The role of unfair elections in breakdown or maintenance of electoral authoritarian regimes has been subject to debate in recent research. On the one hand, the conduct of elections may serve to enhance popular legitimacy and deter challenges to the regime. On the other hand, electoral manipulation may contribute to grievances that fuel mass protest. However, empirical research on the consequences of electoral manipulation for popular support has been limited by the availability of appropriate survey data and has mostly focused on summary or process-based assessments of electoral unfairness. The premise of this study is that electoral manipulation is difficult to assess due to its inherent complexity and ambiguity. As a result, citizens are likely to use cognitive shortcuts to interpret electoral manipulation. Applying psychological theories of justice and motivated political reasoning in this context, this project aims to investigate how both process- and outcome-based assessments of election unfairness influence summary judgments of election quality, regime support, and support for electoral protest. It further seeks to determine how voters' political preferences bias, or condition, the impact of election unfairness evaluations. These propositions are tested using novel data from the XIX New Russia Barometer survey, conducted shortly after the controversial 2011 Russian State Duma election that triggered mass electoral protests. This study finds that perceived election outcome unfairness affects reactions to elections alongside assessments of the electoral process; it also shows evidence of partisan reasoning in evaluations of election unfairness. Ultimately, this project points to some factors that may explain the diverging consequences of electoral manipulation for popular support.

David Mamet's Race is overdetermined by the paratexts hovering around it, most notably the essays in which he publicizes his conservative turn. This textual environment accentuates the text's participation in a contemporary political discourse that social scientists have theorized as post-racialism. But Race accommodates more complex and conflicted meanings: I read the play not so much as an advertisement of post-race ideology but as a text that exposes and deconstructs this ideology. I argue that this layer of meaning is primarily an effect of the legal drama genre on which the text draws. The conventions of the legal drama that Race invokes activate meanings in the text that cannot be fully controlled by the backlash-agenda articulated in the author's essays. / "Der vorliegende Beitrag ist die pre-print Version. Bitte nutzen Sie für Zitate die Seitenzahl der Original-Version." (siehe Quellenangabe)

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine psychological processes that can contribute to religiously motivated violence from a psychology of religion perspective in relation to the collective meaning-system of the Christian militant anti-abortion movement the Army of God. The study applied a single-case design and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 3 prominent figures within Army of God, as well as through 43 qualitative documents and 4 autobiographical books. The collected data was analyzed through a deductive approach, implementing the concept of sanctification, social identity theory, selective moral disengagement, and the Staircase to Terrorism model. The results show that the collective meaning-system of the Army of God can be understood as a form of religious fundamentalism that acts as a frame that binds the members together, and from which social categorization and group identification can induce acts of violence. The results also demonstrate that abortion is perceived as a grave injustice and destruction of something sacred, and how it leads to a moral outrage and aggression by constituting a threat towards one’s social identity. This threat moves the individuals towards a ‘black-and-white’ and ‘the ends justify the means’ mentality. The act of violence is further prompted by a perceived duty from God and facilitated by a dehumanization of the perceived enemy. The findings of the study address the need of primary empirical data in the psychological research of violent extremism. Furthermore, it brings further knowledge regarding religiously motivated violence and leaderless resistance by taking into account the search for significance and sacred values. In contrast to previous research the current study also demonstrates that a leader or a well-structured group is not necessarily a key factor when explaining religiously motivated violence from a social psychological perspective. This can contribute to the theoretical understanding regarding social identity and a collective meaning-making in relation to violent extremism and lone-wolf terrorism.

Social psychology researchers have become increasingly interested in the role of essentialist beliefs in predicting attitudes toward social groups. However, there is little agreement about what the term actually means, whether it means different things for different groups, what endorsement of essentialism (or its sub-components) means for attitudes, and how much this varies depending on the relevant social context. This underlying lack of clarity helps to explain some of the difficulty in understanding the relationships between essentialist beliefs about sexual orientation and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. In the current project, I suggest a fundamental shift in the approach to this issue. Specifically, I examine the effects of essentialist beliefs related to gender (rather than essentialist beliefs related to sexual orientation) on heterosexist attitudes. In study one, I explore the interrelationships among gender- and sexual orientation-related beliefs and attitudes toward gays, revealing that essentialist beliefs about gender are more consistent and unitary in their relationship to heterosexism than the sexual-orientation related analogues. In my second study, I demonstrate a causal link by manipulating essentialist beliefs about gender. Increasing the salience of gender essentialist beliefs produced higher heterosexism scores relative to decreasing the salience of such beliefs. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the interconnectedness of sexism and the gender hierarchy with heterosexism and discrimination against gays. More importantly, study two forecasts a possible intervention strategy for reducing anti-gay prejudice.

This dissertation seeks to understand how issue publics contribute to citizen competence and the functioning of democracy. In the first part of the dissertation, a new measurement was constructed by theoretically and empirically analyzing the attributes of issue public members. Through the hypotheses testing, the new measure was more reliable in identifying issue public members compared to previous measurement strategies. Employing the new measure, results show that issue public members with concern about a specific issue, exercised their issue-specificity in seeking information (i.e., issue-based selectivity) with exposure to both attitude-consistent and counter-attitudinal perspectives. Issue public membership also had significant effects on issue-specific knowledge, and generating rationales for their own and other's oppositional viewpoints. These direct effects were mediated by issue-based selectivity. The relationships highlight the importance of issue publics in contributing to the deliberative democracy. In addition, issue publics play a significant role in contributing to the participatory democracy in that issue public members have greater intentions to participate in issue-related activities than nonmembers. However, while issue publics come close to solve the deliberative-participatory paradox, it was found that their information selectivity and argument generation were unbalanced in a way of favoring pro-attitudinal perspectives over counter-attitudinal perspectives. The second part of the dissertation examined conditional factors--accuracy and directional goals in affecting information selectivity and processing. The findings show that directional goals influenced participants to apply either the strategies of selective approach or selective avoidance to seek information depending on the issue. Accuracy goals exerted a main effect on the issue that is relatively less controversial and less obtrusive. They also interacted with issue public membership in influencing the less controversial and less obtrusive issue. Argument generation was not affected by accuracy or directional goals. Overall, through conceptualizing citizens as members of different issue publics, individuals are more competent then we thought. Their intrinsic interest in an issue serves as a strong factor affecting their information selectivity, information processing, and political actions. Despite finding an optimistic role for issue publics in the democratic process, their limitations also should be recognized. The implications for the deliberative and participatory democracy are discussed.

My dissertation deals with the issue of quitting smoking and keeping permanent abstinence in relation to the most significant motivation factors. My particular objective was to specify the most important motivation factors as well as to confirm what effect the price of cigarettes has on giving up smoking with the 25-50 year old generation of South Bohemian geographic classification. A quantitative research was carried out via an internet questionnaire. It contained 14 questions concerning identification, treatment, motivation and finances. 63 respondents filled in the questionnaire.

Après avoir identifié l’emploi du genre masculin en français et l’utilisation du mot « homme » comme « dispositifs de désinformation », une recherche-action, menée pendant 10 ans dans une optique de déontologie journalistique sur le moyen d’informer à propos des femmes comme des hommes, en utilisant la langue française, m’a conduite à adopter une marque graphique qui donne forme au genre commun, du point de vue morphosyntaxique. C’est le point médian unique nommé « point de l’altérité (·)» pour son potentiel de reconnaissance de la diversité humaine. Le compte-rendu de cette recherche et sa poursuite en sciences de l’information et de la communication m’ont permis d’élaborer des procédures d’analyses issues de la linguistique fonctionnelle et de la grammaire classique dans ce que j’ai nommé le champ de la « francographie ». L’analyse d’une affiche Tisséo (transport en commun toulousain) a servi de matrice méthodologique pour déployer des mesures de genre en utilisant les notions de féminin /masculin/ hors genre (ex : adverbes, prépositions…), genre arbitraire (ex : une chaise, un tabouret, une personne…) / genre motivé (ex : un ou une instit, un ou une prof…) et genre apparent (ex : instituteur, institutrice, avocat, avocate…) / genre non apparent (ex : journaliste, architecte, notaire…). Enfin, des propositions didactiques sont présentées comme pratique de « transmutation des valeurs ». / After having identified the use of the masculine gender in the French language and the use of the word "man" as "a tool of disinformation", I conducted a research-action, during 10 years, within an optic of journalistic ethics, on the means used in the French language to inform about women as well as men, which led me to adopt a graphic mark (·) the single median dot, named 'dot of otherness' for its potential recognition of human diversity, so as to signify a common gender identification. This research’s review and its continuation within information and communication sciences have enabled me to develop functional linguistic and classical grammar analytical procedures within the scope of what I define as «francography». I used the analysis of a Tisséo poster (Toulouse public transportation) as a methodological matrix, to develop and display parity measures using the notions of feminine / masculine / outbound genre, arbitrary / semantically motivated and apparent / non apparent gender (read the above examples in French language). Finally didactical proposals are presented as a new way of "transmutation of values".

Les comportements motivés tels que les comportements alimentaires ou sexuels sont émis de façon irrégulière sous l’impulsion du système nerveux central. Ils sont régulés par des informations sensorielles et des apprentissages. Dans un apprentissage associatif, le conditionnement opérant appétitif, l’animal apprend les conséquences de son action parl’association d’une action à l’obtention d’une récompense (un stimulus à forte valeur appétitive). Il est établi que cet apprentissage induit la transition d’une motricité initialement peu fréquente et irrégulière en une motricité rythmique, fréquente et régulière. Cependant, les mécanismes cellulaires du système nerveux central qui sont responsables de cettetransition, restent largement méconnus. Notre étude chez le mollusque aplysie nous a permis d’identifier ces mécanismes dans un réseau neuronal identifié et générateur des patterns moteurs du comportement alimentaire. Sur des préparations du système nerveux isolé, nous avons sélectivement contrôlé l’expression fréquente d’une part et régulièred’autre part de la motricité apprise grâce à la manipulation expérimentale de la plasticité fonctionnelle de neurones pacemakers identifiés. Ainsi, nous avons nouvellement établi un lien de causalité entre (1) des modifications membranaires et l’accélération motrice et (2) le renforcement de synapses électriques et la régularité motrice. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle du transmetteur dopamine dans l’induction de ces plasticités fonctionnelles et l’expression de la motricité fréquente et régulière. Enfin, nous avons analysé les propriétés intrinsèques du neurone responsable de l’impulsion spontanée et irrégulière de la motricité des animaux naïfs. Pour conclure, l’ensemble de ces travaux de thèse offre une vue étendue des mécanismes cellulaires qui déterminent la variabilité d’un comportement motivé et sarégulation par apprentissage. / Motivated behaviors such as feeding or sexual behavior are irregularly expressed by impulsive drives from the central nervous system. However, such goal-directed acts are regulated by sensory inputs and learning. In a form of associative learning, appetitive operant conditioning, an animal learns the consequences of its own actions by making the contingentassociation between an emitted act and delivery of a rewarding (highly appetitive) stimulus. It is now established that this learning procedure induces the transition from an initially infrequent and irregular motor activity to a frequent and regular behavior. However the cellular and central network mechanisms that mediate this behavioral plasticity remain poorlyunderstood. Our study on the marine sea slug Aplysia has allowed us to analyze these mechanisms in an identified neuronal network that is responsible for generating the motor patterns of the animal's feeding behavior. Using in vitro neuronal preparations, we selectively controlled the frequency and regularity of the motor activity induced by operant learning with experimental manipulations of the functional plasticity in identified pacemaker neurons. We found for the first time a causal relationship between the learning-induced plasticity and (1) changes in pacemaker neuron membrane properties and the increased frequency of feeding motor activity, and (2), in the strength of their interconnecting electrical synapses and the regularized phenotype of this motor activity. We then addressed the role of the transmitterdopamine in the induction of this functional plasticity and specifically the expression of a frequent and stereotyped rhythmic feeding motor pattern. Finally, we analyzed the intrinsic membrane properties of the essential pacemaker neuron for generating the irregular motor drive in naïve animals. In conclusion, the data from this thesis work have provided novelinsights into the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying the intrinsic variability of a motivated behavior and its regulation by learning.

David Mamet's Race is overdetermined by the paratexts hovering around it, most notably the essays in which he publicizes his conservative turn. This textual environment accentuates the text's participation in a contemporary political discourse that social scientists have theorized as post-racialism. But Race accommodates more complex and conflicted meanings: I read the play not so much as an advertisement of post-race ideology but as a text that exposes and deconstructs this ideology. I argue that this layer of meaning is primarily an effect of the legal drama genre on which the text draws. The conventions of the legal drama that Race invokes activate meanings in the text that cannot be fully controlled by the backlash-agenda articulated in the author's essays. / "Der vorliegende Beitrag ist die pre-print Version. Bitte nutzen Sie für Zitate die Seitenzahl der Original-Version." (siehe Quellenangabe)

The influence of the role identity expectations of Turkish Hizbullah's leadership on actual members' terrorist identities was documented in this dissertation. This study explored the leadership's identity expectations from members through content analyses of four books written by major figures of Hizbullah. Those books were selected following comments of the literature and expert suggestions. Eleven identity features stood out. These content analyses also revealed that leadership had different expectations from political wing members and military wing members. The following six identity features were listed as expected more from military wing members: belief in jihad and resistance, desire for martyrdom, embracing the hierarchical structure, depersonalization, hatred against enemies of God, and aloneness. Whilst cemaat (religious congregation), being religiously educated, patience (gradualism), dedication to a Muslim brotherhood, and being politically active were listed as expected identity attributes of political wing members. Qualitative analyses investigated these identity features using the available literature and 144 handwritten reports of actual Hizbullah members. To confirm the findings of content and qualitative analyses, quantitative analyses were conducted on the relatively representative sample (144 reports). The results of cross-tabulation and logistic regression demonstrated that two (out of 6) military wing and two (out of 5) political wing identity expectations were not manifested on actual members' Hizbullah identities.