Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): Gamani Karunasiri, Scott Davis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995. / "December 1995." Thesis advisor(s): Xavier K. Maruyama. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--Darmstadt.

A new technique has been devised to obtain time-resolved measurements of small spectral line shifts. Two linear neutral density wedges with opposite transmission gradients were placed over the top and bottom of a monochromator exit slit in such a way that a wavelength shift of a spectral line resulted in a change in light intensity transmitted through the wedges, which was monitored by two photomultipliers. To test this technique, an N II line, for which Griem has calculated the Stark shift as a function of electron density, was observed in the emission spectrum of a small theta-pinch using a monochromator of 10 Å/mm inverse dispersion. Space and time resolved line shift measurements were made and were associated with the axial velocity and the electron density fluctuations of the plasma. An uncertainty of 0.015 Å was estimated, which, for the 1.5 Å line used, corresponds to a shift to width ratio of 10⁻², believed to be lower than any previous shift measuring technique. Time of flight velocity measurements and conservation of mass considerations have confirmed the results as both reasonable and self-consistent. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

<p>The purpose of this thesis work was to find a way to measure basic light emission properties of nitrogen-and-boron-doped 6H-SiC, which are fabricated with a growth method developed at Linköping University. The research is in its initial phase and the light properties as well as optical measurement techniques are important. The aim is that the results of the measurements will provide feedback to the growth process what quality and doping levels that are required to get the maximum amount of light. The measurements were performed at the Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany.</p><p>Two measuring methods with different excitation sources were tested: a double monochromator and a setup using near UV-filters. While the double monochromator was able to project wavelengths in steps down to 0.5 nm with a high accuracy, the filters were only available in steps of 10 nm where the accuracy of the wavelength values varied. The double monochromator was chosen for the continuing measurements.</p><p>When using excitation light between 375-390 nm the emitted light was in the visible wavelength region. The light properties measured were the irradiance (measured in W/m²) and the peak wavelength were maximum luminescence occurred.</p><p>The result showed that sample 2-4 had a peak wavelength at approximately 580‑582 nm for the excitation wavelength 375 nm. For sample 5 the peak wavelength occurred at 582 nm at the excitation wavelength 390 nm. Sample 1, the unintentionally doped, did not show any measurable results as expected.</p><p>When irradiance of the excitation light was approx. 8 W/m² the irradiance at the peak of luminescence for the samples varied between 15.03-29.35 mW/m². The low values are believed to be the result of the emitted light scattering in all directions whereas the measurements are done in one direction and only from a small area of the sample.</p><p>The measurements has shown that it is possible to measure the light properties of the grown material even though the samples were not finalized (capsulated) LED’s. The results from the measurements are of interest for the continuing development of the material.</p>

The purpose of this thesis work was to find a way to measure basic light emission properties of nitrogen-and-boron-doped 6H-SiC, which are fabricated with a growth method developed at Linköping University. The research is in its initial phase and the light properties as well as optical measurement techniques are important. The aim is that the results of the measurements will provide feedback to the growth process what quality and doping levels that are required to get the maximum amount of light. The measurements were performed at the Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. Two measuring methods with different excitation sources were tested: a double monochromator and a setup using near UV-filters. While the double monochromator was able to project wavelengths in steps down to 0.5 nm with a high accuracy, the filters were only available in steps of 10 nm where the accuracy of the wavelength values varied. The double monochromator was chosen for the continuing measurements. When using excitation light between 375-390 nm the emitted light was in the visible wavelength region. The light properties measured were the irradiance (measured in W/m2) and the peak wavelength were maximum luminescence occurred. The result showed that sample 2-4 had a peak wavelength at approximately 580‑582 nm for the excitation wavelength 375 nm. For sample 5 the peak wavelength occurred at 582 nm at the excitation wavelength 390 nm. Sample 1, the unintentionally doped, did not show any measurable results as expected. When irradiance of the excitation light was approx. 8 W/m2 the irradiance at the peak of luminescence for the samples varied between 15.03-29.35 mW/m2. The low values are believed to be the result of the emitted light scattering in all directions whereas the measurements are done in one direction and only from a small area of the sample. The measurements has shown that it is possible to measure the light properties of the grown material even though the samples were not finalized (capsulated) LED’s. The results from the measurements are of interest for the continuing development of the material.

The experimental setup which consisted of the Jarrell-Ash Ebert type scanning monochromator, the Hamamatsu Si PIN Photodiode, a PC connected ADC card and a Tungstenstriplamp operated at different temperatures was assembled. The different parts needing calibration were calibrated with spectral response calibration techniques suitable for our purposes and connected to the experimental setup in a proper way. Spectral response calibrations and transmission measurements in the range 450-800 nm were carried out.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας μελετήθηκε, σχεδιάστηκε και κατασκευάστηκε ένα σύστημα ελέγχου ενός φασματοσκοπίου εκπομπής υψηλής φασματικής ανάλυσης. Η συσκευή αυτή, γνωστή και ως μονοχρωμάτορας, χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την καταγραφή φασμάτων εκπομπής από μία εκκένωση αίγλης σε διάκενο ακίδα-πλάκα σε συνθήκες χαμηλής πίεσης και θερμοκρασίας. Ο μονοχρωμάτορας χρησιμοποιεί ένα διάφραγμα περίθλασης που αναλύει μια πολυχρωματική δέσμη που προσπίπτει σε αυτό, στα επιμέρους μήκη κύματος Ο έλεγχος του συνόλου των λειτουργιών του συστήματος καθώς και η καταγραφή των φασμάτων πραγματοποιείται με τη χρήση λογισμικού που αναπτύχθηκε υπό την πλατφόρμα Labview. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της εργασίας υλοποιήθηκε: Η σύνδεση της συσκευής οδήγησης του βηματικού κινητήρα που περιστρέφει το διάφραγμα με κατάλληλο τροφοδοτικό. Η ενίσχυση των σημάτων ελέγχου της συσκευής οδήγησης. Η ενίσχυση και καταγραφή του ρεύματος του φωτοπολλαπλασιαστή που καταγράφει τη φωτεινή δραστηριότητα. Η βαθμονόμηση του μονοχρωμάτορα. Η ανάπτυξη λογισμικού, φιλικού προς τον χρήστη, με το οποίο ελέγχεται ο μονοχρωμάτορας, καταγράφεται το φάσμα και αποθηκεύεται σε αρχείο για περαιτέρω επεξεργασία. Η συγκέντρωση του φωτός που εκπέμπεται από την εκκένωση και η οδήγησή του στην είσοδο του μονοχρωμάτορα με τη χρήση κατάλληλης οπτικής διάταξης. Η καταγραφή φασμάτων του παραγόμενου πλάσματος της εκκένωσης κατά μήκος του διακένου. Η μελέτη και ανάλυση των καταγεγραμμένων φασμάτων. / The main purpose of this thesis was to construct a control system for a high precision spectrometer. Using this spectrometer, also known as monochromator, spectra was recorded from a low temperature – low pressure, pin to plate, glow discharge. The monochromator uses a diffraction grating to separate spatially a polychromatic beam of light available at its input. The stepper motor control, along with the recording of spectra, is being conducted by suitable software developed under the Labview platform. Among the challenges of the thesis was to: Αssemble a stepper motor controller which rotates the diffraction grating with a suitable power supply. Αmplify the control signals of the controller. Αmplify the photomultiplier signals which records the luminous intensity. Calibrate the monochromator. Develop a user-friendly software which can control the monochromator, record spectra and export a file with the recorded spectra for further use. Concentrate the emitted light of the discharge and guide it to the monochromator's input slit, using a UV lens and an optical fiber. Capture emitted spectra of the produced plasma, at different positions along the pin to plate gap. Analyze the recorded spectra.

The subject of this thesis is the development of a hybrid-integrated scanning grating spectrometer based on a micro-opto-electro-mechanical device or a micro-opto-electromechanical system, respectively. Features of spectral measurement system to be emphasized are a miniaturized construction with the volume of about a sugar cube, a corresponding low mass and low power consumption. In contrast to comparable and currently available spectroscopic instruments with compact physical dimensions, the system offers advantages in terms of enhanced mobility, portability, energy efficency, feasibility for on-site analysis and sensor integration. Miniaturized spectroscopes can help to address new areas of application as well as improve already existing applications. Food analysis, medical care, environmental monitoring, qualtiy inspection, process control, generation of bioenergy as well as safety and security tasks are exemplary fields of application. Within these areas, organic compounds ubiquitously to our everyday life play an important role. The near-infrared spectral band, that is the measurement range of the hybrid-integrated grating spectrometer, is well suited for the detection as well as the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. The system follows the construction of a Czerny-Turner grating monochromator that is characterized by a rotatable mounted diffraction grating as well as separated optics for collimation and refocusing. By the rotation of the dispersive element, the spectrum is scanned across the fixed detector and sampled time-discretely. In the case of the hybrid-integrated spectrometer, the grating is part of a micro-opto-mechanical system, with the size of about 50 mm², developed at the Fraunhofer IPMS. Additionally to the grating, the corresponding driving mechanism, the position detection for the deflection angle and two optical slits are part of this device, as well. Integrating several functional components into one structural element is the main strategy of the construction process and is applied to all remaining features. A potentioally serial manufacturing is taken into account by the assembly and joining technology involved. Apart from the theoretical basics, the state of the art, the system specifications as well as the constructive and experimental results, a major part of this thesis is concerned with the technological and constructive boundary conditions, an analytical system description and the discussion of the solution space of this class of spectroscopic instruments. / Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines hybrid-integrierten Gitterspektrometers basierend auf einem mikro-opto-elektro-mechanischen Bauelement. Auszeichnen soll sich das spektrale Messsystem durch einen miniaturisierten Aufbau mit dem Volumen eines Stück Würfelzuckers, einem dementsprechend geringen Gewicht und einer niedrigen Leistungsaufnahme. Im Vergleich zu bereits verfügbaren kompakten Spektralapparaten gleicher Funktionsweise ergeben sich Vorteile hinsichtlich Mobilität, Portabilität, Energieeffizienz, Anwendbarkeit in der Vor-Ort-Analytik und Sensorintegration. Mit miniaturisierten Spektrometern lassen sich neue Anwendungsgebiete adressieren und für bestehende Applikation bislang ungenutzte Entwicklungspotenziale erschließen. Exemplarische Einsatzfelder sind die Lebensmittelanalytik, Medizin- und Umweltmesstechnik, Qualitäts- und Prozesskontrolle, Bioenergiegewinnung sowie Sicherheitsanwendungen. In diesen Gebieten spielen die in unserem Alltag oft vorkommenden organischen Verbindungen eine wichtige Rolle. Zu ihrer qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse ist insbesondere der nahinfrarote Spektralbereich geeignet, in welchem das hybrid-integrierte Gitterspektrometer messen soll. Der Aufbau des Systems entspricht einem Czerny-Turner-Gittermonochromator, der durch ein drehbar gelagertes Beugungsgitter sowie eine getrennte Kollimations- und Refokussieroptik charakterisiert wird. Durch die Drehung des dispersiven Elementes verschiebt sich das Spektrum über einen ortsfesten Detektor, der die zeitdiskrete Abtastung durchführt. Im miniaturisierten Spektrometer ist das Gitter Teil eines am Fraunhofer IPMS hergestellten mikro-opto-elektro-mechanischen Bauelementes mit einer Fläche von nur 50 mm². In dieser Komponente sind neben dem dispersiven Element auch dessen Antrieb, die Positionsdetektion zum Bestimmen der Gitterauslenkung und zwei optische Spalte zusammengefasst. Die Strategie, mehrere Funktionskomponenten über geeignete Mikrofertigungstechniken in ein Bauteil zu integrieren, wird auch auf alle anderen Systembestandteile angewendet. Die Aufbau- und Verbindungstechniken zum Justieren und Montieren der komplexen Bauelemente berücksichtigt eine potenzielle Serienfertigung. Neben den theoretischen Grundlagen, dem Stand der Technik, den Systemspezifikationen sowie den konstruktiven und experimentellen Resultaten befasst sich die Arbeit eingehend mit technologischen und konstruktiven Randbedingungen, einer analytischen Systembeschreibung und der Behandlung des Lösungsraumes für diese Klasse von Spektralapparaten.