Nas edificações, as argamassas de revestimento têm diversas funções e sabe-se que o perfeito desempenho daquelas está diretamente relacionado com o tipo de argamassa empregada, suas propriedades tanto no estado fresco quanto no endurecido, como também das diversas propriedades do substrato no qual a mesma será aplicada. O baixo desempenho de uma ou mais destas funções pode gerar o aparecimento de manifestações patológicas, fatores que fazem com que as argamassas deixem de cumprir suas funções trazendo desconforto ao usuário bem como custos de manutenção e reparo. A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar, durante a cura do revestimento, influenciam a velocidade de endurecimento da argamassa e sabe-se que além temperaturas com grande amplitude de variação ao longo do dia. Com base neste contexto, este trabalho busca avaliar o desempenho de argamassas de revestimento (industrializada, preparada em obra com utilização de cal hidratada e preparada em obra com utilização de aditivo incorporador de ar) quando aplicadas a substratos cerâmicos com 3 níveis de absorção de água, e curadas nas temperaturas de 5, 20 e 40°C. Para tal, verificou-se o comportamento em termos de resistência de aderência à tração do revestimento, além de análises realizadas em corpos-de-prova para cada tipo de argamassa de revestimento. Em relação à temperatura de cura, pode-se dizer que a temperatura intermediária (20°C) apresentou melhores resultados para a grande maioria das combinações entre argamassas de revestimentos e blocos cerâmicos. No que se refere à argamassa preparada em obra com a utilização de cal hidratada, o substrato com menor absorção de água, com cura em temperatura intermediária, apresentou melhor aderência. / In constructions, mortars has many functions and it’s known that these perfect performance are directly related with the mortar kind, the properties in fresh and hardened stages, as also of the bond properties in which it will be applied. Overhead of one or more of these functions can accelerate the pathological manifestations appearance, things that make that mortars leaves off these functions bringing the user discomfort as well as maintenance costs and repair. The temperature and the air relative humidity, during the cure has influence in the mortar hardening. Therefore it´s true that all day long we have beyond temperatures with great variation. In this context, this dissertation searches to evaluate the mortars performance (industrialized, prepared with lime and prepared with additive) when applied in bricks with 3 water absorption levels, and cured temperatures of 5, 20 and 40°C. For such, the traction strength behavior was verified, beyond analyses in samples for each mortar kind. About the cure temperature, it can be said that the medium temperature (20°C) presented better resulted for the great majority of the combinations between mortars and ceramic bricks. About mortars, the one prepared with lime, the bond with lower water absorption, with medium cure temperature, presented better performance.

Orientador: José Luiz Pinheiro Melges / Resumo: Atualmente, é vasta a quantidade de materiais estudados com potencial de substituir o cimento Portland em matrizes cimentícias, uma vez que a produção do mesmo é responsável pela emissão de grande quantidade de CO2, o que contribui drasticamente para o efeito estufa. Nesse contexto, os aglomerantes ativados alcalinamente são materiais que prometem qualidades similares ou superiores àqueles à base de cimento, porém produzidos com elementos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, é realizado o estudo da aplicação de Cinza da Casca de Arroz (CCA) com Hidróxido de Sódio (NaOH) na produção de solução alcalina, para ativação do metacaulim, material este que já possui resultados positivos quando ativado com silicato de sódio, e outros ativadores obtidos comercialmente. A solução de CCA-NaOH é utilizada como substituta do silicato de sódio comercial, uma vez que, além de utilizar um resíduo em sua produção, dando a ele uma destinação adequada, observa-se uma significativa economia de energia, já que a produção de silicato de sódio demanda uma grande quantidade de energia para sua obtenção. Para que a solução de CCA-NaOH apresente potencial de ativar o metacaulim, é necessário manter tais materiais, por 24h em meio térmico, para que ocorra a dissolução da sílica do CCA. Utilizando-se a composição CCA-NaOH, foram elaborados 5 traços de argamassa com relações molares SiO2/NaOH iguais a 0.0; 0.4; 0.8; 1.2 e 1.6. Também foram elaborados outros 5 traços com as mesmas relações mo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nowadays, the amount of studied materials with the potential to replace Portland cement in cementitious matrices is extensive, since its production is responsible for the emission of a large amount of CO2, which contributes drastically to the greenhouse effect. In this context, alkali-activated binders are materials that promise qualities similar or superior to those based on cement, but produced with elements that are less aggressive to the environment. In this work, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are used to produce an alkaline solution for the activation of metakaolin, which has already positive results when activated with sodium silicate or others commercially available activators. The RHA-NaOH solution is used as a substitute for commercial sodium silicate, once in addition to use a residue in its production, giving it an adequate disposal, it works with the fact of saving energy, since the production of silicate of sodium consumes a large amount of energy for its obtainment. In order for the RHA-NaOH solution to have the potential to activate metakaolin, it is necessary to keep such materials for 24 hours in a thermal container in order to dissolve the silica from the CCA. Using the RHA-NaOH solution, 5 mixtures of mortar were prepared with SiO2 / NaOH molar ratios equal to 0.0; 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6. Another 5 mixtures were prepared with the same molar ratios, but this time using commercial sodium silicate for comparison purposes. It was observed the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The selection of mortar for conservation of historic and heritage buildings can be challenging. Achieving compatibility with the historic fabric, durability and efficient use of materials within a practical timeframe often requires the use of hydraulic lime-based mortars which set more rapidly than the more traditional air lime mortars. These are considered to be more compatible with historic fabric than cement-based mortars, although, due to the modern production techniques and their natural variability, a deeper knowledge of their chemical and physical properties is needed to minimise damage due to incompatibility and make the decision process easier and safer. Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) binders are currently classified under EN 459-1:2015 in three designations, NHL 2, NHL 3.5 and NHL5, with the suffix representing the minimum compressive strength (in MPa) of a standard mortar mix at 28 days. The performance of NHL binders, manufactured by burning a naturally impure limestone, can be difficult to predict due to the inherent variability of both their physical and chemical characteristics. At the same time, the tolerance values for each classification allow for binders with significantly compressive strength differences to be classified by the same designation. The main aim of this research was to study a range of NHL binders, understand and quantify the variability of their characteristics and to establish how these properties influence the performance of mortars cured under standard and simulated weather conditions. In the first stage of the project, a selection of NHL binders from different origins and distinct designation were rigorously examined through physical, chemical and mineralogical characterisation to elucidate surface area, particle size distribution, oxide composition and crystalline phase composition. The characteristics of the binders were found to vary greatly, particularly amongst binders from the same classification and distinct origins, and in one particular case even from the same origin. A change of properties over time was also identified, binders manufactured in different years could have very different properties, even though, as far as could be ascertained from the packaging, it was the same product. Starting from a selection of 11 NHLs and 1 hydrated lime, the next step involved the manufacture of mortar samples using a sand aggregate appropriate for a conservation mortar with 1:2 ratio (binder:aggregate by volume). Sufficient water was added to produce a spread by flow table of 165 ± 10 mm. These mortars were cured under standard conditions and for a smaller group of binders under simulated weather conditions. For the standard cure conditions, the properties of the binders were compared to the physical properties in terms of strength (from 7 to 1080 days), porosity, capillary water absorption, water vapour permeability and freeze-thaw resistance of mortars made with the binders. The carbonation was also studied by phenolphthalein stain after all the flexural strength tests and after 2 years by XRD. The mortars under climate simulation were studied in terms of mechanical properties (up to 360 days) and carbonation. For comparison purposes, cement-lime (1:1:6 and 1:2:9 cement:lime:aggregate volumetric ratio), lime-metakaolin (MK) (with MK addition of 5, 10 and 20% of the lime mass) and lime putty mortars were manufactured to the same workability as the NHL mortars. These were studied in terms of strength up to 360 days, porosity and water absorption by capillarity action. The strength of the studied mortars does not follow the classification of the binders, with one binder, specified as NHL 2, resulting in a stronger mortar than another binder specified as NHL 5, and one NHL 3.5 mortar surpassing all the other mortars in terms of mechanical strength. The mechanical strength was found to correlate with the hydraulic phases, alite and belite, identified within the binders. The relative long-term performance of the mortars manufactured with the different binders can therefore be predicted based on the mineral properties rather than the standard classification. Pore related properties, such as water vapour permeability and water absorption by capillarity, were found to be related to the water/binder ratio of the NHL mortars. Later in the project, using the standard cured mortars data, a model was developed to predict compressive strength based on the proportion of crystalline phases present in the mortars, the surface area and the water/binder ratio. This model, applied to the studied mortars, was found to predict, with low error, the measured performance of the mortars, meaning that the model can be used as tool to predict mortar strength. The outcomes of this thesis demonstrated that with sufficient knowledge of the underlying chemistry of NHL binders, it is possible to establish the relative performance of mortars, thus making the decision on which binder to use easier and safer for the historic fabric.

L’ajout d’adjuvants dans les mortiers permet d’obtenir diverses propriétés selon lesperformances souhaitées. Les polysaccharides sont utilisés pour améliorer la capacité derétention d’eau et le comportement rhéologique du mortier. Cependant, ils engendrent unretard de prise du ciment et représentent un poids économique considérable. Il apparaît doncque la compréhension de l’interaction entre les polysaccharides et le ciment est nécessaire.Etant donné que les comportements sont différents selon le type de polysaccharide, l’étuded’une nouvelle famille de polysaccharides constitue un axe de recherche majeur. Leshydroxypropylguars (HPG) ont été choisis car ils ont été présentés comme de très bonsagents rétenteurs d’eau et sont déjà utilisés industriellement.Il s’avère que les HPG confèrent effectivement aux mortiers d’excellentes propriétés derétention d’eau. Le mécanisme de rétention d’eau est attribué à la formation d’agglomératsqui, au-delà d’une concentration critique, bouchent le réseau poreux à l’interface mortier-substrat.De plus, ces molécules ralentissent nettement la cinétique d’hydratation du cimenten modifiant la croissance des hydrates par adsorption. Les HPG augmentent également la contrainte seuil de cisaillement et la consistance des mortiers. Toutes cespropriétés diffèrent lorsque les HPG sont introduits pré-dissout dans l’eau de gâchée. Uneméthodologie de fragmentation par ultra-sons des polysaccharides a été développée dans lebut d’étudier l’impact de leur masse moléculaire sur les propriétés des mortiers à l’état frais.Sur tous ces aspects, le comportement des HPG a été comparé à celui des éthers de cellulose,adjuvants rétenteur d’eau de référence. / Modern factory-made mortars are complex materials, in which are added some kinds of admixtures used to exhibit various properties. Polysaccharides are admixtures used in order to improve water retention capacity and rheological behavior of freshly-mixed mortars.However, polysaccharides induce a delay of cement hydration and represent a large part of mortar raw material cost. The improvement of the knowledge about polysaccharide-cement interaction is therefore necessary. In past, different behaviors were observed according to the kind of polysaccharide. The study of a new polysaccharide family is thus a major way of research. The hydroxypropylguars were chosen since they were presented as promising water retention agents and they are now well-established in the construction industry.Results show that HPG improve the water retention capacity of cement-based mortars. The working mechanism is attributed to the formation of HPG aggregates above a critical dosage, which may stop the water flow by plugging the porous network at the interface mortar-substrate. Moreover, HPG induce a decrease in the hydrates growth rate because of adsorption on the cement hydrated phases, and enhance the consistency and the yield stress of mortars. All these properties are influenced by the pre-dissolution of HPG in the mixing water. A methodology of ultrasonic degradation was also established in order to study the molecular weight influence of polysaccharides on fresh-state properties. Cellulose ethers were systematically investigated as polysaccharidic admixture reference.

Cette étude concerne le comportement de mortiers constitués par une matrice résineuse à base d’époxyde désignés dans ce qui suit par mortier de résine, MR.Des études antérieures ont montré que l’ouvrabilité des MR élaborés avec un taux de polymère en masse mp≤12%, afin de baisser leur coût considéré élevé par comparaison à celui des mortiers hydrauliques MH, est médiocre et constitue un frein majeur au développement de ces matériaux dans le domaine de la préfabrication et de la réparation.Un moyen de favoriser le développement des MR consiste, donc, à faciliter leur mise en œuvre. Or le fait de diminuer le taux de polymère afin de diminuer le coût rend la mise en œuvre du mortier encore plus difficile. Par ailleurs l’utilisation de sable recyclé « SR » en substitution au sable naturel « SN »pour répondre à des exigences environnementales en matière d’épuisement de ressources naturelles exacerbe cette difficulté.L’objectif de cette thèse est, donc, de trouver un diluant à incorporer dans les formulations des MR, destinées soit à la préfabrication (2 formulations avec des taux massique de liant à base d’époxyde mp= 9% et 12%) ou à la réparation (mp= 20%). Le but ultime consiste à améliorer leur ouvrabilité tout en assurant leurs propriétés mécaniques et leur durabilité vis-à-vis de la diffusion des ions chlorure. Une comparaison systématique avec des mortiers hydrauliques, MH, est réalisée.Différents diluants ont été sélectionnés. Leur influence sur le point de gel, sur le temps de réticulation et sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques des époxydes a fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. Il en ressort que l’octanoate de méthyle permet de diminuer la viscosité de la résine époxyde sans affecter le point de gel et les cinétiques de durcissement de façon significative. Cependant, il joue un rôle de plastifiant à l’origine de l’augmentation de la ductilité et de la diminution des résistances et des rigidités des époxydes à l’état réticulé. Le taux optimal de diluant (md) à incorporer dans la formulation des mortiers de résine a été estimé à 5%.L’incorporation du diluant, avec md= 5%, dans les MR a amélioré leur ouvrabilité, modifié leur microstructure et leurs propriétés de transfert mais a généré une baisse des résistances mécaniques. En effet une baisse de 31% est observée pour MR-SN formulé avec mp= 20%. La substitution du SN par le SR dans les mortiers de réparation (MR avec mp= 20%) engendre, également, une diminution des propriétés mécaniques et une modification des propriétés rhéologiques. Toutefois, ces résistances mécaniques demeurent nettement plus élevées que celles des mortiers hydrauliques à sable naturel (MH-SN) et recyclé (MH-SR). En compression, le mortier MR-SR fabriqué avec mp=20% présente une résistance supérieure de 44% par rapport à celle du MH-SN et de 53% par rapport à celle du MH-SR.La résistance des mortiers à la diffusion des ions chlorure a été appréhendée par un essai de migration en régime transitoire (Non Steady State Migration) et le coefficient de diffusion apparent Dnssm a été calculé pour 10 formulations de mortiers : 1 MH-SR, 1 MH-SN, 2 MR-SR et 6 MR-SN. Il en ressort que les bétons de résine ont une résistance à la diffusion des ions chlorure nettement plus élevée que celle des mortiers hydrauliques. Les coefficients Dnssm des mortiers MH-SN et MH-SR sont respectivement 100 et 200 fois plus élevés que celui du MR-SN (mp= 20%).Le mortier MR-SN destiné à la réparation (avec mp= 20% et md=5%) est caractérisé par une très bonne ouvrabilité et des résistances mécaniques et à la diffusion des ions chlorure les plus élevées. On montre que son adhérence à un support constitué d’un MH-SN dépend de l’état de surface du support (lisse sec, lisse saturé, rugueux sec et rugueux saturé). Le mortier de réparation n’adhère pas aux supports à surface saturée en eau alors qu’une bonne adhérence est observée pour les surfaces sèches. Cette adhérence est meilleure lorsque la surface est lisse. / This study concerns the behavior of mortars constituted by epoxy-based resinous matrix and sand designated in what follows by resin mortar, RM.Previous studies have shown that the workability of RM made with a polymer rate by weight mp≤12% in order to reduce their cost which is considered high compared to that of hydraulic mortars HM, is poor and is a major obstacle to the development of these materials in the area of prefabrication and repair. However decreasing the polymer content to reduce the cost makes the mortar implementation even more difficult. Furthermore the use of recycled sand "RS" to substitute natural sand "NS" to answer environmental requirements regarding natural resource depletion exacerbates this difficulty.The objective of this work is, therefore, to find a thinner to incorporate into RM formulations, intended either to prefabrication (2 formulations with mass rate of epoxy based binder mp= 9% and 12%) or repair (mp = 20%). The ultimate goal is to improve their workability while maintaining their mechanical properties and their sustainability to chloride ion diffusion. A systematic comparison with hydraulic mortars, HM, is performed.Various thinners were selected. Their influence on the gel point, on the time of crosslinking and mechanical and physical properties of the epoxy resin has been the subject of detailed study. It shows that methyl octanoate reduces the viscosity of the epoxy resin without affecting significantly the gel point and curing kinetics.However, it acts as a plasticizer which represents the origin of the increased ductility and reduced resistance and rigidity of the epoxy resin in the cured state.The optimal rate of the thinner (md) to be incorporated in the formulation of resin mortar was estimated at 5%.The incorporation of thinner, with md=5% in the RM improved their workability, changed their microstructure and their transfer properties but generated lower mechanical strength. Indeed a decrease of 31% was observed for RM-NS formulated with mp=20%. The substitution of NS by the RS in repair mortars (RM with mp=20%), leads also, to decreased mechanical properties and modified rheological ones.However, these strengths remain significantly higher than those of hydraulic natural sand (HM-NS)and recycled (HM-RS) mortars. In compression, the RM-RS mortar manufactured with mp=20% has a higher resistance by 44% compared to the HM-NS and 53% compared to that of HM-RS.The resistance of mortars to chloride ions diffusion was apprehended by non Steady state migration test and apparent diffusion coefficient "Dnssm" was calculated for 10 mortar formulations: 1 HM-RS, 1 HM-NS, 2 RM-RS and 6 RM-NS. It follows that the resin concrete has a resistance to chloride ions diffusion considerably higher than that of hydraulic mortars. The "Dnssm" coefficients of HM-NS and HM-RS mortars are respectively 100 and 200 times higher than that of RM-NS (mp= 20%).The RM-NS mortar intended for repair (with mp=20% and md=5%) is characterized by very good workability and the highest mechanical strength and resistance to chloride ions diffusion. We show that adhesion to a support consisting of a HM-NS depends on the surface condition of the support (smooth dry , smooth saturated, rough dry and rough saturated). The repair mortar does not adhere to the surface saturated on water while a good adhesion was observed for dry surfaces. This adhesion is better when the surface is smooth.

The use of lime mortars with pozzolanic additives is of special importance for the repair of historic masonry. In this study, the effect of pozzolanic materials on the final characteristics of mortars was investigated. Metakaolin, fly ash and historic brick powder were used as pozzolanic materials in mortar mixes with varying binder:pozzolan:aggregate ratios. Historic mortar samples from rubble stone masonry of Kahta Castle, a medieval structure in close vicinity of the Nemrut Dag Monument, were also investigated to serve as a starting point for the preparation of repair mortars. Physical and physicomechanical tests, optical microscopy, chemical tests, SEM-EDX and XRD analyses were used to assess the properties of the historic mortars and repair mortars. Fat lime was found to be used in historic mortars with a high binder/aggregate ratio. They were observed to have relatively low density and high porosity with an average compressive strength of 7.4 MPa. Historic mortars were determined to have relatively high water vapour permeability and low water impermeability characteristics. In repair mortars setting was found to be predominantly due to carbonation along with pozzolanic reactions. However, abundant presence of stratlingite in mortars with added metakaolin indicated that the pozzolanic reactions preceded carbonation in those mortars. Use of pozzolanic materials increased the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of mortars compared with control samples. Using the same binder:pozzolan:aggregate ratio, highest increase was observed on mortars prepared with added fly ash at the end of 90 days. Durability parameters of repair mortars defined as wet to dry compressive strength were in the very good to excellent range according to Winkler&rsquo / s classification. By using fly ash, design of lime mortars with high water impermeability and high water vapour permeability characteristics was accomplished.

An innovative strengthening technique is applied for the first time in this study to provide flexural strengthening in two-way reinforced concrete (RC) slabs supported on edge beams. The technique comprises external bonding of textiles on the tension face of RC slabs through the use of polymer-modified cement- based mortars. The textiles used in the experimental campaign comprised fabric meshes made of long stitch-bonded fibre rovings in two orthogonal directions. The specimens measured 2 x 2 m in plan and were supported on hinges at the corners. Three RC slabs strengthened by textile reinforced mortar (TRM) overlays and one control specimen were tested to failure. One specimen received one layer of carbon fibre textile, another one received two, whereas the third specimen was strengthened with three layers of glass fibre textile having the same axial rigidity (in both directions) with the single-layered carbon fibre textile. All specimens failed due to flexural punching. The load-carrying capacity of the strengthened slabs was increased by 26%, 53%, and 20% over that of the control specimen for slabs with one (carbon), two (carbon) and three (glass) textile layers, respectively. The strengthened slabs showed an increase in stiffness and energy absorption. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions based on existing models specifically developed for two-way slabs and the performance of the latter is evaluated. Based on the findings of this work the authors conclude that TRM overlays comprise a very promising solution for the strengthening of two-way RC slabs.

The effectiveness of a new structural material, namely textilereinforced mortar (TRM), was investigated experimentally in this study as a means of confining old-type reinforced concrete columns with limited capacity due to bar buckling or due to bond failure at lap splice regions. Comparisons with equal stiffness and strength fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets allow for the evaluation of the effectiveness of TRM versus FRP. Tests were carried out on full scale non-seismically detailed RC columns subjected to cyclic uniaxial flexure under constant axial load. Thirteen cantilever-type specimens with either continuous longitudinal reinforcement (smooth or deformed) or lap splicing of longitudinal bars at the floor level were constructed and tested. Experimental results indicated that TRM jacketing is quite effective as a means of increasing the cyclic deformation capacity of old-type RC columns with poor detailing, by delaying bar buckling and by preventing splitting bond failures in columns with lap spliced bars. Compared with their FRP counterparts, TRM jackets used in this study were found to be equally effective in terms of increasing both the strength and deformation capacity of the retrofitted columns. From the response of specimens tested in this study, it can be concluded that TRM jacketing is an extremely promising solution for the confinement of reinforced concrete columns, including poorly detailed ones with or without lap splices in seismic regions.

Στόχος της διατριβής αυτής είναι η διερεύνηση της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς των στοιχείων ΙΑΜ (Ινοπλέγματα Ανόργανης Μήτρας), η μελέτη της εφαρμογή τους για την ενίσχυση των κατασκευών και η χρήση τους με διάφορους άλλους τρόπους στο αντικείμενο του πολιτικού μηχανικού. Η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια συγκέντρωση ερευνών και μελετών που έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί κατά καιρούς και αφορούν τα βασικά στοιχεία των ΙΑΜ σε διάφορους τομείς. Πιο συγκεκριμένα η παρούσα εργασία αποτελείται από τα παρακάτω εννιά κεφάλαια: 1. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στα υλικά από τα οποία αποτελούνται τα ΙΑΜ. Πιο συγκεκριμένα γίνεται αναφορά στις ίνες, όσον αφορά το είδος τους, καθώς και τις μεθόδους παραγωγής τους, αλλά και τις μεθόδους με τις οποίες οι κλώνοι ινών μετατρέπονται σε πλέγματα. Επίσης μελετούνται η μήτρα του σύνθετου υλικού, όπως και η παραγωγή των στοιχείων ΙΑΜ όταν πλέον έχουν παραχθεί τα επιμέρους υλικά του. 2. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η ανθεκτικότητα, που παρουσιάζουν τα στοιχεία ΙΑΜ υπό την επίδραση διαφόρων παραγόντων, όπως είναι αυτοί του χρόνου, των υψηλών θερμοκρασιών, της υγρασίας κλπ. Στη μέση του κεφαλαίου γίνεται αναφορά στην εφαρμογή προεμποτισμένων κλώνων ινών για την παραγωγή των ΙΑΜ. 3. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στη συνάφεια ή αλλιώς στον δεσμό που δημιουργείται μεταξύ των ιδίων των ινών, των ινών με τη μήτρα κονιαμάτων και των στοιχείων ΙΑΜ με το σκυρόδεμα της κατασκευής που απαιτείται η ενίσχυση. Παράλληλα δίνονται τα προσομοιώματα του δεσμού- συνάφειας αλλά και οι δοκιμές, οι οποίες πραγματοποιούνται για τον έλεγχο των δεσμών αυτών. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου γίνεται αναφορά στην επιρροή των συνθηκών του περιβάλλοντος, της προέντασης και του εμποτισμού των ινών στη συνάφεια μεταξύ ινών και μήτρας. 4. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται η μηχανική συμπεριφορά των στοιχείων ΙΑΜ όπως έχει μελετηθεί από διάφορους ερευνητές κατά καιρούς, καθώς και οι παράγοντες που την επηρεάζουν. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται τα προσομοιώματα σχεδιασμού σε εφελκυσμό, κάμψη και διάτμηση. 5. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά σε μία καινούργια εφαρμογή των ΙΑΜ στις κατασκευές, αυτή της δημιουργίας προκατασκευασμένων στοιχείων. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνονται οι απαιτούμενες εξισώσεις σχεδιασμού καθώς και η μελέτη των πειραματικών δεδομένων που υπάρχουν, για τις περιπτώσεις υποστυλωμάτων και πλακολωρίδας. Τέλος παρουσιάζεται η συνάρτηση κόστους της παραγωγής παραμενόντων τύπων από ΙΑΜ. 6. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η ενίσχυση των κατασκευών από σκυρόδεμα με την χρήση ινοπλεγμάτων ανόργανης μήτρας. Μέσα σε αυτό περιλαμβάνονται, οι μηχανισμοί αστοχίας του ενισχυμένου σκυροδέματος, η περίσφιγξη του με την συμπεριφορά της, καθώς και τα προσομοιώματα της, η ενίσχυση έναντι τέμνουσας, η σύγκριση τους με τα αντίστοιχα για την περίπτωση εφαρμογής ινοπλισμένων πολυμερών (ΙΟΠ), καθώς και η εφαρμογή των ΙΑΜ για την ενίσχυση των πλακών. 7. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η ενίσχυση της τοιχοποιίας με την χρήση ινοπλεγμάτων ανόργανης μήτρας, περιλαμβάνοντας τις καταπονήσεις από φορτίσεις κάμψης και διάτμησης εκτός και εντός επιπέδου. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό γίνεται επίσης αναφορά στα συστήματα ενίσχυσης της, καθώς και στις περιπτώσεις ενίσχυσης ιστορικών κτιρίων αλλά και τόξων για την αύξηση της ανθεκτικότητας τους. Τέλος γίνεται μία σύγκριση των ΙΑΜ με τα ΙΟΠ βάση των πειραματικών μελετών που έχουν γίνει στην καταπόνηση τοιχίων. 8. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο δίνονται διάφορες εφαρμογές των στοιχείων ΙΑΜ, όσον αφορά το αντικείμενο των πολιτικών μηχανικών, κάποιες από τις οποίες έχουν σκοπό την κάλυψη επιφανειών, την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, την μόνωση αλλά και την παραλαβή φορτίων. 9. Τέλος, στο ένατο κεφάλαιο γίνεται ο σχολιασμός και τα συμπεράσματα στα οποία καταλήγουμε από την μελέτη των ΙΑΜ σε όλα τα προηγούμενα κεφάλαια σε σύγκριση με τα στοιχεία από ΙΟΠ. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου παρατίθενται πιθανά αντικείμενα για περαιτέρω μελλοντική έρευνα των ινοπλεγμάτων ανόργανης μήτρας. / --

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