Atualmente, devido à globalização das empresas e de seus produtos, tem havido uma competição acirrada no mercado mundial entre as organizações. Estas empresas se veêm obrigadas a contemplar as expectativas do mercado quanto à alta tecnologia, a qualidade do produto, os baixos custos e a redução dos tempos de desenvolvimento do produto. Todo este mecanismo gera uma busca contínua de desenvolvimento da tecnologia dentro das empresas na área de fabricação, as quais estão intimamente relacionadas ao surgimento de novos materiais de difícil usinagem, assim como de novos revestimentos para ferramentas e de máquinas-ferramentas cada vez mais rápidas e eficientes. A utilização da tecnologia de usinagem com altas velocidades de corte – HSM (High Speed Machining) tem demonstrado grande eficiência para a fabricação de moldes e matrizes com formas complexas, propiciando uma vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Entretanto, o fresamento de formas complexas ainda apresenta vários gargalos na linha produção. Após as operações de desbaste, além do sobremetal deixado para as operações de acabamento, um volume excedente de material indesejado permanece na geometria. Este volume está relacionado à estratégia de desbaste em 2 1/2 eixos, ao grau de curvatura da superfície e à geometria da ferramenta de desbaste. Por não ser uniforme esta quantidade excedente de material acaba prejudicando o processo, especialmente quando uma das exigências é uma extrema precisão dimensional. Este trabalho procura identificar as características mais relevantes para preservar a qualidade superficial em função da flexão da ferramenta, devido a esse excedente de sobremetal. Desta forma, as variáveis de influência consideradas foram o balanço e o diâmetro da ferramenta, sua trajetória e o volume não-uniforme de material a ser removido. Os piores valores de rugosidade ocorreram com o máximo balanço independentemente de sua inclinação. Também foi possível constatar que a estratégia de usinagem ascendente gerou uma melhor rugosidade comparada com a descendente. Contudo em superfícies com pouca inclinação horizontal e com variações bruscas de sobremetal a usinagem descendente obteve melhores resultados do que a ascendente. / Nowadays the companies and their products have become global and, consequently, are facing an intense competition in the world market. These companies are forced to match the expectations of the market regarding technology, product quality, low costs and reduction of product development time. This entire mechanism generates continue search for the development of manufacturing technology, which are intimately linked to the arise of new and difficult to cut materials, as well as of new coatings for tools, fast and more efficient machine-tools. The use of high speed milling has demonstrate to be of great efficiency for the production of moulds and dies with complex forms, leading to a competitive advantage for companies. However, milling complex form still presents several bottle necks in the production line. After the roughing operations, besides the stock removal left for the finishing operations, an extra volume of unwanted material remains on the workpiece. This material is related to the roughing strategy in 2 1/2 axes, to the degree of curvature of the surface and the geometry of the cutting tool. Since the distribution of that material is not uniform, it affects the product quality, especially when one of the requirements is a high dimensional precision. The present work aims at identifying the most important characteristics necessaries to obtain a good high superficial quality despite of the tool flexion during cutting. The tool length and its diameter are considered as well as the cutting strategy to remove the stock and its excess. The highest roughness values occurred with the largest in-balance length, independently on the surface inclination. It was also verified that for some cases upward cutting has produced smaller roughness being compared to the downward strategy. However, on surfaces with little horizontal inclination and with abrupt variations of stock removal the downward cutting can produce better result than upward cutting.

Indoor air quality is described as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of air in a residential or occupational indoor environment. In residential settings, there are many contributions to indoor pollution levels namely; human activities, biological sources and outdoor air. There has been increased focus on house dust due to its potential to contain biological and chemical pollutants in indoor environments. These have the potential to cause harm to human health. The purpose of this study was to conduct toxicological analysis of house dust collected from inside selected Durban residential buildings. The objectives of this study were to isolate, identify and quantify mould occurrence in house dust samples; to measure the occurrence of heavy metals (arsenic, lead and mercury) in house dust; and to analyse the cytotoxicity of house dust on human lung bronchus carcinoma epithelial line (A549) and human lung bronchus virus transformed epithelial cell line (BBM). One hundred and five house dust samples were obtained from households that participated in the South Durban Health Study. In each home, a sample of settled dust was collected, using standardized protocols, then sieved and individually packed into polystyrene bags. The samples were taken from three surface areas namely; living room couches, bed mattresses, and carpets. Well documented methods were used for the isolation, identification and quantification of mould. The samples for heavy metals analysis were sent to Umgeni Water (chemistry laboratory, Pietermaritzburg) where standardised methods were used. Human cell lines were treated with five different dilutions of each house dust extract. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Toxic effects of house dust extract were analyzed, following house dust extract treatment and cells were stained with double dye (annexin-V- and propidium iodide) and analysed with flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscope. Cytokines were analysed by Microbionix (Neuried, German) using a Luminex®100 plate reader for multiplex human cytokines analysis. There were (n=128) mould types isolated and (n=105) were identified, of which (n=10) were predominately isolated moulds. This was further confirmed by Allerton Provincial Laboratory in Pietermaritzburg. Among the isolated genera in all three surface areas, Rhizopus spp and Penicillium spp were widely distributed throughout surface areas in greater proportion. The overall highest mean which was reported in this study and expressed in colony forming unit per gram (CFU/g) for Penicillium spp ranged (3400 - 62316 CFU/g) obtained from living room couches, followed by Rhizopus spp (5200 - 15990 CFU/g). The mould results were compared with the South African Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) 85 of 1993 as amended suggested guidelines of 1,000, 000 CFU/g. The findings of this study suggest the moulds in the homes studied were below the suggested guideline. However, this does not imply that the indoor conditions are unsafe or hazardous. Instead, the findings act as an indicator of moulds presence indoors. The type of airborne mould, its concentration and extent of exposure and the health status of the occupants of a building will determine the health effects on an individual. Heavy metals were detected in the dust in the following ascending order: arsenic (As) ranged from 1.3 ug/g -18.4 ug/g (mean, 4.26 ug/g), lead (Pb) ranged from 28.0 - 872 ug/g (mean 171.66 ug/g), and mercury (Hg) ranged from 0.6 -19.0 ug/g (mean, 2.22 ug/g). The mean concentration of lead in the dust was within the range of Canadian National Classification guidelines on residential contamination (500 ug/g). There was numerous numbers of samples in this study that exceeded these guidelines. The mean concentration of arsenic was within residential soil guidelines (20 ug/g). Mercury was within limits when compared with Global Hg project guidelines of soil/residential (6.6 ug/g), thought some of samples were notably above this mean. The ability of house dust extract to lower the cell viability which was slightly above 80% (prior treatment) to less than 50% (post treatment) in both cells was observed in this study. The findings in this study showed that dust extract are toxic to human cell lines, and cells undergone a degree of apoptosis and necrosis 62% (A549) and 99% (BBM). The cytokines serve an important role in the non-specific defence external against insults. It was observed that A549 cells up-regulated the release of IL-6 and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines and under-regulated the release of other cytokines analysed (IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-a). BBM cells released IL-4, IL-8 and IL-13 within limit of detection. The presence of moulds in these sampled indoor household dusts, which is comparable with findings elsewhere indoors, show that moulds act as an indicator for building conditions such as dampness, which supports mould growth. Individuals, whether they are sensitized or not, may develop allergic reactions towards spores, thus the elevated numbers of spores quantified in this study are of concern. Some of the heavy metals reported in this study were higher or marginally higher than international norms and guidelines. The findings in this study strongly suggest that house dust extract is toxic to human lung cell lines. It must be noted, however, that this study may not reflect all that happens when a human lung is exposed to house dust. The findings of this study could contribute to the development of South African indoor air guidelines. In conclusion further study needed to be undertaken with respect to air pollution disease such as allergic; the reason being this study shown the reduced expression of cytokines that are involved in allergic inflammation. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

Glass has been made and used for centuries but South African artists, isolated for the last three decades, are only now becoming aware of the potential of hot or warm glass as an art medium. In antiquity glass objects were created using various processes but the 'factory' tradition began with the discovery of the blowing iron in the first century AD. The invention of the tank furnace in the late 1950s revolutionised modem production, enabling individual artists to make glass in private studios without blowing teams. The research describes ancient.. glassmaking processes and indicates how they have been explored, adapted and used by contemporary artists world wide, challenging craft orientated paradigms, and proving that glass is a viable and important sculpture medium. The practical research demonstrates the application of many processes and relates technical issues to sculptural concepts which are realized through the physical and material properties of glass. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Fine Art)

Atualmente, nota-se um crescimento na fabricação de produtos utilizando moldes e matrizes contendo formas geométricas complexas. No entanto, a fabricação destes ferramentais onde se emprega, principalmente, operações de fresamento, não tem acompanhado esta evolução com a mesma velocidade. O advento dos sistemas CAD/CAM, máquinas CNC e da tecnologia de usinagem em altas velocidades (HSC) influenciaram positivamente a fabricação de superfícies complexas. Contudo, nota-se ainda ineficiências neste processo produtivo. A qualidade superficial após as operações de usinagem ainda não é suficiente para que estes ferramentais entrem diretamente na linha de produção. Assim, operações manuais de acabamento são exigidas, elevando o tempo e custo de produção, comprometendo a qualidade dimensional. Com a finalidade de aprimorar a fabricação de moldes e matrizes, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a usinagem HSC; um estudo sobre a força de usinagem para o fresamento de formas complexas e uma análise sobre a metodologia utilizada por sistemas CAD/CAM e CNC para gerar e interpretar programas NC que contenham movimentações complexas de ferramenta. Análises práticas foram realizadas em um centro de usinagem HSC, e os resultados indicam que as limitações tecnológicas atuais na cadeia CAD/CAM/CNC limitam a usinagem de formas complexas com altas velocidades, reduzindo a velocidade de avanço programada e que as características intrínsecas deste processo de remoção de material demonstrou ser bastante complexo, acarretando em constantes alterações na força de usinagem / In recent years the number of products containing free-form shapes produced by dies and molds have been growing noticeably. However, the milling process used to manufacture those dies and molds does not meet their requirements. The arrival of the CAD/CAM systems and the High Speed Cutting Technology (HSC) helps to improve this manufacturing process. Although to obtain the surface quality needed to meet the dies and molds requirements, a hand finishing still requires. It involves time, money and decrease the product quality. Technological limitations in the CAD/CAM/CNC chain limit the feed rate when milling free-form shape. It also has a negative effect on the surface roughness. Besides, this kind of milling still lacks scientific knowledge of the cutting process. With the aim to support the dies and moulds fabrication, this work presents an overview about HSC Technology; the cutting forces in a non-planar milling; the cutting tool deflection; a detailed description of the process chain involving the CAD/CAM/CNC systems and the methodologies used by those systems to generate and accomplish free-free tool-paths. Free-form milling experiments applying the HSC Technology were made to study the behavior of this process, and the outcomes are presented

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of volume changes of selected silicate based composites. The first part introduces the issue of volume changes of concrete, especially the shrinkage process, two selected models for shrinkage prediction, describes configuration and course of performed tests, as well as the processing of measured experimental data. The second part contains input data modified by the program GTDiPS and another calculated parameters. The result of the work is the evaluation of the influence of thermal dilation on the development of shrinkage of young concrete. Another output is the comparison of accuracy of the two selected prediction models to capture the course of measured shrinkage.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, Gesetzmäßigkeiten zwischen Kenngrößen aus dem Formstofflabor und einer praxisnahen kleintechnischen Formanlage abzuleiten. Der Zweck besteht darin, einen Fehler bei der Formherstellung (insbesondere Ballenabrisse) zu vermeiden. Dazu wurden zahlreiche Untersuchungen sowohl im Formstofflabor als auch an der Versuchsanlage vorgenommen. Dies gleicht in ihrer Funktionsweise betrieblichen Formanlagen mit unterschiedlichen Verdichtungsmöglichkeiten. Bei den Untersuchungen wurden Formstoffzusammensetzungen variiert, konstruktive Änderungen an der Formmaschine vorgenommen und die Formballen mit unterschiedlichen Formschrägen versehen. Zur Beurteilung der Gebrauchstauglichkeit einer Grünsandform müssen die Beanspruchbarkeiten größer als die entstehenden Beanspruchungen oder zumindest gleich sein. Dazu wurde eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Ballenabrissneigung unter Einsatz eines variablen Gießereimodells entwickelt. Durch eine zielgerichtete Kombination der an der Formherstellung beteiligten Komponenten: Formstoff, Formmaschine und Formprozess ließen sich qualitätsgerechte Formen herstellen und die Ergebnisse erfolgreich auf die betriebliche Praxis übertragen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 5 2. Wissenschaftlich-technische Problem- und Zielstellung 7 2.1 Problemstellung 7 2.2 Zielstellung 11 3. Literaturrecherche zum Stand der Technik 13 3.1 Formstoffmischungen und Formherstellung 13 3.1.1 Bestandteile der Formstoffmischungen 13 3.1.2 Mischen des Formstoffs 15 3.1.3 Eigenschaften tongebundener Formstoffe 15 3.1.3.1 Verdichtbarkeit 15 3.1.3.2 Prüfungen mit Probekörpern 16 3.1.3.2.1 Gasdurchlässigkeit 16 3.1.3.2.2 Grünfestigkeitseigenschaften 17 3.1.4 Formherstellungsverfahren mit tongebundenen Formstoffen 17 3.2 Formmaschinen und ihre Verdichtungsmöglichkeiten 19 3.3 Herstellung von Formen mit Ballen: 22 3.3.1 Ballenabrisse (Formenbruch) 23 3.3.1.1 Entstehung 24 3.3.1.2 Mögliche Ursachen 27 3.3.1.3 Vermeidung 27 3.4 Fließverhalten und Haftkräfte 28 3.4.1 Fließen des Formstoffs im Ballen 32 3.4.2 Technologische Fließbarkeitsmessmethoden 34 3.5 Qualitätskontrolle der Form 34 3.5.1 Dichte der Form 35 3.5.2 Messung der Formdichte 36 3.6 Analyse des Standes der Technik 37 4 Schaffung konstruktiver Voraussetzungen 39 4.1 Apparative Voraussetzungen im Labor 39 4.1.1 Bestimmung der Verdichtbarkeit: 39 4.1.2 Ermittlung der Adhäsionskräfte 40 4.2 Versuchsdurchführung und konstruktive Voraussetzungen an der kleintechnischen Anlage 42 4.3 Konstruktive Veränderungen der Formmaschinenbauteile 45 4.3.1 Dosiereinrichtung mit einflügeligen Klappen 45 4.3.2 Druckteller mit Verstrebungen und Modellplattenträger mit Verrippungen 47 4.3.3 Vielstempelpresse 49 4.4 Entwicklung einer Methodik zur Trennkraftmessung 52 4.5 Vervollkommnung und Anpassung des mathematischen Modells zur Berechnung der Ballenabrissneigung beim Form-Modell-Trennen 53 5. Versuchsbeschreibung 56 5.1 Laboruntersuchungen 56 5.1.1 Formstoffaufbereitung: 56 5.1.2 Bestimmung der Festigkeitseigenschaften 57 5.1.3 Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Formstoffe 59 5.1.3.1 Zugfestigkeits- und Adhäsionskraftmessungen im Labor 61 5.1.3.2 Ermittlung der Dichte 64 5.1.3.3 Ermittlung der Zugfestigkeit (Kohäsion) 65 5.2 Untersuchungen mit der Multi-Compact-Formanlage 67 5.2.1 Formstoffaufbereitung und Verdichtbarkeitsbestimmung 67 5.2.2 Festigkeitsbestimmung 68 5.2.3 Dichtebestimmung 69 5.2.4 Konsequenzen 73 5.2.5 Versuche mit ebener Pressplatte 75 5.2.5.1 Seitendruckmessung 77 5.2.5.2 Problemlösungen 80 5.2.6 Seitendruckmessung und Vergleich mit ebener Pressplatte 82 5.2.7 Impulspressen 83 5.2.8 Messung der Trennkräfte 86 5.2.9 Einfluss der geometrischen Bedingungen auf die Trennkräfte und die Entstehung vom Ballenabrissen 90 5.2.9.1 Modellbeispiel Zylinder Höhe 50 mm und Durchmesser 50 mm 92 5.2.9.2 Messung der Adhäsionskräfte des Ballens in der Modelleinrichtung 93 5.2.9.3 Effektivdruckmessungen 97 5.3 Gebrauchsfähigkeitstest des geformten Ballens 98 6. Zusammenfassung 100 7. Literaturverzeichnis 102

I detta examensarbete har undersökningar kring finfrästa ytor i härdat verktygsstål utförts i samarbete med verktygsstålsproducenten Uddeholms AB i Hagfors. Vid spånskärande bearbetning påverkas materialet ibland negativt. En försöksserie om totalt 90 finfrästa ytor i härdade varmarbetsstålen Uddeholm Orvar Supreme och Uddeholm Dievar har frästs, mätts och utvärderats för att ta reda på hur fräsprocessen inverkar på materialets egenskaper. Det visar sig att materialet påverkas olika mycket beroende på hur fräsningen utförs och med vilken typ av fräsverktyg som används. I detta arbete har endast ändradiefräsar av solid hårdmetall använts. Analysen av ytorna har gjorts med en rad mätmetoder så som optisk ytjämnhetsmätning, hårdhetsmätning med Vickersmetoden, restspänningsmätning med röntgendiffraktion och okulär inspektion av stålets mikrostruktur i ljusmikroskop. Mätningarna utfördes för att se hur materialet påverkas mekaniskt av bearbetningen.   I de mest ogynnsamma försöksfallen är den mekaniska påverkan från fräsbearbetningen av stålets ytor så stor att bearbetningen riskerar försämra tillverkade komponenters livslängd sett ur utmattningssynpunkt. Målet med arbetet är att identifiera det mest gynnsamma sätt fräsningen kan utföras på för att kunna minimera påverkan på materialets egenskaper. Detta ger möjligheten för Uddeholms AB att ge faktabaserade råd till sina kunder om vilket körsätt som ger minsta påverkan av verktygsstålet vid bearbetning. Kunderna kan nyttja då materialet till dess fulla kapacitet. / In this thesis, investigations on hardened finish milled surfaces was done in collaboration with the tool steel manufacturer Uddeholms AB in Hagfors, Sweden. The steel material is affected by machining operations, sometimes in a negative destructive manner. An experimental test series containing a total of 90 surfaces in hot work steels Uddeholm Orvar Supreme and Uddeholm Dievar were milled, measured and evaluated to clarify the milling operations effect on the steels mechanical properties. It was found that the material is affected differently according to how the milling was preformed and with which type of milling tool. In this thesis, only solid carbide end-radius milling tools were used. The surface analysis were conducted with a range of measuring techniques including optical surface roughness measurements, hardness measurements in Vickers scale, residual stress measurements with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microstructural analysis with optical light microscope. These measurements were conducted in order to determine the milling operations mechanical affects and grade of alteration of the tool steels surfaces. In the least favorable cases, the effect from machining are so profound, that degradation of produced components can be expected in terms of fatigue wear resistance. The goal of the thesis is to identify the most favorable process parameters, in order to minimize degradation of the tooling material in customer user cases, together with the opportunity to give fact based advice to Uddeholms AB customers on the most favorable process parameters in finish milling with radius-mills of hardened hot work tool steels. In this way the customer can utilize the tooling material at its full potential.

Thermoplastic injection technology is widely used in all sectors of consumer electronics and automotive industry. The biggest advantage of this manufacturing technology is a high degree of automatization and good reproducibility of the manufacturing process. Another advantage is the possibility of recycling of the gating scrap and defective products. The main task of this work is to calculate the necessary parameters for the injection process, which takes place at the designed injection form. Next part is technical design which includes choice of standard parts of injection mold and idividual semi-finished parts for mold. Thesis continues with selecting the type of injection press based on calculated parameters of the injection process. Thesis is finished by technical-economic evaluation.