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This thesis engages in an initial exploration of the spatial experiences of older youth in the suburbs of the West Island of Montreal. Adopting a Lefebvrian spatial lens, the goal of this thesis is to outline the characteristics of the lived experiences of older middle class youth in a constructed suburban environment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a largely Anglophone college with students aged 18 to 19 years of age. I begin my thesis by reviewing the literature on urban youth geographies, aimed at analyzing the influence of the built urban environment. I argue that the suburban experiences of older youth varies from those of children, inner city youth, and marginalized youth who are most represented in the literature. Then, I present the important considerations of doing research with youth participants and the ways in which my conceived methods were altered during my fieldwork, leading to adjustments in sampling, and subsequent impacts on the conclusions of this thesis. I continue by presenting the themes that emerged during the interviews, which I illustrate by sharing the reflections and everyday experiences of participants. From these accounts, I draw links between the similarities and differences among participants, the literature, and Lefebvre's theories. In this analysis, I reflect upon the differences between available youth literatures and the young people from my sample, leading me to further explore broader literatures that enable me to contextualize more characteristics of my sample and concepts related to the lack of illegitimate spaces in the suburbs, the significance of private space in the suburban environment, play, resistance, and the use of alternative spaces, in a way that differs from the accounts from marginalized urban youth literatures. I argue that the young people from my sample feel less marginalized, therefore engaging in less obvious forms of resistance, while still finding ways to shape their identities and play while being limited by some of the conditions of the built suburban environment.

Cette recherche se penche sur l’organisation post-migratoire de la communauté turque de Montréal et sur l’influence de cette organisation sur l’utilisation de la langue turque. La recherche a pour but de vérifier deux hypothèses interdépendantes. La première hypothèse est que la communauté turque de Montréal, loin d’être monolithique, est hautement structurée. La deuxième hypothèse est que la structuration de la communauté se reflète dans le discours et se manifeste dans l’utilisation de la langue turque. Afin de vérifier ces deux hypothèses, nous avons utilisé une triple méthodologie. D’abord, les caractéristiques et les dynamiques sociales de la communauté immigrante ont été notées et décrites selon la méthode d’observation participante. Par la suite, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de quarante immigrants turcs (17 femmes et 23 hommes, âgés de 18 à 70 ans et à Montréal depuis au moins 5 ans). Les entrevues ont été structurées en trois modules thématiques : le premier portait sur l’histoire personnelle ; le deuxième traitait de la langue, et le troisième était consacré à l’organisation de la communauté turque et à l’actualité. Finalement, des variables linguistiques pouvant révéler les différences d'utilisation de la langue des groupes de la communauté turque ont été étudiées : 1- le choix lexical pour parler des femmes et des conjoints, et 2- la variété et la fréquence des marqueurs métadiscursifs. Notre étude ethnographique démontre que les Turcs de Montréal forment une communauté immigrante divisée en au moins deux communautés de pratique (CP), traditionnaliste et progressiste, chacune avec ses propres lieux d'interaction sociale, son propre discours et son propre style. L'affiliation des participants à l’une ou à l’autre est tributaire de leurs orientations politiques et de leurs pratiques religieuses. Notre étude a permis d’identifier parmi les participants un troisième groupe, périphérique, n’appartenant à aucune des deux CP. L’analyse du choix lexical a montré que la caractérisation lexicale de la conjointe variait considérablement entre les CP. Il a été observé que les hommes de la communauté traditionnelle préféraient le mot hanım (fr. dame) lorsqu'ils parlaient de leurs femmes, tandis que ceux de la communauté progressiste choisissaient le mot eş (fr. épouse). Ce résultat vient confirmer notre 4 hypothèse selon laquelle les membres de la communauté indexent leur identité sociale à travers la variation lexicale dans les vocables liés au genre. L’analyse a aussi montré que l’identité sociale des individus influence l’utilisation des marqueurs métadiscursifs selon le thème de discussion. Même si l’utilisation des supporteurs semble favorisée par les membres périphériques, les tests statistiques n’ont pas montré de différence significative entre les groupes. Dans le cas des atténuateurs, leur utilisation est significativement favorisée par les membres périphériques, ce qui reflète leur neutralité sociopolitique. L’utilisation des marqueurs métadiscursifs varie également en fonction des thèmes abordés. Si l’utilisation de marqueurs métadiscursifs atténuateurs et supporteurs des participants est équilibrée lorsqu’ils parlent de leur histoire personnelle d’immigration ou de la langue, l'utilisation d'atténuateurs augmente et l'utilisation de supporteurs diminue lorsqu’ils parlent de l’organisation de la communauté turque et de l’actualité. C’est surtout parmi les membres progressistes et traditionnels que cette différence est plus évidente. Cette tendance des participants peut s’expliquer par la volonté d’éviter de marquer son identité en lien avec des enjeux sociopolitiques sensibles en contexte d’entrevue sociolinguistique. / This research examines the post-migration organization of the Turkish community in Montreal and the influence of this organization on the use of the Turkish language. The research aims to test two interrelated hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that the Turkish community in Montreal, far from being monolithic, is highly structured. The second hypothesis is that the structuring of the community is reflected in the discourse and manifested in the use of the Turkish language. In order to test these two hypotheses, we used a triple methodology. First, the characteristics and social dynamics of the immigrant community were noted and described using the participant observation method. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 Turkish immigrants (17 women and 23 men, aged 18 to 70 and in Montreal for at least 5 years). The interviews were structured in three thematic modules: the first dealt with personal history; the second with language; and the third with Turkish community organization and current events. Finally, linguistic variables that may reveal differences in language use among groups in the Turkish community were studied: 1- the lexical choice to talk about women and spouses, and 2- the variety and frequency of metadiscursive markers. Our ethnographic study shows that Montreal Turks form an immigrant community divided into at least two communities of practice (CP), traditionalist and progressive, each with its own sites of social interaction, its own discourse and its own style. Participants' affiliation to one or the other is dependent on their political orientations and religious practices. Our study identified a third, peripheral group of participants who do not belong to either CP. The analysis of lexical choice showed that the characterization of the spouse in particular varied considerably between the CPs. It was observed that men from the traditional community preferred the word hanım (eng. lady) when talking about their wives, while those from the progressive community chose the word eş (eng. spouse). This result supports our participant observation that community members index their social identity through lexical variation in gender context. The analysis also showed that individuals' social identity influences the use of metadiscursive markers according to the topic of discussion. Although the use of boosters appeared to be favored by peripheral members, statistical tests did not show a significant difference between groups. In 6 the case of hedges, use was significantly favored by peripheral members, reflecting their socio political neutrality. The use of metadiscursive markers also varied by topic. While participants' use of hedge and booster is balanced when talking about their personal immigration history or language, the use of hedge increases and the use of booster decreases when talking about Turkish community organization and current events. This differentiation is most evident among progressive and traditional members. This tendency of participants may be explained by the desire to avoid the risk of marking one's identity in connection with such sensitive socio-political issues in the context of a sociolinguistic interview.

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Yes / The pursuit of climate action to meet net-zero targets has triggered the call for a global energy transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources. However, this global energy transition does not entirely recognise all countries’ social, economic and technological capacities as well as emission contributions as envisaged under the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle, which underlies international climate policy. It is concerned more with the outcome of transitioning to clean energy than with justice in the transition process. Recognition justice, an element of energy justice, enables us to identify the inequalities that global energy paradigms (such as the energy transition) can create and how a justice framework can help us understand the implications of energy injustice and address the inequities across energy systems. Recognition justice acknowledges the divergent perspectives rooted in social, economic and racial differences and the varied strengths of developed and developing countries. The energy transition process ought to recognise these differences so that they are reasonably expected to benefit everyone. Implementing the energy transition in the Global South (GS) in the same way as it is being advanced in the Global North will have security, justice, economic, resource-stranding, and sustainable development implications. This issue (of injustice in the energy transition) is aggravated by two dichotomous realities: many countries in the South will be most impacted by climatic changes, yet there remains political and social opposition to climate action through the energy transition. As a solution, this paper relies on the notion of recognition justice with support from the Rawlsian justice concept to argue that a delayed transition represents justice and recognises the peculiar nature and different circumstances of the GS. It identifies that learnings from the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the notion of CBDR under international climate treaties can be mainstreamed into energy transition research and policies to achieve justice for countries of the GS. The paper further finds that a delayed transition for the GS will (i) enable the region to address sustainability-related issues of hunger and multidimensional poverty, essential to realising other Sustainable Development Goals, whilst gradually implementing energy transition policies; (ii) present an attractive case against political and social opposition to energy transition in the GS; (iii) advance the goal of CBDR already recognised under international climate treaties and the bifurcated approaches established in such treaties; and, finally, (iv) ensure that developed countries contributing the most to greenhouse gas emissions take the lead now and act while the GS effectuates national contributions sustainably

This thesis investigates the intricate relationship between biodiversity and businesses within the regulatory realm. The study will specifically look into new compliances imposed by international organisations such as The Kunming-Montreal Global Framework for Biodiversity, the Biodiversity strategy for 2030 in the European Green Deal and the upcoming Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive. A meticulous literature review and thorough semi-constructed interviews were conducted and combined in the analysis. The research applies an Institutional theory framework and aims to seek the implications of institutional pressures. Furthermore, findings suggest collaboration and the use of external actors such as consultants are of importance in adaption. Challenges found highlight the need for standardised measurements, assistance to handle data and the lack of economic incentives. This study provides insightful findings in understanding how the current and upcoming biodiversity compliance affects businesses in Europe. Future research should focus on specific industry sectors, regions, and business sizes, investigate the dialogue between businesses and regulators, explore how businesses impact their external environment, and examine how they navigate new and unclear regulations.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012