No description available.

The innate immune system depends for its effectiveness on the function of specialized pattern recognition receptors which enable it to target pathogens for destruction on the basis of conserved molecular patterns such as flagellin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Specifically, LPS is recognized by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), activating a signaling pathway which triggers the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Very low doses of LPS, however, preferentially induce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to persistent low-grade inflammation, a contributing factor in a host of chronic diseases. The mild pro-inflammatory skewing induced by super-low-dose LPS also potentiates the inflammatory response to later challenge with a higher dose of LPS in a phenomenon known as the "Shwartzman reaction" or "endotoxin priming". We investigated the mechanisms involved in pro-inflammatory skewing by super-low-dose LPS in THP-1 cells and found it to be governed by a regulatory circuit of competitive inhibition between glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and Akt, which promote the activity of the transcription factors FoxO1 and CREB, respectively. Super-low-dose LPS mildly activated FoxO1 and pro-inflammatory gene transcription without inducing anti-inflammatory genes or activating CREB, and this pro-inflammatory skewing could be abolished by inhibition of GSK3 or direct activation of CREB. We then examined the dynamics of the LPS response at various different dosages in murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 was most strongly induced by intermediate LPS dosages, with very low or high doses inducing less robust IL-12 production. Knockout of the inhibitory TLR4 pathway molecules Lyn or IRAK-M resulted in sustained induction of IL-12 by high doses of LPS. By activating CREB, we were able to reduce inflammation in WT BMDM, and saw that this corresponded with increased phosphorylation of CREB. Overall, we are confident that this subnetwork is an important switch regulating the resolution of inflammation in response to TLR4 stimulation. Furthermore, we propose that endotoxin priming is an example of the generalized capacity of all signaling networks to recall prior states, and that an appreciation for the history and context of exposure to stimuli is critical for the understanding of signaling behavior. / Ph. D.

Notre laboratoire a démontré que le récepteur de chimiokine CCR7 joue un rôle majeur dans la migration des monocytes en réponse à ses ligands naturels, les chimiokines CCL19 et CCL21. Plusieurs études ont permis de mettre en évidence que les monocytes en réponse à des infections, des traumatismes ou des maladies neurologiques, migrent vers les tissus en inflammation du cerveau par un mécanisme jusqu’à présent inconnu. D’un autre côté, l’activation de certains récepteurs TLR (de l’anglais « Toll-like receptors ») par des composants bactériens est caractéristique aux infections bactériennes et tient un rôle primordial dans la réponse immunitaire. L’objectif principal de ce projet de maîtrise est de déterminer si l’activation des TLR bactériens module l’expression de CCR7 chez les monocytes, les rendant ainsi aptes à transmigrer à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). Pour ce faire, nous avons d’abord développé un modèle in vitro de la BHE à partir de co- culture d’astrocytes humains et de cellules endothéliales microvasculaires humaines. Les résultats de résistance électrique transendothéliale (de l’anglais « Transendothelial Electrical Resistance » (TEER)) démontrent que ce modèle est fonctionnel et possède des jonctions serrées rendant la BHE imperméable et plus près de la réalité. Des essais de transmigration de monocytes démontrent que le modèle de la BHE construite limite le passage des monocytes à travers la barrière. Ces résultats laissent supposer que la BHE limite donc le passage des monocytes à travers le SNC. Cette imperméabilité aux cellules, propre à la BHE in vivo, rend le modèle idéal à des essais chimiotaxiques de transmigration. Par la suite, nos travaux ont permis de déterminer si l’activation de certains TLR par des composants provenant de bactéries Gram + et Gram – sont capables de moduler l’expression iv et la fonctionnalité de CCR7 chez les monocytes. Des PCR quantitatives effectuées avec la lignée MONO-MAC-1 ont démontré que l’activation des TLR1/2 et TLR4 promeut l’expression de l’ARNm codant pour CCR7. Des essais de cytométrie en flux ont démontré que l’activation de TLR1/2 et TLR9 chez la lignée MONO-MAC-1 ainsi que l’activation de TLR4 chez les monocytes sanguins augmentait le pourcentage de cellules exprimant CCR7 à leur surface. Des essais de migration ont démontré que le récepteur CCR7 était fonctionnel puisque la lignée MONO-MAC-1 et les monocytes sanguins traités avec l’agoniste de TLR4 migraient en plus grand nombre en réponse aux agonistes de CCR7, les chimiokines CCL19 et CCL21. Nos travaux ont aussi démontré que le récepteur CCR7 exprimé par les MONO- MAC-1 et monocytes sanguins avait une plus grande affinité envers CCL19 que CCL21. L’activation de TLR4 promeut la migration CCR7 dépendante des MONO-MAC-1 et des monocytes sanguins à travers le modèle in vitro d’une barrière hémato-encéphalique en réponse à CCL19. Nos résultats suggèrent une implication importante des récepteurs TLR4 dans la migration CCR7 dépendante des monocytes à travers la BHE et donc qu’une infection bactérienne ou que la présence de LPS dans le sang peut influencer la migration des monocytes au cerveau exacerbant ainsi des conditions neurologiques pathologiques. Davantage d’études portant sur les rôles des TLR dans la migration cellulaire pourraient permettre de développer de nouvelles thérapies.

La MAP kinase p38 régule la transduction du signal en réponse à un stress environnemental. Les inhibiteurs spécifiques de p38, qui sont connus pour bloquer la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, mais peuvent également intervenir sur le phénomène d'apoptose. C'est dans cette dernière optique que de nouvelles structures d'inhibiteurs, ont été synthétisées. Ces structures, après caractérisation par RMN, ont été ensuite évaluées en termes de mécanisme d'action et de disponibilité biologique. Outre les méthodes classiques cette évaluation a finalement fait appel aux techniques HR-MAS. Les sept molécules ainsi synthétisées ont été regroupées en trois famille (1a, 2a-c, 3a-c). Quoique les propriétés physico-chimique de ces motifs soient très différentes, il en ressort une potentialité d'action commune en tant qu'inhibiteur de la MAP kinase p38.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: Kenneth C. Williams / Factors that impact the development of neuroAIDS include monocyte expansion and activation, viral neuroinvasion and replication, and accumulation of activated and infected macrophages in the CNS. To better understand changes in monocyte/macrophage biology associated with the development of SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and neuroAIDS, we: 1) performed gene expression analyses using high density microarrays to characterize the response of monocyte subsets to SIV infection, 2) serially labeled CNS macrophages with fluorescent dextrans by intracranial injection and labeled myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow with BrdU to determine the timing of SIV neuroinvasion and macrophage recruitment/turnover in the CNS, and 3) performed in vitro studies to determine the role of PCNA expression in macrophages with SIV infection. We found the majority of macrophages in SIVE lesions were present in the CNS early in infection and productively infected macrophages were recruited to the CNS terminally with AIDS. We observed differences in the timing of recruitment, rate of turnover, PCNA expression, and productive infection between CD163+ and MAC387+ macrophages in the CNS. SIV infection was associated with induction of interferon stimulated genes in all monocytes, maturation of the intermediate monocyte subset, and increased rate of monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the CNS. Greater ratios of CD163+ to MAC387+ macrophages in the CNS were associated with SIVE. We also found that PCNA expression decreased macrophage apoptosis with SIV infection. Together, these studies suggest that the development of SIVE is a dynamic process and that continuous recruitment of activated monocyte/macrophage and reintroduction of virus from the periphery is required to drive CNS disease. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Embora existam vários mecanismos propostos, o papel das moléculas de histocompatibilidade na susceptibilidade ao DM1 ainda não está totalmente esclarecido. Existem várias evidências de que o número de células apresentadoras de antígenos e a densidade de expressão das moléculas de histocompatibilidade nessas células pode influenciar o resultado da resposta imune. Assim, neste estudo, foram avaliadas as porcentagens das células CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ e CD14+, coexpressando as moléculas de histocompatibilidade de classe I e II, a densidade de expressão das moléculas de histocompatibilidade de classe I e II nessas populações linfomonocitárias e a correlação entre densidade de expressão dessas moléculas com o perfil imunogenético do DM1. Para esse fim, foram avaliados 20 pacientes com DM1, recentemente diagnosticados, metabolicamente compensados, sendo 12 do sexo masculino. Como controles, foram avaliados 20 indivíduos saudáveis, pareados com os pacientes em termos de idade, sexo e raça, procedentes da mesma região geográfica dos pacientes. A densidade de expressão das moléculas HLA nas diversas subpopulações linfomonocitárias foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo. Os marcadores imunogenéticos foram tipados utilizando-se iniciadores de oligonucleotídeos seqüência específicos. Os resultados foram analisados usando o teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney U. Foi observado aumento da densidade de expressão das moléculas de histocompatibilidade de classe I em linfócitos T CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+ de pacientes com DM1 quando comparados aos controles. Em relação às moléculas HLA de classe II, o número e a porcentagem dos linfócitos T CD4+, coexpressando as moléculas HLA-DQ de pacientes estavam diminuídos em relação aos controles. Os resultados referentes à correlação do perfil genotípico dos pacientes revelam que pacientes portadores dos alelos HLA-DQB1*02 apresentaram diminuição no número e porcentagem das células CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ e CD14+ coexpressando as moléculas HLA-DQ, e ainda, o aumento da densidade de expressão da molécula HLA-DQ nas células CD19+, em relação aos pacientes sem esses alelos. Pacientes com o alelo HLA-DQB1*0302 apresentaram aumento do número de células CD14+ e CD19+ coexpressando as moléculas HLA-DQ, e ainda, o aumento da densidade de expressão dessas molécula nas células CD14+ em relação aos pacientes negativos para esse alelo. Além da instabilidade de ligação dos peptídeos com as moléculas de susceptibilidade ao DM1, este estudo reafirma a importância da densidade de expressão das moléculas de classe II na susceptibilidade ao DM1. / Althougth the role of MHC molecules in the susceptibility to DM1 has not been elucidated, the density of MHC molecules on cell surface may influence the outcome of the immune response. In this study, the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells coexpressing MHC class I and II, and the correlation between the density of MHC molecules and the immunogenetic profile of DM1 patients were studied. A total of 20 recently diagnosed patients (12 males) and 20 control individuals matched to the patients in terms of age, sex and race were studied. MHC molecules on cell sufaces were evaluated using flow cytometry. MHC aleles were typed using sequence specific probes. Statistical analysis was performed by the non-parametric Mann Whitney-U test. Increased expression of MHC class I molecules was observed in patients T CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells in relation to controls. The number and porcentage of double-positive CD4+/HLA-DQ+ cells were significantly decreased in patients. Compared to DM1 patients who were not typed as HLA-DQB1*02, DM1 patients typed as HLA-DQB1*02 exhibited decreased numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells expressing HLA-DQ molecules, whereas the density of HLA-molecules was increased in CD19+ cells. Compared to non-HLA-DQB1*0302 patients, those typed as HLA-DQB1*0302 presented increased number of CD14+ and CD19+ cells expressing HLA-DQ molecules. Besides the instability of peptide ligation with susceptibility molecules, this study stresses the relevance of the density of MHC class II molecules on the susceptibility to DM1.

Intestinal immune cells remain tolerant to the trillions of commensal bacteria present in the gut, with perturbations of this process implicated in development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The cytokine TGF-β is a key factor promoting intestinal immune tolerance, but is secreted in a latent state that requires activation to function. Binding of TGF-β to the integrin αvβ8 is a principal mechanism of TGF-β activation, with mouse models demonstrating a crucial role for αvβ8 expression by dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in intestinal immune regulation. Despite this evidence, very little is known regarding the importance of this activating integrin in human intestinal homeostasis. Utilising flow cytometry here we find that integrin αvβ8 is highly expressed on peripheral blood monocytes with highest levels on intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocytes. Upon monocyte to macrophage differentiation high β8 expression is observed on anti-inflammatory M-CSF differentiated macrophages versus pro-inflammatory GM-CSF macrophages. In monocytes, expression of β8 is upregulated by specific bacterial TLR ligands. Utilising a TGF-β reporter cell line both monocytes and M-CSF MDM display an enhanced ability to activate TGF-β in an αvβ8-dependent manner. Data presented here indicate that macrophage αvβ8-dependent TGF-β activation does not alter expression of surface markers associated with a tolerogenic macrophage phenotype, phagocytosis, or production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; nor does TGF-β appear to influence the metabolic profile of macrophages, key differences of which are associated with pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, the previously undescribed finding of integrin αvβ8 expression on human monocytes and macrophages, which was subsequently confirmed in intestinal populations and found to be downregulated in inflamed IBD mucosa, may highlight an important functional pathway in intestinal immune homeostasis and represent a potential future therapeutic target in IBD.

Embora existam vários mecanismos propostos, o papel das moléculas de histocompatibilidade na susceptibilidade ao DM1 ainda não está totalmente esclarecido. Existem várias evidências de que o número de células apresentadoras de antígenos e a densidade de expressão das moléculas de histocompatibilidade nessas células pode influenciar o resultado da resposta imune. Assim, neste estudo, foram avaliadas as porcentagens das células CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ e CD14+, coexpressando as moléculas de histocompatibilidade de classe I e II, a densidade de expressão das moléculas de histocompatibilidade de classe I e II nessas populações linfomonocitárias e a correlação entre densidade de expressão dessas moléculas com o perfil imunogenético do DM1. Para esse fim, foram avaliados 20 pacientes com DM1, recentemente diagnosticados, metabolicamente compensados, sendo 12 do sexo masculino. Como controles, foram avaliados 20 indivíduos saudáveis, pareados com os pacientes em termos de idade, sexo e raça, procedentes da mesma região geográfica dos pacientes. A densidade de expressão das moléculas HLA nas diversas subpopulações linfomonocitárias foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo. Os marcadores imunogenéticos foram tipados utilizando-se iniciadores de oligonucleotídeos seqüência específicos. Os resultados foram analisados usando o teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney U. Foi observado aumento da densidade de expressão das moléculas de histocompatibilidade de classe I em linfócitos T CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+ de pacientes com DM1 quando comparados aos controles. Em relação às moléculas HLA de classe II, o número e a porcentagem dos linfócitos T CD4+, coexpressando as moléculas HLA-DQ de pacientes estavam diminuídos em relação aos controles. Os resultados referentes à correlação do perfil genotípico dos pacientes revelam que pacientes portadores dos alelos HLA-DQB1*02 apresentaram diminuição no número e porcentagem das células CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ e CD14+ coexpressando as moléculas HLA-DQ, e ainda, o aumento da densidade de expressão da molécula HLA-DQ nas células CD19+, em relação aos pacientes sem esses alelos. Pacientes com o alelo HLA-DQB1*0302 apresentaram aumento do número de células CD14+ e CD19+ coexpressando as moléculas HLA-DQ, e ainda, o aumento da densidade de expressão dessas molécula nas células CD14+ em relação aos pacientes negativos para esse alelo. Além da instabilidade de ligação dos peptídeos com as moléculas de susceptibilidade ao DM1, este estudo reafirma a importância da densidade de expressão das moléculas de classe II na susceptibilidade ao DM1. / Althougth the role of MHC molecules in the susceptibility to DM1 has not been elucidated, the density of MHC molecules on cell surface may influence the outcome of the immune response. In this study, the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells coexpressing MHC class I and II, and the correlation between the density of MHC molecules and the immunogenetic profile of DM1 patients were studied. A total of 20 recently diagnosed patients (12 males) and 20 control individuals matched to the patients in terms of age, sex and race were studied. MHC molecules on cell sufaces were evaluated using flow cytometry. MHC aleles were typed using sequence specific probes. Statistical analysis was performed by the non-parametric Mann Whitney-U test. Increased expression of MHC class I molecules was observed in patients T CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells in relation to controls. The number and porcentage of double-positive CD4+/HLA-DQ+ cells were significantly decreased in patients. Compared to DM1 patients who were not typed as HLA-DQB1*02, DM1 patients typed as HLA-DQB1*02 exhibited decreased numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells expressing HLA-DQ molecules, whereas the density of HLA-molecules was increased in CD19+ cells. Compared to non-HLA-DQB1*0302 patients, those typed as HLA-DQB1*0302 presented increased number of CD14+ and CD19+ cells expressing HLA-DQ molecules. Besides the instability of peptide ligation with susceptibility molecules, this study stresses the relevance of the density of MHC class II molecules on the susceptibility to DM1.

Cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of death worldwide. Studying factors leading to initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and its complications leads to a better understanding of underlying mechanisms of this disease and to development of novel treatments. Adhesion of monocytes on the endothelial surface is the initial step of atherosclerosis. The main aim of this study was to establish and test an in vitro model of monocyte adhesion on the endothelial cells and to evaluate the results by means of two methods - measuring the fluorescence signal intensity and counting adhered cells. Because of its well known effects on endothelial cells activation and adhesion molecules expression TNF-α was chosen for endothelial cells stimulation. The lowest concentration of TNF-α affecting the percentage of adhered monocytes in comparision with negative control was 1 ng TNF-α/ml. The optimal concentration of TNF-α increasing the percentage of adhered monocytes was 10 ng TNF-α/ml. The influence of TNF-α on the adhesion was observed already after 5 minutes of coincubation of THP-1 monocytes with HUVEC. Using the optimal concentration of 10 ng/ml led to the highest percentage of adhered monocytes after 30 - 40 minutes of coincubation with HUVEC. Other factor affecting the percentage of adhered...