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O Estado da Bahia corresponde 35% da área total do nordeste brasileiro, abrangendo 417 municípios. Vários espécimes de moluscos terrestres e dulciaquícolas na coleção de Malacologia do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP, São Paulo, Brasil) foram coletados em municípios pertencentes a mesorregião Centro-Sul Baiano, a maior do estado. Contudo, cidades como Condeúba, Cordeiros, Mortugaba e Piripá permanecem sem registros, não só na coleção do MZSP, mas inclusive na literatura. A importância da diversidade de moluscos terrestres no Centro-Sul Baiano pode estar ligada ao fato da região incluir a fronteira entre três biomas brasileiros, Caatinga, Cerrado e Floresta Estacional Decídua. Trabalhos recentes realizados em áreas próximas aos municípios em questão, evidenciaram um número surpreendente de novos registros e novos táxons, o que justificaria um maior esforço pelo levantamento faunístico e conservação dos ambientes de Cerrado e Caatinga, que sofrem constante degradação. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo central realizar o levantamento da malacofauna terrestre e dulcícola da mesorregião do Centro-Sul Baiano, usando dados da literatura, material histórico da coleção do MZSP, novas coletas, e a realização da sinopse taxonômica do material obtido. O levantamento resultou em 23 espécies de gastrópodes para os quatro municípios supracitados, das quais 95% evidenciaram novos registros. Exemplares das espécies Megalobulimus conicus e M. oblongus coletados, também foram estudados anatomicamente, revelando diferenças significativas entre as espécies. / Bahia state accounts for 35% of the total area of northeastern Brazil, including 417 municipalities. Several specimens of terrestrial and freshwater molluscs in the malacology collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZSP, São Paulo, Brazil) were collected in municipalities belonging to the Central-South region of Bahia, the largest in the state. However, cities such as Condeúba, Cordeiros, Mortugaba and Piripá lack specific records, not only in the MZSP collection, but also in the literature. The importance of the diversity of terrestrial molluscs in the Center-South of Bahia may be related to the fact that the region includes the border between three Brazilian biomes, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Recent works carried out in areas close to the municipalities in question have revealed a surprising number of new records and new taxa, which would justify a greater effort for faunal surveys and the conservation of Cerrado and Caatinga environments, which suffer constant degradation. Thus, the present study aimed at surveying the terrestrial and freshwater malacofauna of the Center-South of Bahia, using data from the literature, historical material from the MZSP collection, new sampling, and the taxonomic study of the material obtained. The survey resulted in 23 species of gastropods for the four municipalities mentioned above, of which 95% are new records for the region. Specimens of Megalobulimus conicus and M. oblongus collected were also studied anatomically, revealing significant differences between species.

Recent episodes of extreme weather and the drastic consequences they can have for ecosystems, societies, and economies, emphasize the need for a better understanding of Earths climate. In order to gain a better understanding of modern and future climate, a more thorough knowledge of past climates at the highest resolution possible from different regions is necessary. To this end, a study of seasonal temperature variability in the waters off the northern coast of Iceland was undertaken. Twenty-six bivalves were selected from marine sediment cores recovered from the northern and northwestern coasts of Iceland. Bivalves were selected from intervals of climatic interest as determined from sedimentological characteristics. Shells were micromilled and the carbonate analysed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope values. Oxygen isotope values are driven principally by the temperature of the water from which the shell was precipitated. These data provide a time-series of discrete climate profiles of seasonal temperature variations from c. 360 cal yr BC to cal yr AD 1660, each recording 2 to 9 consecutive years of temperature variability. Several notable warm and cold periods were identified and characterized in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures. As this period overlaps the Viking Age (c. 790 to 1070) and the establishment of Norse colonies in Iceland and Greenland, the temperature record was compared with historical records and demonstrates the significant impact of variation in temperature seasonality on the establishment, development, and in some cases, collapse of societies in the North Atlantic.

Recent episodes of extreme weather and the drastic consequences they can have for ecosystems, societies, and economies, emphasize the need for a better understanding of Earths climate. In order to gain a better understanding of modern and future climate, a more thorough knowledge of past climates at the highest resolution possible from different regions is necessary. To this end, a study of seasonal temperature variability in the waters off the northern coast of Iceland was undertaken. Twenty-six bivalves were selected from marine sediment cores recovered from the northern and northwestern coasts of Iceland. Bivalves were selected from intervals of climatic interest as determined from sedimentological characteristics. Shells were micromilled and the carbonate analysed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope values. Oxygen isotope values are driven principally by the temperature of the water from which the shell was precipitated. These data provide a time-series of discrete climate profiles of seasonal temperature variations from c. 360 cal yr BC to cal yr AD 1660, each recording 2 to 9 consecutive years of temperature variability. Several notable warm and cold periods were identified and characterized in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures. As this period overlaps the Viking Age (c. 790 to 1070) and the establishment of Norse colonies in Iceland and Greenland, the temperature record was compared with historical records and demonstrates the significant impact of variation in temperature seasonality on the establishment, development, and in some cases, collapse of societies in the North Atlantic.

Kaunas sea contains more than 500 mln. m3 of Nemunas water. The Kaunas' sea Regional park was established at 1992. The purpose - to retain ecosystem, landscape, and inheritance of culture. Water molluscs - invertebrate organisms. They are very important in such ecosystem. Outspread of water molluscs is interconnected with climatic and edafical factors and is not influenced by such factors as competition.

Restos de moluscos acumulados na superfície do sedimento marinho (i.e., assembleias mortas, retrabalhadas ou não) podem ser os principais testemunhos do efeito de fatores ambientais (oceanográficos, sedimentares, climáticos) sobre o modo como os moluscos fósseis são preservados. Ou seja, o quanto o meio ambiente é responsável pela fossilização de restos esqueléticos só pode ser medido, com máxima fidelidade, através do estudo de assembleias modernas que possuam restos refratários (e.g., conchas). Fatores ambientais atuais podem influenciar o dano tafonômico em moluscos de depósitos retrabalhados. Embora muitos estudos atualísticos tenham estabelecido relações entre determinados fatores ambientais e danos causados às conchas, poucos i) enfocam a fração de microclastos (< 4 mm), são comuns em amostras de subsuperfície, ou ii) analisam essas relações utilizando escalas espaciais maiores que local (e.g., regional, diferentes províncias marinhas), especialmente com o propósito de testar certos fatores ambientais em escala local e ampla (e.g., temperatura local vs. faixas de temperatura). Os raros estudos existentes tratam-se meta análises. No registro fóssil, muitas vezes, apenas gradientes ambientais amplos são recuperados. Por isso é importante avaliar a relação destes fatores (modernos) com as assinaturas tafonômicas em moluscos. O objetivo desta tese foi determinar até que ponto variações em fatores ambientais (salinidade, temperatura, velocidade de corrente, granulometria e composição do sedimento) geralmente observados em escala local, influenciam o tipo de dano tafonômico em micro e macroclastos de moluscos marinhos, se analisados em escala mais ampla. Grande parte do material analisado esteve representado por clastos de remaniés existentes na Plataforma Sul Brasileira (PSB). Desta forma, o presente estudo também investigou se fatores ambientais atuais podem ser deduzidos a partir de perfis tafonômicos de assembleias mortas retrabalhadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, na PSB, i) apesar de diferentes em termos absolutos, o perfil de dano de cada amostra analisada não varia entre macro e micromoluscos, e que ii) quando o estudo é conduzido em escala espacial mais ampla, até 60% da variação no perfil tafonômico pode ser explicada pela variação ambiental. Ainda nesta região, os principais fatores ambientais que afetaram o dano em microclastos de bivalves são: i) salinidade, que reflete o aporte de água doce (e da circulação oceânica como um todo), e ii) proporção de carbonato no sedimento, que reflete, primariamente, a existência de depósitos bioclásticos (constituídos de conchas de moluscos retrabalhadas, ou remaniés biológicos). Os depósitos bioclásticos mais proximais (ao sul da desembocadura da Lagoa dos Patos) apresentaram maior evidência de dissolução e retrabalhamento físico, enquanto que os bioclastos do depósito mais distal (entre as profundidades de ~ 100 e 200 m) apresentaram melhor preservação tafonômica. Além disso, também pôde ser determinado que a alteração de cor dos bioclastos na PSB (bastante ubíquo em amostras concentradas em cascalho e carbonato) está vinculada, significativamente, a estados de oxidação/redução do sedimento. Estes, por sua vez, estão relacionados à presença de elementos metálicos (como ferro e manganês), importantes na mineralização do carbono de origem biológica, e na geoquímica da zona tafonomicamente ativa, em ambiente marinho. Na análise conduzida em escala espacial geográfica, incluindo material do Plataforma do Nordeste do Brasil, pode ser determinado que profundidade, um fator ambiental com influência significativa sobre o perfil de dano na PSB, perde importância. Em diferentes províncias geográficas, os principais fatores que influenciaram as assinaturas tafonômicas estão vinculados à velocidade da corrente, salinidade e proporção de carbonato no sedimento. Estes refletiram a influência de diferentes massas d‟água (Corrente Norte do Brasil e Corrente das Malvinas) e diferentes regimes de sedimentação (siliciclástica relíquia e carbonática atual). / Dead molluscan remains (i.e., death assemblages, reworked or not), accumulated on the marine sedimentary surface, can preserve most of the environmental factors (oceanographic, sedimentary, climatic) which control fossil mollusk preservation. That is, how much the environment is responsible on skeletal remain fossilization can only be measured, with the highest fidelity, by studying modern assemblages possessing refractory parts (such as shells). Present-day environmental factors can influence the taphonomic damage on reworked mollusk remains. Although atualistic studies had constrained some environmental factors and shell damage, a few i) focuses mesh sizes lower than 4 mm (microclasts), which are common in subsurface samples, or ii) analyze these relationships using spatial scales larger than local (e.g., regional, different marine provinces), especially with the explicit purpose of to test some environmental factors on local and large scale (e.g., local temperature vs. temperature ranges). The rare studies available are meta-analysis. In the fossil record, sometimes only large environmental gradients can be recovered. That is why it is important to evaluate the relationship between modern environmental factors and taphonomic signatures in mollusks. The subject of this thesis is to determine to which degree the variation in environmental factors (salinity, temperature, current velocity, sediment granulometry and composition), usually observed in local scale, do influence the kind of taphonomic alteration in micro and macroclasts of marine mollusks, when analyzed in large scale. Most of the studied material was represented by clasts from remaniés localized in Brazilian South Shelf (PSB). In this way, the present study also investigated whether modern environmental factors can be deduced from taphonomic profiles of reworked death assemblages. The results here obtained show that, in the PSB, (i) despite absolute differences, the taphonomic profile of micro and macroclasts does not vary, and that (ii) when the study is conducted in larger spatial scales, up to 60% of variation in the taphonomic profile can be explained by the environmental variation. Still in this region, the main environmental factors influencing the damage in bivalve microclasts are: i) salinity, which regards the freshwater input (and also the oceanic circulation as a whole), and ii) the proportion of carbonate in the sediment, which reflects, primarily, the existence of bioclastic deposits (constituted mostly by reworked molluscan shells, or biological remaniés). The proximal bioclastic deposits (south of Lagoa dos Patos outflow) presented the higher evidence of dissolution and physical reworking, while the distal bioclastic deposits (located within the batimetric range of 100 and 200 m) showed better taphonomic preservation. Beyond this, it was also possible to determine that color alteration in bioclasts from PSB (a ubiquitous feature in samples concentrated with gravel and carbonate) is significantly linked to sediment redox status. The color alteration, by turn, are related to the presence of metallic elements (such as iron and manganese), which are important in the biological carbon mineralization, and in the TAZ geochemistry in marine environment. The analysis conducted at geographic spatial scale, including material from Northeastern Brazilian Shelf allowed determining that depth, a significant environmental factor influencing taphonomic damage in PSB, lost importance in large scale. In different geographic provinces, the main factors influencing taphonomic signatures are linked to current velocity, salinity and sedimentary carbonate. These environmental factors reflect the influence of differing water masses (North Brazilian Current and Malvinas Current) and different sedimentary regimes (relict siliciclastics and modern carbonatic).

Anomalodesmatans comprise a large, ancient and ecologically diverse group of marine bivalves, but are nonetheless inconspicuous in most extant shallow water communities. For various reasons, which include their present scarcity and a bewildering array of disparate morphologies, representatives of the group have always proved difficult to interpret, and their systematics lagged behind those of most other major bivalve taxa. Most of this dissertation reports the results of a comparative investigation on the shell morphology and anatomy of extant anomalodesmatans, which formed the basis for a reassessment of hypotheses of primary homology established by previous investigators and identification of novel characters for phylogenetic inference. Due to the chief role played by the hinge ligament in authoritative discussions of anomalodesmatan evolution, this organ was chosen as the focus of a more detailed treatment. Discontinuous ontogeny of fibrous ligament is shown to characterise several members of the group, with the implication that, in contrast to the prevailing model,not all anomalodesmatan adult ligaments may be considered homologous. Likewise, a system of multicellular glands concerned with sediment agglutination was studied with particular emphasis because it is both exclusive to and widespread within Anomalodesmata. Evidence of preserved glandular secretion is recorded for the first time in fossil material and the glands themselves found in extant laternulids and pholadomyids, thus considerably expanding their known taxonomic distribution. Finally, this volume also documents the largest cladistic analysis of extant anomalodesmatans performed to date, including morphological data compiled from both original observations and literature accounts. Among traditionally recognised superfamilies, Pholadomyoidea, Clavagelloidea and Septibranchia were found monophyletic. Taxa commonly referred to Pandoroidea and Thracioidea were recovered as part of two new clades, which are also supported by recent molecular studies. Interpreted in the light of the fossil record, reconstructed phylogenetic relationships favour the iterative evolution of shallow infaunal and epifaunal anomalodesmatans from deep-burrowing ancestors over previously advanced patterns for the history of the clade, namely ventral migration of the ligament and irreversible radiations into a deep infaunal life habit.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Restos de moluscos acumulados na superfície do sedimento marinho (i.e., assembleias mortas, retrabalhadas ou não) podem ser os principais testemunhos do efeito de fatores ambientais (oceanográficos, sedimentares, climáticos) sobre o modo como os moluscos fósseis são preservados. Ou seja, o quanto o meio ambiente é responsável pela fossilização de restos esqueléticos só pode ser medido, com máxima fidelidade, através do estudo de assembleias modernas que possuam restos refratários (e.g., conchas). Fatores ambientais atuais podem influenciar o dano tafonômico em moluscos de depósitos retrabalhados. Embora muitos estudos atualísticos tenham estabelecido relações entre determinados fatores ambientais e danos causados às conchas, poucos i) enfocam a fração de microclastos (< 4 mm), são comuns em amostras de subsuperfície, ou ii) analisam essas relações utilizando escalas espaciais maiores que local (e.g., regional, diferentes províncias marinhas), especialmente com o propósito de testar certos fatores ambientais em escala local e ampla (e.g., temperatura local vs. faixas de temperatura). Os raros estudos existentes tratam-se meta análises. No registro fóssil, muitas vezes, apenas gradientes ambientais amplos são recuperados. Por isso é importante avaliar a relação destes fatores (modernos) com as assinaturas tafonômicas em moluscos. O objetivo desta tese foi determinar até que ponto variações em fatores ambientais (salinidade, temperatura, velocidade de corrente, granulometria e composição do sedimento) geralmente observados em escala local, influenciam o tipo de dano tafonômico em micro e macroclastos de moluscos marinhos, se analisados em escala mais ampla. Grande parte do material analisado esteve representado por clastos de remaniés existentes na Plataforma Sul Brasileira (PSB). Desta forma, o presente estudo também investigou se fatores ambientais atuais podem ser deduzidos a partir de perfis tafonômicos de assembleias mortas retrabalhadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, na PSB, i) apesar de diferentes em termos absolutos, o perfil de dano de cada amostra analisada não varia entre macro e micromoluscos, e que ii) quando o estudo é conduzido em escala espacial mais ampla, até 60% da variação no perfil tafonômico pode ser explicada pela variação ambiental. Ainda nesta região, os principais fatores ambientais que afetaram o dano em microclastos de bivalves são: i) salinidade, que reflete o aporte de água doce (e da circulação oceânica como um todo), e ii) proporção de carbonato no sedimento, que reflete, primariamente, a existência de depósitos bioclásticos (constituídos de conchas de moluscos retrabalhadas, ou remaniés biológicos). Os depósitos bioclásticos mais proximais (ao sul da desembocadura da Lagoa dos Patos) apresentaram maior evidência de dissolução e retrabalhamento físico, enquanto que os bioclastos do depósito mais distal (entre as profundidades de ~ 100 e 200 m) apresentaram melhor preservação tafonômica. Além disso, também pôde ser determinado que a alteração de cor dos bioclastos na PSB (bastante ubíquo em amostras concentradas em cascalho e carbonato) está vinculada, significativamente, a estados de oxidação/redução do sedimento. Estes, por sua vez, estão relacionados à presença de elementos metálicos (como ferro e manganês), importantes na mineralização do carbono de origem biológica, e na geoquímica da zona tafonomicamente ativa, em ambiente marinho. Na análise conduzida em escala espacial geográfica, incluindo material do Plataforma do Nordeste do Brasil, pode ser determinado que profundidade, um fator ambiental com influência significativa sobre o perfil de dano na PSB, perde importância. Em diferentes províncias geográficas, os principais fatores que influenciaram as assinaturas tafonômicas estão vinculados à velocidade da corrente, salinidade e proporção de carbonato no sedimento. Estes refletiram a influência de diferentes massas d‟água (Corrente Norte do Brasil e Corrente das Malvinas) e diferentes regimes de sedimentação (siliciclástica relíquia e carbonática atual). / Dead molluscan remains (i.e., death assemblages, reworked or not), accumulated on the marine sedimentary surface, can preserve most of the environmental factors (oceanographic, sedimentary, climatic) which control fossil mollusk preservation. That is, how much the environment is responsible on skeletal remain fossilization can only be measured, with the highest fidelity, by studying modern assemblages possessing refractory parts (such as shells). Present-day environmental factors can influence the taphonomic damage on reworked mollusk remains. Although atualistic studies had constrained some environmental factors and shell damage, a few i) focuses mesh sizes lower than 4 mm (microclasts), which are common in subsurface samples, or ii) analyze these relationships using spatial scales larger than local (e.g., regional, different marine provinces), especially with the explicit purpose of to test some environmental factors on local and large scale (e.g., local temperature vs. temperature ranges). The rare studies available are meta-analysis. In the fossil record, sometimes only large environmental gradients can be recovered. That is why it is important to evaluate the relationship between modern environmental factors and taphonomic signatures in mollusks. The subject of this thesis is to determine to which degree the variation in environmental factors (salinity, temperature, current velocity, sediment granulometry and composition), usually observed in local scale, do influence the kind of taphonomic alteration in micro and macroclasts of marine mollusks, when analyzed in large scale. Most of the studied material was represented by clasts from remaniés localized in Brazilian South Shelf (PSB). In this way, the present study also investigated whether modern environmental factors can be deduced from taphonomic profiles of reworked death assemblages. The results here obtained show that, in the PSB, (i) despite absolute differences, the taphonomic profile of micro and macroclasts does not vary, and that (ii) when the study is conducted in larger spatial scales, up to 60% of variation in the taphonomic profile can be explained by the environmental variation. Still in this region, the main environmental factors influencing the damage in bivalve microclasts are: i) salinity, which regards the freshwater input (and also the oceanic circulation as a whole), and ii) the proportion of carbonate in the sediment, which reflects, primarily, the existence of bioclastic deposits (constituted mostly by reworked molluscan shells, or biological remaniés). The proximal bioclastic deposits (south of Lagoa dos Patos outflow) presented the higher evidence of dissolution and physical reworking, while the distal bioclastic deposits (located within the batimetric range of 100 and 200 m) showed better taphonomic preservation. Beyond this, it was also possible to determine that color alteration in bioclasts from PSB (a ubiquitous feature in samples concentrated with gravel and carbonate) is significantly linked to sediment redox status. The color alteration, by turn, are related to the presence of metallic elements (such as iron and manganese), which are important in the biological carbon mineralization, and in the TAZ geochemistry in marine environment. The analysis conducted at geographic spatial scale, including material from Northeastern Brazilian Shelf allowed determining that depth, a significant environmental factor influencing taphonomic damage in PSB, lost importance in large scale. In different geographic provinces, the main factors influencing taphonomic signatures are linked to current velocity, salinity and sedimentary carbonate. These environmental factors reflect the influence of differing water masses (North Brazilian Current and Malvinas Current) and different sedimentary regimes (relict siliciclastics and modern carbonatic).