describes the syntheses of 3d-4f-metal complexes starting from preformed compounds of Mn, Fe and Co, lanthanide salts and organic ligands and also the investigation of their structures and properties. 41 new polynuclear heterometallic metal complexes were synthesised in the course of this work with different interesting properties. The structures of all obtained compounds have been confirmed using X-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties of 22 complexes were studied, of which four show frequency dependent out-of-phase signals as expected for SMMs. The catalytic activity of calcinated {Mn4Dy6Li2} was investigated and proved effective for the oxidation of CO. It was established, that the use of precursors leads to new families of compounds. Moreover the study of isostructural compounds across the lanthanide series showed 1) that the incorporation of 4f ions introduces magnetic anisotropy and 2) DyIII is usually the best candidate for targeting 3d-4f-SMMs.
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Control of ligand-receptor interaction by tuning molecular environmentLo schiavo, Valentina 29 November 2011 (has links)
L'adhésion cellulaire est un processus biologique fondamental contrôlé par des liaisons moléculaires spécifiques entre ligands et récepteurs attachés à des surfaces. La formation et la rupture de ces liens dépendent de facteurs cinétiques, mécaniques et structurelles. Le but de ce travail était d'observer comment l'interaction ICAM-1 - anti ICAM-1 pouvait être modifié en jouant i) sur la multivalence de molécules impliquées dans la liaison ii) sur la topographie de surface et iii) sur la mobilité des ligands. A cette fin, on a principalement utilisé une chambre à flux laminaire, complété par une détection de molécule unique par fluorescence.L'étude sur les effets de multivalence, utilisant des monomères et dimères d'ICAM-1, a été réalisée en absence et en présence d'une force mécanique, montrant la plus grande stabilité des liaisons divalentes. En outre, un renforcement avec la force et le temps a été trouvé et décrit avec une fonction à deux paramètres, montrant, pour les liaisons divalentes, un comportement intermédiaire entre rupture parallèles et successives des liaisons. La fréquence d'adhésion des liaisons monovalentes et bivalentes présente différentes valeurs causées par la différence de longueur de ces molécules.Les expériences d'adhésions ont été effectuées en variant la topographie du substrat pour les molécules étudiées. Une comparaison des cinétiques de liaisons sur ces surfaces ne montrent pas de différences soit dans la formation ou dans la rupture. Pour interpréter ces résultats, un modèle qui prend en compte la zone de contact réel devrait être construit à partir des images AFM des échantillons.Dans l'écoulement, le temps de contact entre les molécules est contrôlé par la convection de microsphères. Des résultats récents montrent qu'un minimum de temps est requis pour former la liaison (Robert et al. 2011). Pour tester cette prédiction, les ligands sont ancrés à une bicouche lipidique (SLB) pour étudier comment la diffusion peut modifier l'adhésion. Expérimentalement, les fréquences d'adhésion des liaisons ont montré un comportement similaire pour les SLB fixes et fluides. Toutefois, la simulation numérique prédit un effet sur la formation de la liaison, même lorsque la diffusion des ligands est faible. Il semblerait que la diffusion joue un rôle dans la dissociation de la liaison, réduisant fortement la valeur de koff pour une bicouche fluide. Cet effet peut être expliqué par la présence éventuelle de liaisons multiples dues à l'accumulation des ligands sur la surface de contact. / Cell adhesion is a fundamental biological process mediated by specific molecular bonds formed by ligands and receptors attached to surfaces. Formation and rupture of these bonds depend on kinetic, mechanical and structural factors. The goal of this work was to observe how the ICAM-1 – anti ICAM-1 interaction can be modified by playing i) on the multivalency of molecules involved in the bond ii) on the topography of surface and iii) on the mobility of ligands. The main technique used for this purpose was the laminar flow chamber, completed by single-particle tracking in fluorescence.The study on multivalency effects, using monomeric and dimeric ICAM-1, was performed in absence and presence of mechanical force, showing the higher stability of divalent bonds. Also, a force- and time- strengthening dependence was found and described with a two-parameter function, showing, for divalent bonds, an intermediate behaviour between parallel and subsequent rupture of bonds. The adhesion frequency of monovalent and divalent bonds exhibit different values accounted by difference in length of these molecules.Adhesion experiments were performed varying the topography of the substrate for the investigated molecules. A comparison of bond kinetics on these surfaces did not show differences either in attachment or in rupture. To interpret these results, a model which takes into account the real contact area should be built from the AFM images of the samples.In the flow, the contact time between molecules is controlled by convection of microspheres. Recent results show that there is a minimal time required to form the bond (Robert et al. 2011). To test this prediction, ligands were anchored to supported lipid bilayer (SLB) to investigate how the diffusion can modify the adhesion. Experimentally, the adhesion frequencies of the bonds showed similar behaviour for fixed and fluid SLB. While, numerical simulation predicted an effect on bond formation even at low ligand diffusion. The diffusion seemed to play a role in bond dissociation, strongly reducing the value of koff for fluid bilayer. This effect can be explained by the possible presence of multiple bonds due to ligand accumulation on the contact area.
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Síntese, caracterização, estudos fotofísicos e acompanhamento in situ da reação de formação do corante (E)-2-[3-[4-(difenilamina)-fenil]-1-(p-tolil)-alilideno] malononitrila por microscopia de fluorescência / Synthesis, characterization, photophysics studies and monitoring in situ of the dye forming reaction (E) -2- [3- [4- (diphenylamine) phenyl] -1- (p-tolyl) -alilideno] malononitrile by fluorescence microscopyLino, Aline Monteiro 18 February 2016 (has links)
Neste trabalho foi sintetizado o corante (E)-2-[3-[4-(difenilamina)-fenil]-1-(p-tolil)- alilideno]-malononitrila (DFTAM), a partir da reação de condensação entre 4- (difenilamino)-benzaldeído e 2- [1- (4- metilfenil)-etilideno]-malononitrila, com catálise básica de piperidina. O produto obtido foi purificado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e caracterizado pelas técnicas de espectrometria de massas, ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C e 1H e espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. Para estudar suas propriedades fotofísicas, espectros de absorção e emissão de fluorescência, decaimento de fluorescência e espectro de absorção de transientes foram feitos em diferentes solventes, variando-se a polaridade e viscosidade do meio. Duas bandas de absorção foram observadas, uma em 303 nm e outra em cerca de 490 nm, a qual apresentou deslocamento batocrômico com o aumento da polaridade do solvente. Para essa região de excitação a banda de emissão variou entre 517 e 630 nm, com o aumento da polaridade do meio. Os decaimentos de fluorescência mostraram duas componentes, uma na ordem de picossegundos e a outra de nanossegundos. Os experimentos de absorção de transientes apresentaram três espécies, uma mais longa (maior que 10 ms) e duas outras de cerca 2 e 22 μs. Surfactantes catiônicos, não iônico, e aniônico também foram usados para produzir micelas e fazer os experimentos já citados. Pôde-se observar que o corante interagiu com as micelas, melhorando sua fluorescência e aumentando o tempo de vida do estado singleto. Por fim, acompanhou-se in situ, através da técnica de microscopia TIRF, a reação de formação de DFTAM a nível single molecule com catalise básica de nanopartículas de MgO e lamínulas de vidro funcionalizadas com piperazina. Através da intermitência de fluorescência dos filmes feitos de ambas as amostras, observou-se a formação de moléculas do corante através de ciclos de catálise da piperazina. / In this project the synthesis of (E) -2- [3- [4- (diphenylamine) phenyl] -1- (p-tolyl) - allylidene] -malononitrile (DFTAM) dye, from the condensation reaction between 4- (diphenylamino) benzaldehyde and 2- [1- (4-methylphenyl) ethylidene]-malononitrile using piperidine basic catalysis has been achieved. The dye was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance 13C and 1H and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. To study DFTAM photophysical properties, absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, fluorescence decay and transient absorption spectrum were recorded in solvents with different polarity and viscosity. Two absorption bands of DFTAM were observed, the first one at 303 nm was solvent independent while the second one at about 490 nm, had bathochromic shift with increasing polarity of the medium. In the visible region of excitation the maximum of the dye emission band observed varied between 517 and 630 nm, upon increasing solvent polarity. Fluorescence decays showed two distinct components, a fast one in picosecond time scale and a slow one in nanoseconds. Transient absorption experiments indicated the presence of three species with different lifetimes, one longer than 10 ms and the other two with lifetimes about 2 and 22 μs. Cationic, nonionic, anionic surfactants were also used to produce micelles for easy solubilization of DFTAM. It was observed that the dye interacted with the micelles, improving its fluorescence yield and lifetime. Finally, the DFTAM formation reaction was monitored in situby TIRF wide field microscopy technique at single molecule level. The basic catalysis was tested for MgO nanoparticles and glass surface functionalized with bound piperazine. Through the fluorescence intermittency time trace obtained from TIRF movies, the discrete formation of dye molecules was only observed in the case of piperazine catalytic cycles.
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Pompage optique et refroidissement laser de la vibration de molecules froidesViteau, Matthieu 05 December 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse présente différentes études sur la formation et la détection de molécules froides. Différents états moléculaires de grandes élongations, pour la molécule Cs2, sont étudié par spectroscopie de photoassociation et d'ionisation. Ces différentes études ont permis d'affiner notre compréhension des mécanismes de photoassociation d'atomes froids formant des molécules dans l'état fondamental triplet (a 3Σu+).<br />Une détection non sélective a été développée, pour la recherche de mécanismes de formation de molécules froides dans l'état fondamental singulet avec peu de vibration. Avec cette nouvelle détection, un nouveau mécanisme de formation de molécules par photoassociation d'atomes froids de césium a été trouvé. Celui-ci permet de former efficacement des molécules dans une distribution de niveaux avec très peu de vibration dans l'état fondamental (X 1Σg+).<br />En utilisant un laser femtoseconde (large spectralement) façonné, un refroidissement vibrationnel des molécules a été démontré, permettant la formation de molécules froides sans vibrations. Le laser femtoseconde, permet d'exciter les nombreux niveaux vibrationnels, créés par photoassociation, il réalise ainsi un pompage optique des molécules. Le laser est façonné de manière à rendre l'état de vibration zéro, noir pour ce laser, et ainsi accumuler toutes les molécules vers ce seul état. <br />Ce résultat est également simulé par un model théorique simple. Cette simulation permet de généraliser l'idée au refroidissement de la rotation des molécules. <br /><br />Une partie (résumée) présente, en s'appuyant sur les différents articles publiés, les études sur les interactions dipôle-dipôle, à grandes portées, entre atomes de Rydberg.
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Readout Strategies for Biomolecular AnalysesGöransson, Jenny January 2008 (has links)
This thesis describes three readout formats for molecular analyses. A common feature in all works is probing techniques that upon specific target recognition ideally results in equimolar amounts of DNA circles. These are then specifically amplified and detected using any of the techniques presented herein. The first paper presents a method that enables homogeneous digital detection and enumeration of biomolecules, represented as fluorescence-labelled DNA macromolecules. This method offers precise measurements to be performed with a wide linear dynamic range. As an application, two closely related bacterial species were selectively detected. The second paper further investigates and optimizes the properties of the technique presented in paper one. The third paper demonstrates a platform that enables simultaneous quantitative analysis of large numbers of biomolecules. The array format and decoding scheme together propose a digital strategy for decoding of biomolecules. The array and the decoding procedure were characterized and evaluated for gene copy-number measurements. The fourth paper examines a new strategy for non-optical measurements of biomolecules. Characteristics of this technique are investigated, and compared to its optical equivalent, fluorescence polarization.
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