Global ETD Search

1	The Montreal Protocol’s multilateral fund: an environmental and economic success Tieszen, Brett January 1900 (has links) Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Wayne Nafziger / Although the ozone layer is vital to life on Earth, as a common resource it has been the subject of rational exploitation. With ozone depletion a global (rather than merely regional) problem, measures to address it have necessarily been international efforts. The international treaty that addressed ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol (with its subsequent amendments), has widely been hailed as a success. However, the triumphs of the Montreal Protocol are inseparable from its Multilateral Fund, whose creation was a prerequisite for developing nations, including juggernauts China and India, to ratify the Protocol. Since its inception the Fund has supplied over $2.5 billion to initiatives that support the phase-out of ozone-depleting chemicals in developing nations. These projects have increasingly employed market mechanisms to achieve efficient results, and have generated positive profits for participating firms. Funded initiatives have included upgrading capital, educating maintenance workers, production buyouts, public awareness, and institutional strengthening. Aside from ensuring the success of the overall Protocol, this last item will likely be the Multilateral Fund’s most enduring legacy, as inherent shortcomings of the Fund have largely been attributed to its status as a pioneering financial mechanism. The Multilateral Fund has broken new ground in international environmental regulation and shown that success on ecological issues is indeed possible at the global level, leading many to hope that the Fund will serve as a model for future mechanisms to address climate change. While the more complex chemistry and economics of climate change make such a ready duplication of the Multilateral Fund’s success unlikely, the Fund’s role in strengthening institutions that address ecological concerns has undoubtedly smoothed the way for future international environmental action. Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund Ozone Economics, General (0501)
2	Ekonomické nástroje v mezinárodních smlouvách o ochraně životního prostředí / Economic tools in international treaties for the protection of the environment Hlaváčová, Jana January 2014 (has links) The subject of this thesis is the usage of economic instruments (EIs) in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and their relation to international economic law. The thesis aims at analysing and evaluating the possibilities of using economic instruments, their potential to ensure the compliance with the treaties' provisions and assessing, under which conditions it is possible to use them in compliance with the international economic law. As a lot of economic instruments operate with restrictions to international trade in several manners, they can get in conflict with the law embodying this area, namely the law of the World Trade Organization. The thesis therefore analyses the main principles and provisions of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that can affect the usage of EIs in MEAs. Most attention is paid to the interpretation of exemptions from the Agreement that can legalize such restrictions. Trade-Related Environmental Measures shouldn't be discriminatory. They shouldn't present arbitrary or unjustifiable restriction to trade against the principles and provisions of the WTO agreements. Such restrictions can only be made based on international agreement. The case of trade restriction based on MEA wasn't yet considered by Dispute Settlement Body and the answer hence depends on the...
3	Globální environmentální smlouvy a jejich efektivita / Global Environmental Agreements and Their Effectiveness Tachecí, Petra January 2008 (has links) This diploma thesis deals with global environmental agreements and their effectiveness. Its aim is to disclose the causes of success of some agreements and, on the contrary, the motives of failure of other agreements. In the theoretical part, the specialities of the environmental problems are illustrated, followed by the introduction to the international environmental law and agreements. In the practical part, two well-known international agreements concerned with atmosphere are compared. They deal with similar problem, but they achieved very different results. The objective of step-by-step comparison of diverse aspects of both agreements is to discover what factors caused the great success of the Montreal Protocol in protecting the ozone layer and why the similarly conceived Kyoto Protocol failed in the combat against climate change. Last chapter concludes this comparison and defines key characteristics which are essential for the effectiveness of the global environmental agreements.
4	Ochrana ozónové vrstvy Země z pohledu práva / Protection of the Earth ozone layer from the legal point of view Bergerová, Lenka January 2011 (has links) Resumé: Protection of the ozone layer of the Earth from the perspective of law This thesis is dealing with protection of the ozone layer. I chose this topic because I consider ozone layer as a very important folder of the environment and its weakening is of global nature and for its protection it was necessary to involve as many countries as possible. This work is focused mainly on the development of ozone layer protection at the international level and on current legislativ. It also includes the European Union's approach to this problem. In the beginning of my thesis I'm trying to explain what is ozone, which substances deplete the ozone layer and which principles and tools are used for its protection. Chapter two is dedicated to the development of ozone layer protection. It includes the beginnings of the international cooperation which began to take shape in the middle of the 70s when was published the first scientific work, which pointed to damage of ozone layer by halogenated hydrocarbons. International cooperation resulted to the adoption of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and later to its implementation protocol - Montreal protocol, in September of 1987. The Montreal Protocol was considered an exceptional success of diplomacy in the sphere of environmental protection but in...
5	Ochrana ozónové vrstvy Země z pohledu práva / Legal protection of the ozone layer Žujová, Magdaléna January 2015 (has links) 107 Summary The Ozone layer of the Earth located in the stratosphere in an altitude of 20 to 50 kilometres is the important part of the gases surrounding the planet Earth. Its purpose is to absorb UV radiation that otherwise very negatively affects life on the Earth. During the twentieth century, this ability was weakened by the emission of substances proven much later to be very dangerous in this way. Until 1987, by various chemical reactions, in particular of chlorine atoms, the ozone hole has been formed over the South Pole of the Earth, not fully healed yet. In 1985, risk to human life led using the precautionary principle to the adoption of the Vienna Convention and subsequently of its implementing protocol including specific obligations especially the control measures of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and of the trade with them in 1987. The protocol was later modified by amendments and adjustments. This diploma thesis describes these acts with respect to their evolution and actual state of knowledge. At European level, it shows the evolution of the European environmental law in focus on the protection of the ozone layer and on the process of incorporation of international instruments in this area of environmental law. It describes these European acts and compares the...
6	An evaluation of the phase-out management system of an ozone depleting substance HCFC-22 and its environmental and socioeconomic implications in Botswana Kudoma, Bongayi 01 1900 (has links) Climate change and ozone depletion are topical challenges the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities, particularly emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODSs). One such substance is chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), a cheap, widely used refrigerant with a high global warming potential of 1780. Botswana is a signatory to the Montreal Protocol (MP), which guides international efforts to phase-out HCFC-22 and requires signatories to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP). This study, which used a mixed methods approach, was conducted to evaluate the phase-out of HCFC-22 management strategies and their environmental and socioeconomic implications in Botswana. A census of nine HCFC-22 importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services, HCFC-22 importers, customs officers from 20 purposively selected Botswana entry ports and HCFC-22 consumers from the importing companies. Category-specific respondent questionnaires and interview guides, site visits and assessment of records were used to gather data. Of particular interest were the annual HCFC-22 importation figures for each company, the Botswana Unified Revenue Services and the National Ozone Unit, as well as the level of compliance of the companies’ HCFC-22 phase-out management practices with relevant national regulations, the Botswana HPMP and the MP resolutions. Botswana’s HCFC-22 importers were found to be moderately to highly compliant to nonregulatory elements rather than regulatory elements. Overall, HCFC-22 consumption decreased from the baseline to 10.5% for the first stage (2013-2015), which was slightly more than the 10% reduction expected. A steady decrease in HCFC-22 consumption was noted towards the 35% target for 2020, largely due to awareness-raising initiatives directed at the surveyed stakeholders. Absolute HCFC-22 consumption dropped by approximately 510400 kgs from 2011-2017 or 28072 ozone depleting potential saved. On the downside, gaps were identified in the industry-wide quota-system, data reporting, prevention of illegal ODS trade, service technician training, user knowledge of alternatives and disposal of ODS equipment. The study recommends the use of a planning, policy formulation and implementation framework that integrates and balances three fundamentals, namely, stakeholder involvement, the process and the plan enablers. Botswana Phase-out HCFC-22 Ozone Ozone depleting substance Montreal Protocol Climate change Stakeholders Greenhouse gases
7	L’autorité renforcée des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement : essai sur la nature, la place et la fonction de la procédure de non-conformité / The enhanced authority of multilateral environmental agreements : Essays on the nature, role and function of the non-compliance procedure Sabil, Mariem 17 December 2011 (has links) Les accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement sont généralement caractérisés par leur autorité normative atténuée en raison des difficultés pour les États de garantir leur application effective et efficace. La procédure de non-conformité, expérimentée pour la première fois par le Protocole de Montréal sur les substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone et étendue depuis, tente d’apporter des solutions appropriées aux particularismes de cette branche du droit international public. L’étude de son développement, de son évolution et de sa sophistication à travers sa nature, sa place et sa fonction permet ainsi de déterminer si cette technique exécutive contribue au renforcement de l’autorité des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement. / Multilateral agreements on the environment are generally characterized by their normative authority diminished because of the difficulties for states to ensure their effective implementation and efficiency. The non-compliance procedure, for the first time experienced by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and extended since then, attempts to provide appropriate solutions to the peculiarities of this branch of public international law.The study of its development, its evolution and sophistication through its nature, its place and function and to determine whether this technique helps to strengthen executive authority of multilateral environmental agreements. Procédure de non-conformité Contrôle Légitimité Transparence Équité Application Effectivité Efficacité Autorité Normativité Autorité relative Autorité atténuée Autorité renforcée Environnement Internationales Organisations non-gouvernementales États Multinationales Mesures incitatives Mesures coercitives Sanctions Persuasion Exécution Multilateral environmental agreements Non-compliance procedure Control Legitimacy Transparency Fairness Application Effectiveness Implementation Efficiency Authority Normativity Authority for Authority reduced Reinforced authority Environment International organizations Nongovernmental organizations States Corporations Incentives Enforcement Sanctions Persuasion execution 340

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