Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet är att belysa hur ICA och Lidl kommunicerar och marknadsför sig via Facebook, samt att se huruvida de även använder det för att skapa mer symmetriska band med sin publik. Frågeställningar berör vilka mönster som finns i kommunikationen och hur interaktionerna mellan företagen och de som kommenterade ser ut. Metod och teori: En kvantitativ innehållsanalys och en kvalitativ textanalys har används i uppsatsen. Materialet består av Facebook-inlägg från respektive företag, samt tillhörande kommentarer. Dessa har analyserats med hjälp av teorier inom kommunikation, marknadsföring, retorik samt tidigare forskning kring inlägg företag lägger upp på Facebook och hur det påverkar läsarens beteende. Resultat: Facebook användes främst som ett marknadsföringsverktyg av bägge företagen. Innehållet i en viss del av inläggen som lades upp tydde på en vilja att bjuda in till dialog. Lidl och ICA verkade dock vara selektiva angående vilka inlägg de besvarade. Negativa kommentarer fick i flera fall inget svar Rent retoriskt präglades både ICA och Lidl:s språk främst av logos. Utifrån urvalet som studerades gick det inte att säga att de bedrev symmetrisk tvåvägskommunikation. Intentionerna finns dock där till viss del – men i sådana fall behöver både ICA och Lidl ställa fler öppna frågor till läsarna och även bemöta de mer negativa kommentarerna mer konsekvent. Dålig eller utebliven respons ökar risken för negativ word-of-mouth – vilket potentiellt kan försämra relationen med deras kunder.

The purpose with this study was to investigate the effect of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse protocol on simulated cross country (XC) sprint. The primaryaim was to investigate ifa 10 secCHO solutionmouth rinsingprotocolimprovedthe finish timein a simulated cross country (XC) sprint(800 meters for female and 1000 meters for male) compared with control (CON).The second aim was to examif post-finish blood lactateconcentrationwouldbe lowercompared with CONwith mouth rinsing. Seven participants(four males and three females)completed four simulated sprints, two CON and two experimentalrinse protocols, CHO solution and placebo (PLA).Time to completion was not different with CHO compared with CON or PLA (203.0 ±16.5 sec, 202.3 ± 15.7 sec, 203.3 ± 14.6respectively.p >.05).Mean power output was CON 264 ± 73, PLA 258 ± 65, CHO 261± 70.Blood lactateat 15 minweresimilar between CHO, CON and and PLA(9.9 ± 3.9 mmol 7.6 ± 4.0 mmol, 10.1 ± 3.7 mmol respectively.p >.05).We concludethat mouth rinsing a CHO solutionfor 10 sechave no effect on high intensity exercise with duration lasting between 3 and 4 minutes.

Sociala mediers uppkomst har inneburit nya möjligheter för marknadskommunikation men de har också vänt upp och ner på traditionella marknadsföringsmetoder. Det finns därför en osäkerhet kring hur mediernas fulla potential för dialog, interaktivitet, relationsbyggande och viral spridning ska utnyttjas. Syftet med denna studie är därför att skapa ökad kunskap och förståelse för hur ideella organisationer använder sociala medier för att kommunicera samt skapa och underhålla relationer till sina supportrar. En flerfallstudie genomfördes av tre väletablerade ideella organisationer i Sverige, Djurens Rätt, Greenpeace Sverige och Amnesty Sverige. Empirin samlades in med hjälp av intervjuer med ansvariga för kommunikationen i sociala medier inom respektive organisation. Även en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av organisationernas Facebook-sidor utfördes. Empirin analyserades sedan utifrån valda teorier och genom jämförelser fallen emellan. Därmed kunde slutsatsen dras att alla tre organisationer använde sociala medier som ett verktyg för att engagera supportrar i deras verksamhet och sakfrågor, främst genom att uppmana dem till lobbying och påverkan. De kommunicerade alla på ett sätt som genererade eWord-of-Mouth för att uppnå viral spridning av sina budskap. Den typ av kommunikation som användes i störst utsträckning på Facebook var av dialogisk och relationsskapande karaktär, trots att ingen av organisationerna satte relationsbyggande i fokus. / The arrival of social media has brought new opportunities for marketing communication. This change, however, brings major changes to the perceptions of traditional marketing methods. Uncertainty exists in how to best utilise media’s potential in regards to creating dialogue, interaction, relationship building and viral reach with and amongst supporters. The purpose of this study is thus to contribute to a greater understanding of how non-profit organisations are using social media to communicate as well as creating and sustaining relationships with their supporters. A multiple case study design has been employed, focusing on three well-known nonprofit organisations in Sweden; Djurens Rätt, Greenpeace Sweden and Amnesty Sweden. Qualitative research data was gathered through interviews with persons responsible for social media communications within the three organisations. A quantitative content analysis of the organisations’ Facebook pages was also conducted. The empirical findings were then analysed through relevant theories and comparison between the cases. The results indicate that all three organisations used social media as a tool to encourage their supporters to engage with the organisation’s activities and beliefs, primarily lobbying- or advocacy-related activities. The organisations communicated in a way that generated eWord-of-mouth, in order to spread their messages virally. On Facebook, communication was mainly characterised by two-way dialogue and relationship building, despite none of the organisations focused on building relationships with their supporters.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine the mouth imagery (images of eating, tasting, swallowing, and devouring) in the poetry of Sylvia Plath in terms of its meaning of Plath's art. An examination of Plath's Collected Poems reveals that both the prevalence and specific nature of the mouth imagery make it a significant part of her poetic vision. The mouth imagery differs from the other threatening imagery in Plath's poems because, unlike the threat of death presented by the moon or sea, the mouth imagery describes a threat humans cannot detach themselves from; they must contribute to the "gross eating game." Because existence depends upon consuming food, and new life builds upon decay, the threat represented by the mouth imagery is hoplesslessly recognized as necessary by its victims in Plath's poems. The mouth imagery expresses the paradox in the interdependence of life and death through metaphors which convey a sense of threat as well as necessity. / Department of English

The purpose of this study was to validate a set of predictor variables which identify perspective orthognathic surgical patients who may be poor surgical risks. The predictive qualities of four MMPI scales, two Bloom Sentence Completion scales, and seven Dental Inventory scales were used to identify presurgical, orthognathic patients who were likely to express postsurgical dissatisfaction.All variables were considered jointly to assess their significance in predicting surgical satisfaction versus dissatisfaction. Subsequently, a minimal set of predictors, which accounted for a significant proportion of the criterion variance, were derived by using factor analysis.A nonrandomized, pretest-posttest design with a one-way, multivariate analysis of variance yielding a Hotelling T square statistic was used. A discriminate analysis of variance was used as a follow-up to the Hotelling T square to note those variables which caused the differences between the means.This study was conducted at a large military teaching and research hospital in Southwest Texas. Patients used in this study were identified during routine dental examinations or were referred by their dentists. Eighty-nine subjects participated in the research project. All subjects were between the ages of 15 and 50 with a mean age of 23.7. They were all volunteers and received their surgery in the same hospital by the current staff of oral surgeons. All subjects were informed that the psychological evaluation was an integral part of the oral surgery evaluation.Upon admission to the hospital the patient received the scheduled surgery and underwent 8 weeks of routine postoperative care. Prior to being discharged from the hospital the patient was readministered the MMPI, Bloom Sentence Completion, and the Dental Inventory. The 8-week period was chosen for postoperative testing because patients were medically cleared to resume normal functioning at that time.A statistically significant difference between the four MMPI scores on the results of the orthognathic surgery variable was evident when comparing satisfied versus dissatisfied patients (F = 3.020, P 0.028). Additionally, there was a multilinear relationship among the presurgical test and the level of postsurgical satisfaction.Factor analysis rendered a minimal set of predictor variables which proved practical in identifying satisfied from dissatisfied patients.Considering the limitations of the study and the above-mentioned results, it can be concluded that a minimal set of predictor variables could be effective in helping surgeons screen out those patients who have the potential of being poor surgery risks.

Split-mouth trials are a design of randomized controlled trial in dentistry in which divisions of the mouth are the units of randomization. Since there is more than one tooth in each mouth division, the structure of the data is complex, which can create difficulties in the statistical analysis. The aim of this study was to determine what is the most appropriate method to analyze split-mouth trials with continuous outcomes, with regards to the treatment effect estimates, power, type-I error, confidence interval coverage and confidence interval width. A superiority split-mouth trial in the field of periodontology was simulated, using two mouth divisions and varying underlying study characteristics such as correlation among teeth, treatment effects and sample size. Twenty-four statistical methods were compared across 315 scenarios. The performance of the statistical methods depended mainly on the correlation among the data, and a paired t-test performed the best across the different scenarios.

Split-mouth trials are a design of randomized controlled trial in dentistry in which divisions of the mouth are the units of randomization. Since there is more than one tooth in each mouth division, the structure of the data is complex, which can create difficulties in the statistical analysis. The aim of this study was to determine what is the most appropriate method to analyze split-mouth trials with continuous outcomes, with regards to the treatment effect estimates, power, type-I error, confidence interval coverage and confidence interval width. A superiority split-mouth trial in the field of periodontology was simulated, using two mouth divisions and varying underlying study characteristics such as correlation among teeth, treatment effects and sample size. Twenty-four statistical methods were compared across 315 scenarios. The performance of the statistical methods depended mainly on the correlation among the data, and a paired t-test performed the best across the different scenarios.

Aim: The aim of this research was to measure functional intraoral pressures using a newly developed method; specifically, three areas were examined. Firstly, this new approach to measurement allowed the equilibrium theory of tooth position to be re-addressed. Secondly, it allowed investigation the patterns of pressure change in the palatal midline during water swallowing. Lastly, this approach allowed a preliminary investigation of the affect of the viscosity of the food ingested on the pressures generated in the mouth. Methods: The participants were 6 healthy volunteers (4 males, 2 females) recruited from the post-graduate students at the University of Otago, School of Dentistry. The age range was 25 to 35 years. All had full permanent dentitions, Angle Class I occlusions (normal) with acceptable overbite and overjet relationship, and none of them had a history of previous orthodontic treatment. For each of the subjects a cast chrome-cobalt baseplate was constructed to house 8 miniature strain gauge pressure transducers (Precision Measurement Co. Michigan). The location of the sensors were standardised as follows: Three sensors were paired on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the central, canine and first molar. Two palatal vault sensors were placed in the midline of the palate, one at level of the distal of the first premolar, and the second slightly anterior to the junction of the hard and soft palate. Simultaneous recordings were taken during a set of tasks including water swallows, saliva swallows and food ingestion. Results: The results showed that swallowing was a highly complex wellcoordinated event, and that each individual had their own unique signature pattern of swallowing, characterised by pressure changes of high frequency, in excess of �1000 kPa/s. Conclusions: The analysis of the pressure acting on the teeth showed that although the pattern and magnitude of pressure generated varied among the group, the observation of waveforms would suggest a tendency for no inherent balance between the buccal and the palatal pressures on the teeth during swallowing for any of the individuals tested. This investigation of the pressure in the midline revealed an aspect previously not fully explored; these experiments showed that there were large and persistent negative pressures generated during swallowing, that preceded the positive pressures and which appear important in bolus propulsion The patterns of swallowing and the magnitudes of pressure generated, changed with the different consistency of the various substances ingested. There was a general trend for increased pressures during swallowing of substrates that are more viscous; water showed the lowest pressures, followed by saliva and finally jelly. Keywords: Tongue pressure, Intraoral pressures, Tongue dynamics, Swallowing.

Master of Dental Surgery / History has recorded the antiquity of serious infections in the region of the head and neck. Today, our community still experiences major life-threatening infections in these anatomical locations, which pose significant management difficulties to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The aim of this thesis is to review the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of some bacterial infections involving structures of the head and neck. Such infections may spread, causing serious complications with severe morbidity and occasionally death. This theses deals only with infections of bacterial origin and does not attempt to cover viral, or fungal agents or the chronic specific diseases of tuberculosis and syphilis, and makes no attempt to address the old question of focal infection. The literature review relates especially to Ludwig’s Angina which was first described so dramatically in 1836. To this day it remains as a clinically potentially lethal disease despite the progress of modern medicine. Numerous descriptions in the literature warn of the rapid appearance of symptoms and the danger of respiratory obstruction when management of the airway is not satisfactorily undertaken. Both odontogenic and non-odontogenic causes of orofacial and neck infections are reviewed. Odontogenic problems are given special emphasis as they are now of major concern. The significance of the potential fascial spaces in the face and neck which allow the spread of dental infections is also highlighter. A thorough knowledge of these anatomical relationships is still of the utmost importance to the surgeon if he is to be successful in treatment. The principle of surgical drainage of pus is as important in 1990 as it was 150 years ago. The biological basis for the onset and progress of such fulminating infections in the head and neck region is still poorly understood. One constant need is that the bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, be correctly identified. Microbiological techniques are constantly improving and provide an important adjuvant investigation, which then allows the surgeon to provide the most appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Principal to the many aspects of treatment is the ability to maintain the airway of the patient and to provide the depth of anaesthesia necessary to undertake the required surgery. Major bacterial orofacial infections may have severe local and far-reaching systemic effects. Such complications are discussed in all their ramifications. It should be realised that the presentation of these patients at a late stage, when complications have already supervened, may make diagnosis difficult. There is always a necessity to ensure that the underlying cause of the disease is accurately defined and that complication are not allowed to progress further. Finally, a retrospective study of the management of 90 patients with major bacterial orofacial infections who have been treated at Westmead Hospital is presented. The outcome of this study of some major bacterial orofacial infections of the head and neck is the need to stress the importance of urgent surgical management and maintenance of the airway, together with the microbiological determination of the causative organisms and their sensitivities, so that other than empirical antibiotics can be instituted early. This must be combined with an upgrading of the patients’ medical and dental status. It was demonstrated that, in the majority of these patients, ignorance and fear combined with a lack of routine dental care resulted in major infections arising from relatively simple odontogenic causes such as dental caries, periodontal disease and pericoronal infection related to impacted teeth. Without doubt, the immediate care of these patients demanded intensive management. However, it is important to recognise that dental education forms an integral part not only of the recovery programme for the afflicted patient, but also as a community health preventive measure of profound significance.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.