Esta tese versa sobre a reconfiguração das lutas trabalhistas frente aos desafios lançados pela terceirização – um fenômeno emblemático do atual cenário político-econômico –, com o objetivo de atualizar o conteúdo histórico da relação imanente entre trabalho e justiça social. As reconfigurações das lutas trabalhistas foram identificadas por meio da análise do conteúdo normativo da crítica do trabalho – entendido como um ator moral coletivo – à terceirização, tomando como fonte uma audiência pública sobre o tema, promovida pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho em 2011. A audiência pública foi tratada como um documento público que dá forma estável à crítica multifacetada do trabalho. Seu exame seguiu os princípios da análise de conteúdo categorial (BARDIN, 2008) e foi divido em dois momentos: o descritivo e o interpretativo. O momento descritivo, pautado por uma epistemologia continuísta, analisou a crítica à terceirização em três eixos temáticos: economia, direitos e moral, a partir dos quais foi demonstrado o caráter passadista das propostas de reforma do presente aportadas pelo trabalho. Por sua vez, o momento interpretativo, que buscou identificar o princípio de justiça imanente a esta crítica, demonstrou que há uma atualização da concepção de igualdade mobilizada nas lutas trabalhistas em termos de paridade participativa (FRASER, 2008), bem como uma ampliação do seu escopo normativo, por meio da articulação da noção de dignidade. Concluiu-se que, frente à terceirização, as lutas do trabalho se aproximam da lógica das lutas minoritárias por articular às suas exigências de justiça a dimensão moral do respeito à dignidade do trabalhador terceirizado. Em termos morais, essa aproximação não significa automaticamente um retrocesso, mas sim uma expansão do conteúdo de justiça das lutas trabalhistas, que ultrapassam as demandas redistributivas e representativas, tradicionalmente atribuídas a elas, trazendo a questão de classes para o domínio simbólico da moral. / This dissertation investigates the reconfiguration undergone by labor struggles when facing the challenges posed by outsourcing – an emblematic phenomenon of the current political and economical environment – in order to update the historical content of the immanent relationship between labor and social justice. Labor struggles’ reconfigurations were identified by analyzing labor’s critique of outsourcing, using as source a public hearing on the subject, promoted by the Brazilian Superior Labor Court in 2011. This hearing was methodologically treated as a public document that stabilizes the critique’s multifaceted content. Its examination followed the guidelines of categorical content analysis (BARDIN, 2008) and was divided into two parts: the descriptive and the interpretative moments. The first part, guided by a continuist epistemology, analyzed the critique of outsourcing in three themes: economy, rights and morality, which showed the past-oriented nature of labor’s reform proposals. The second part, the interpretative moment, that sought to identify the principle of justice immanent to labor’s criticism, demonstrated that there’s an update in the conception of equality mobilized in labor struggles in terms of participatory parity (FRASER, 2008), as well as an expansion of its normative scope, through the articulation of the notion of dignity. It was concluded that, when facing the challenges of outsourcing, labor struggles become closer to the logic of minority struggles, because they articulate the demands of respect for the dignity of outsourced workers to their usual demands. In moral terms, this rapprochement does not automatically mean a setback, but rather an expansion of the justice content of labor struggles, which goes beyond the redistributive and representative demands traditionally assigned to them. Thus, class questions are brought to the field of morality.

Esta tese versa sobre a reconfiguração das lutas trabalhistas frente aos desafios lançados pela terceirização – um fenômeno emblemático do atual cenário político-econômico –, com o objetivo de atualizar o conteúdo histórico da relação imanente entre trabalho e justiça social. As reconfigurações das lutas trabalhistas foram identificadas por meio da análise do conteúdo normativo da crítica do trabalho – entendido como um ator moral coletivo – à terceirização, tomando como fonte uma audiência pública sobre o tema, promovida pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho em 2011. A audiência pública foi tratada como um documento público que dá forma estável à crítica multifacetada do trabalho. Seu exame seguiu os princípios da análise de conteúdo categorial (BARDIN, 2008) e foi divido em dois momentos: o descritivo e o interpretativo. O momento descritivo, pautado por uma epistemologia continuísta, analisou a crítica à terceirização em três eixos temáticos: economia, direitos e moral, a partir dos quais foi demonstrado o caráter passadista das propostas de reforma do presente aportadas pelo trabalho. Por sua vez, o momento interpretativo, que buscou identificar o princípio de justiça imanente a esta crítica, demonstrou que há uma atualização da concepção de igualdade mobilizada nas lutas trabalhistas em termos de paridade participativa (FRASER, 2008), bem como uma ampliação do seu escopo normativo, por meio da articulação da noção de dignidade. Concluiu-se que, frente à terceirização, as lutas do trabalho se aproximam da lógica das lutas minoritárias por articular às suas exigências de justiça a dimensão moral do respeito à dignidade do trabalhador terceirizado. Em termos morais, essa aproximação não significa automaticamente um retrocesso, mas sim uma expansão do conteúdo de justiça das lutas trabalhistas, que ultrapassam as demandas redistributivas e representativas, tradicionalmente atribuídas a elas, trazendo a questão de classes para o domínio simbólico da moral. / This dissertation investigates the reconfiguration undergone by labor struggles when facing the challenges posed by outsourcing – an emblematic phenomenon of the current political and economical environment – in order to update the historical content of the immanent relationship between labor and social justice. Labor struggles’ reconfigurations were identified by analyzing labor’s critique of outsourcing, using as source a public hearing on the subject, promoted by the Brazilian Superior Labor Court in 2011. This hearing was methodologically treated as a public document that stabilizes the critique’s multifaceted content. Its examination followed the guidelines of categorical content analysis (BARDIN, 2008) and was divided into two parts: the descriptive and the interpretative moments. The first part, guided by a continuist epistemology, analyzed the critique of outsourcing in three themes: economy, rights and morality, which showed the past-oriented nature of labor’s reform proposals. The second part, the interpretative moment, that sought to identify the principle of justice immanent to labor’s criticism, demonstrated that there’s an update in the conception of equality mobilized in labor struggles in terms of participatory parity (FRASER, 2008), as well as an expansion of its normative scope, through the articulation of the notion of dignity. It was concluded that, when facing the challenges of outsourcing, labor struggles become closer to the logic of minority struggles, because they articulate the demands of respect for the dignity of outsourced workers to their usual demands. In moral terms, this rapprochement does not automatically mean a setback, but rather an expansion of the justice content of labor struggles, which goes beyond the redistributive and representative demands traditionally assigned to them. Thus, class questions are brought to the field of morality.

Esta tese versa sobre a reconfiguração das lutas trabalhistas frente aos desafios lançados pela terceirização – um fenômeno emblemático do atual cenário político-econômico –, com o objetivo de atualizar o conteúdo histórico da relação imanente entre trabalho e justiça social. As reconfigurações das lutas trabalhistas foram identificadas por meio da análise do conteúdo normativo da crítica do trabalho – entendido como um ator moral coletivo – à terceirização, tomando como fonte uma audiência pública sobre o tema, promovida pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho em 2011. A audiência pública foi tratada como um documento público que dá forma estável à crítica multifacetada do trabalho. Seu exame seguiu os princípios da análise de conteúdo categorial (BARDIN, 2008) e foi divido em dois momentos: o descritivo e o interpretativo. O momento descritivo, pautado por uma epistemologia continuísta, analisou a crítica à terceirização em três eixos temáticos: economia, direitos e moral, a partir dos quais foi demonstrado o caráter passadista das propostas de reforma do presente aportadas pelo trabalho Por sua vez, o momento interpretativo, que buscou identificar o princípio de justiça imanente a esta crítica, demonstrou que há uma atualização da concepção de igualdade mobilizada nas lutas trabalhistas em termos de paridade participativa (FRASER, 2008), bem como uma ampliação do seu escopo normativo, por meio da articulação da noção de dignidade. Concluiu-se que, frente à terceirização, as lutas do trabalho se aproximam da lógica das lutas minoritárias por articular às suas exigências de justiça a dimensão moral do respeito à dignidade do trabalhador terceirizado. Em termos morais, essa aproximação não significa automaticamente um retrocesso, mas sim uma expansão do conteúdo de justiça das lutas trabalhistas, que ultrapassam as demandas redistributivas e representativas, tradicionalmente atribuídas a elas, trazendo a questão de classes para o domínio simbólico da moral. / This dissertation investigates the reconfiguration undergone by labor struggles when facing the challenges posed by outsourcing – an emblematic phenomenon of the current political and economical environment – in order to update the historical content of the immanent relationship between labor and social justice. Labor struggles’ reconfigurations were identified by analyzing labor’s critique of outsourcing, using as source a public hearing on the subject, promoted by the Brazilian Superior Labor Court in 2011. This hearing was methodologically treated as a public document that stabilizes the critique’s multifaceted content. Its examination followed the guidelines of categorical content analysis (BARDIN, 2008) and was divided into two parts: the descriptive and the interpretative moments. The first part, guided by a continuist epistemology, analyzed the critique of outsourcing in three themes: economy, rights and morality, which showed the past-oriented nature of labor’s reform proposals The second part, the interpretative moment, that sought to identify the principle of justice immanent to labor’s criticism, demonstrated that there’s an update in the conception of equality mobilized in labor struggles in terms of participatory parity (FRASER, 2008), as well as an expansion of its normative scope, through the articulation of the notion of dignity. It was concluded that, when facing the challenges of outsourcing, labor struggles become closer to the logic of minority struggles, because they articulate the demands of respect for the dignity of outsourced workers to their usual demands. In moral terms, this rapprochement does not automatically mean a setback, but rather an expansion of the justice content of labor struggles, which goes beyond the redistributive and representative demands traditionally assigned to them. Thus, class questions are brought to the field of morality.

Les défis associés au phénomène du vieillissement démographique de la population se manifestent sous plusieurs formes et à de nombreux égards. Il y a des questions générales comme celles qui touchent l’économique et d’autres, plus spécifiques et situées, comme celles des modalités assurant des services et des soins adéquats aux personnes vulnérables. Par exemple, le colloque « La qualité de l’expérience des usagers et des proches : vers la personnalisation des soins et des services sociaux », programmé dans le cadre des Entretiens Jacques Cartier à l’automne 2014, s’était donné comme objectif d’examiner l’expérience personnelle des usagers relativement aux prestations de soins de santé et à l’organisation des services sociaux. L’origine de ces réflexions réside dans la nécessité de trouver un meilleur équilibre des pouvoirs dans les relations d’aide ou la prestation de soin. Cette problématique sous-entend l’idée de rendre les usagers capables d’un certain contrôle par l’adoption d’approches permettant aux professionnels de faire des ajustements personnalisés. Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit directement dans le prolongement de cette problématique. La recherche vise à examiner les conditions en mesure de rendre possible, dans les Centres d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD), un rapport au monde catégorisé par ce que le sociologue Laurent Thévenot nomme le régime de la familiarité. Le régime de la familiarité fait référence aux réalités où l’engagement des personnes se déploie dans l’aisance. Autrement dit, ce régime d’engagement correspond à un rapport au milieu où la personne est en mesure de déployer ses habitudes, d’habiter le moment et de se sentir chez elle. Comme le montre Thévenot, ce type d’engagement commande la conception d’un monde qui offre aux personnes la possibilité d’articuler les modalités de leurs actions sur des repères qui font sens personnellement pour eux. Ainsi, l’objet de la recherche consiste à mieux comprendre la participation du design à la conception d’un milieu d’hébergement capable d’accueillir ce type d’engagement pragmatique. Les orientations associées à la conception de milieux d’hébergement capables de satisfaire de telles exigences correspondent largement aux ambitions qui accompagnent le développement des approches du design centrées sur l’usager, du design d’expériences et plus récemment du design empathique. Cela dit, malgré les efforts investis en ce sens, les capacités d’appropriation des usagers restent un problème pour lequel les réponses sont précaires. La thèse interroge ainsi le fait que les développements des approches de design, qui ont fait de l’expérience des usagers une préoccupation de premier plan, sont trop souvent restreints par des questions de méthodes et de procédures. Le développement de ces connaissances se serait fait au détriment de l’examen précis des savoir-être également nécessaires pour rendre les designers capables de prendre au sérieux les enjeux associés aux aspirations de ces approches. Plus spécifiquement, la recherche précise les qualités de l’expérience des établissements dont le design permet l’engagement en familiarité. L’enquête s’appuie sur une analyse des jugements posés par des équipes d’évaluation de la qualité du milieu de vie des CHSLD présents sur le territoire Montréalais. L’analyse a mené à la caractérisation de cinq qualités : l’accueillance, la convivialité, la flexibilité, la prévenance et la stabilité. Finalement, sous la forme d’un essai réflexif, un tableau de savoir-être est suggéré comme manière de rendre les designers capables de mettre en œuvre des milieux d’hébergement présentant les qualités identifiées. Cet essai est également l’occasion du développement d’un outil réflexif pour une pédagogie et une pratique vertueuse du design. / The phenomenon of an aging population brings with it a whole host of diverse challenges. Some of these challenges are of a general nature, such as those related to economics, while others are much more specific, such as the conditions and procedures needed to ensure that vulnerable individuals receive adequate care and services. For instance, a symposium entitled “Providing a quality experience for users and loved ones: personalization of care and social services,” held during the fall 2014 Entretiens Jacques-Cartier, aimed to examine personal user experiences pertaining to the delivery of health care services and the organization of social services. This meeting’s initial hypothesis underscored the need for a more balanced power dynamic with caregivers or in the delivery of care. This hypothesis is based on the concept of user capabilities, achieved through the adoption of practices which enable professionals to provide personalized care. Further exploration of this particular issue is at the core of this doctoral thesis. This research aims to examine the conditions which would allow people living in long-term care facilities to engage with their environment in a way the sociologist Laurent Thévenot categorized as “familiar engagement.” Familiar engagement refers to realities in which people are able to rest on an accustomed dependency with the things and people that surround them. In other words, this type of engagement refers to a relationship with one’s environment which allows individuals to take part in their usual habits, and where they feel at home and at ease in their surroundings. As Thévenot’s analysis shows, this type of engagement requires the conception of a world which allows people to frame their actions around reference points which are personally relevant to them. Thus, this research aims to better understand the role of designers in the conception of nursing homes where this type of pragmatic engagement is made possible. The guidelines for the development of residential facilities able to satisfy these criteria are largely in line with the expectations surrounding the development of user-centered design, experience design, and empathic design. That being said, despite the efforts put forth towards this initiative, self-identification with one’s environment remains an unresolved problem. Our hypothesis is that the evolution of user-centered design is too often restricted by methodological or procedural issues. Development in this direction has been done to the detriment of the precise examination of the virtues needed by designers in order to be able to seriously take on the issues associated with the goals of this design approach. More specifically, this research identifies the qualities of long-term care facilities’ experience whose design allows for familiar engagement. For our study, we analyzed the findings and judgments of living environment evaluation teams concerning the quality of living environments of the long-term care facilities in the Montreal area. Through this survey, five qualities have been identified: welcomeness, conviviality, flexibility, thoughtfulness and stability. Finally, as a reflective essay, a portrait of virtues is suggested as a way for designers to implement facilities that share those qualities. The dissertation also presented a reflexive tool for a virtuous design practice and pedagogy.