This study aims to examine how individual athlete perceptions of motivational climate act as an antecedent and influence beliefs about teamwork behaviors. Specifically, how the positive and negative aspects of coach-created motivational climate are associated with: (a) understanding the team's purpose and the ability to plan to achieve the team's mission, (b) implementing designed plans for team success, (c) assessing team performances and environment, (d) creating alterations focused on increasing the probability for team success, and (e) preserving interpersonal relationships by resolving conflicts effectively. Participants consisted of female NCAA Division I collegiate athletes (N = 536; Mage = 20.13 years, SD = 1.36) from colleges/universities located in 22 of the 50 states. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three motivational climate clusters; low task/high ego, moderate task/moderate ego, and high task/low ego. The main effect for motivational climate and the overall model of teamwork and the individual component of their behavioral dimensions was significant. The DDA revealed a single significant function for each of the six (i.e., the overall model and individual overarching components of teamwork) MANOVAs conducted, which indicated the composite measures of teamwork behaviors discriminated between the different motivational climate clusters.

This study investigated the relationship between belief in coaching abilities (coaching efficacy beliefs, CEB), transformational leadership behaviors (TLB), and motivational climate development of current strength and conditioning coaches working with high school level athletes. The measures used were the coaching efficacy scale for high school teams (CES II-HST, Myers et al.,2000), the differentiated transformational leadership inventory (DTLI, Callow et al., 2009), and the patterns of adaptive learning scales (PALS, Midgley et al., 2000). It was hypothesized that CEB and TLB would influence motivational climate development, while coaches' background characteristics would correlate with CEB, TLB, and motivational climate development. The 60 coaches who participated reported an average of thirteen (SD=8) years of experience and 51 were Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialists. Coaches reported high efficacy, frequent use of TLB, and development of a moderately high task- and somewhat ego-involving motivational climate. Correlations between demographic variables and CEB, TLB, and motivational climate development revealed three significant relationships: years of experience with CEB, and professional development activities and athlete to coach ratio with ego-involving climate development. CEB and TLB had a strong positive correlation. Two regression analyses were conducted to determine if the outcomes of the CEB and TLB measures predicted motivational climate development. The only significant predictor was TLB positively predicting development of a task-involving motivational climate. Strength coaches can utilize the findings of this study help shape their leadership behaviors and develop a task-involving motivational climate that emphasizes effort, improvement, and cooperative learning and is optimal for athlete development and performance.

This study examined the direct and indirect associations of the perceived coach-created motivational climate, athletes' implicit theory, and athletes' achievement goal orientation in relation to their levels of grit. Five hundred twenty-three Division I and II collegiate student-athletes (male = 246, female = 277) from five institutions across the south-central and southeast areas of the United States completed self-report measures assessing the previously described constructs. The measurement model fit the data well (SRMR = .055; CFI = .938; RMSEA = .067) and demonstrated invariance across the male and female athletes. The structural model demonstrated adequate fit (SRMR = .088; CFI = .918; RMSEA = .068). All direct and indirect paths in the model were significant in the expected direction, with the exception of the direct path from entity theory to ego goal orientation and the indirect path from ego-involving climate to ego goal orientation through entity theory, which were both non-significant. The mastery-incremental constructs accounted for 65% of the variance in grit. Results indicate that achievement motivation theory is an appropriate framework through which to examine grit, and achievement motivation constructs may be significant antecedents of grit's development. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

The motivational climate, as defined by parents’ behaviors, and athletes’ goal orientations are essential in understanding children’s experiences with sport. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived motivational climate created by parents, and its relationship to psychological outcomes experienced by adolescent male athletes in youth sports. In particular, the parent created task climate was examined through its influence on goal orientation and subsequently to psychological outcomes experienced in sport, specifically, sport competence, self-esteem, enjoyment, and intention to continue participating in sport. Participants were 405 8th grade male athletes (mean age = 13.5); (Sample A: n = 205; Sample B: n = 200). As expected, the task-oriented parent initiated motivational climate was associated with the boys’ mastery goal orientation. Participants with higher mastery goal orientation had greater sport competence, self-esteem, and more enjoyment in sport. Intention to continue playing sport was predicted primarily by their level of enjoyment, and secondarily by their increased feelings of self-esteem.

Social agents in the youth sport domain (coaches, parents, and peers) play a crucial role in developing the motivational approaches of youth sport athletes. One theory which has been useful in explaining the important role of such social agents has been Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1989). Specifically, Achievement Goal Theory was used to delineate various peer behaviors as being task-involving (Ntoumanis & Vazou, 2005) and was used to predict subsequent relationships relationship between the task-involving motivational-climate created by teammates and athletes’ mastery goal orientations and self-esteem, sport competence, enjoyment, and intention to continue playing sport. Participants were 405 boys aged 12-15 years. Using structural equation modeling, an exploratory analysis and confirmatory analysis revealed that higher levels of task-involving behaviors from peers predicted mastery goal orientation. Participants with higher mastery goal orientation reported greater sport competence, self-esteem, and more enjoyment; enjoyment was the strongest predictor of intention to continue. These findings both emphasize the importance of peer relationships within sport on a variety of motivationally and psychologically salient outcomes and provide direction for the development of training programs targeted to create positive and healthy sport experiences.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka samband mellan lagsammanhållning och upplevt motivationsklimat i fotboll, samt skillnaden mellan kvinnliga och manliga fotbollsspelare i lagsammanhållning och upplevt motivationsklimat. I studien deltog 101 fotbollspelare mellan 15 år och 19 år (m=17.05, sd=0.93) från olika gymnasier med fotbollsinriktning i Halland. Lagsammanhållning mättes med ”Group Environment Questionarie” och motivationsklimat med ”The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionaire-3”. Studiens resultat visade att såväl positiva som negativa samband mellan lagsammanhållning och upplevt motivationsklimat, samt att män och kvinnor skiljer sig i vissa kategorier av lagsammanhållning och motivationsklimat. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån tidigare forskning på området. / The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between cohesion and perceived motivational climate in football, and if male and female football players differs in cohesion and perceived motivational climate. In total 101 football players between 15 to 19 years (m=17.05, sd=0.93) from different high schools with a football academi participated. Cohesion was measured with, Group Environment Questionarie and the motivational climate with “The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionaire-3”. The results showed both positive and negative relations between cohesion and the perceived motivational climate, and some differences between men and women in team cohesion and motivational climate. The result is discussed from previous research on the area.

Recently, the skill to play games has led to the professionalization of the activity in the form of “eSports” (electronic sports). Despite the popularity of eSports, little is known about its professional players from a psychological perspective. Given the importance of the coach-created environment in the athletes’ motivational processes, this study aimed to investigate the key psychological dimensions of the coach-created climate in 75 Brazilian professional players of League of Legends (LoL) considering the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Achievement Goal Theory (AGT). Fourteen hypotheses were tested, of which seven were confirmed. The empowering climate was a predictor of basic psychological-needs satisfaction and indirectly influenced autonomous motivation. The need satisfaction had a significant impact on both autonomous motivation and on lack of motivation, which, in turn, explained 56% of the variance in well-being and the intention to keep playing eSports. The disempowering climate was a predictor of psychological-needs thwarting but had no significant impact on autonomous motivation or lack of motivation. The results obtained support SDT and AGT in the context of eSports and were similar to those conducted with athletes from traditional sports, indicating that the empower-ing-and-disempowering-coaching-climates conceptualization applies not only to traditional sports athletes but also to professional eSports players. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

El objetivo principal del presente estudio consistió en hallar diferencias significativas entre las dimensiones de clima motivacional orientado al ego y el clima motivacional orientado a la tarea en futbolistas de ligas distritales de Lima Metropolitana. El clima motivacional es un concepto íntimamente relacionado a los deportes, guarda una estrecha relación con los procesos de ejecución deportiva. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional Percibido en el Deporte, fue trabajada inicialmente por Walling, Duda y Chi (1993) y se adaptó al Perú por Reyes (2009), el cual cuenta con las propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la muestra respectiva. El PMCSQ, es una herramienta importante en la medición de esta variable. La muestra estuvo conformada por 182 participantes, entre los 18 y los 30 años, pertenecientes a 8 diferentes clubes de 7 ligas distritales de Lima Metropolitana. Entre los principales resultados se halló: a) Existen diferencias significativas de percepción del clima motivacional originada por el entrenador, según la liga distrital de origen. b) La mayoría de futbolistas evaluados le dan una mayor relevancia al aspecto motivacional relacionado al ego, a comparación del clima motivacional a la tarea que ha tendido a ser más bajo. / The main objective of this study was to find significant differences between the dimensions of ego-oriented motivational climate and task-oriented motivational climate in soccer players from district leagues of Metropolitan Lima. The motivational climate is a concept closely related to sports, it is closely related to the processes of sports performance. The Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire in Sport was used, it was worked by Walling, Duda and Chi (1993) and adapted to Peru by Reyes (2009), which has the appropriate psychometric properties for the respective sample. The PMCSQ is an important tool in the measurement variable of this. The sample consisted of 182 participants, between 18 and 30 years old, belonging to different district clubs (8) of Metropolitan Lima. Among the main results it was found: a) There are significant differences in perception of the motivational climate originated by the coach, according to the district league of origin. b) Most of the soccer players evaluated give greater relevance to the motivational aspect related to the ego, a comparison of the motivational climate to the task that has tended to be lower / Tesis

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Studien bemöter ämnena avhopp och motivationsfaktorer inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Syftet är att identifiera orsaker till avhopp från svensk ungdomsidrott samt motivationsfaktorer för fortsatt idrottsdeltagande inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Deltagarna i studien har varit aktiva inom idrotterna simning eller gymnastik men hoppat av idrotten någon gång mellan 13 och 20 års ålder. Studien är baserad på 15 semi strukturerade intervjuer kring deltagarnas upplevelser av ungdomsidrott. Frågor ställdes gällande deltagarens generella bakgrund, idrottsliga bakgrund, idrottsmiljö, motivationsfaktorer, målorientering, yttre ramfaktorer och idrottsliga avslut. Resultatet visar på att bland annat låg upplevd kompetens, tävlingsfokus, nytt fokus och tidsaspekt är orsaker till avhopp från svensk ungdomsidrott. Resultatet visar på att utvecklande atmosfär, bra relationer, hög upplevd kompetens och nöje är de mest framträdande motivationsfaktorerna inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Resultaten stämmer övererens med tidigare forskning kring motivationsfaktorer och avhopp från ungdomsidrott. Implikationer ges. / The study deals with factors contributing to dropouts and sports participation in Swedish youth sport. The aim of the study is to identify reasons for dropouts from Swedish youth sport and to identify factors that motivate youth athletes to continue with the sport. The participants in this study have been active in gymnastics or swimming but dropped out of the sport somewhere between the ages of 13 and 20. The study is based on 15 semi-structured interviews about participants' experiences of youth sport. Questions were asked regarding the participants´ general background, sporting background, sporting environment, motivators, goal orientation, external factors and athletic termination. The results show that, among other things, low perceived competence, focus on competitions, a new focus and time factors are the main reasons for dropouts from Swedish youth sport. The results show that a developmental atmosphere, good relationships, high perceived competence and enjoyment are the most prominent motivational factors within the Swedish youth sport. The results correspond with previous research on motivation factors and dropouts from youth sport. Implications are given.