1MÄTNING AV ANDNINGSMUSKELSTYRKAJÄMFÖRELSE AV NORMALVÄRDEN MELLAN NY OCH BEFINTLIG UTRUSTNINGELIN KELLERSSONKellersson E, Jämförelse av andningsmuskelstyrke mätning på ny utrustning. Examensarbete i biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap 15 poäng. Malmö högskola:Hälsa och Samhälle, enheten för biomedicinsk Laboratorievetenskap, 2012.Svaghet i andningsmuskulatur är vanligt hos neuromuskulärt sjuka, lungsjuka och hos vissa patienter som behandlas med steroider. Vid neuromuskulära sjukdomar utgör en progressiv försvagning av andningsmusklerna (främst diafragman) det allvarligaste hotet mot överlevnad. Andningsmuskelstyrkan kan mätas med hjälp av en spirometer, där det maximala inspiratoriska trycket (PI max) och det maximala exspiratoriska trycket (PE max) mäts med hjälp av tryckreceptorer vid en pnemotachograf. Trycket som uppmäts i munhålan reflekterar det tryck som utvecklas av andningsmusklerna. Mätningen av PI max och PE max är enkel att genomföra och ger en fingervisning om hur andningsmuskelstyrkan ser ut. Det finns i dag inget normalvärde för andningsmuskelstyrka på den nya utrustningen (Master Screen Body JEAGER). Syftet med studien är att validera Master Screen Body JEAGER för att undersöka om det referensmaterial som redan finns på kliniken kan användas på Master Screen Body JEAGER. Samt att jämföra ett hårt och ett mjukt munstycke mot varandra.I materialet ingick totalt 25 personer mellan 15-61 år (medelålder 35 år), 20 kvinnor och 5 män. För kvinnorna finns det signifikanta skillnader mellan PI max hårt mot mjukt munstycke på Jeager, PI max Siemens mot mjukt munstycke på Jeager, PI max Siemens mot hårt munstycke på Jeager, PE max hårt mot mjukt munstycke på Jeager och PE max Siemens mot hårt munstycke på Jeager. Det vill säga alla jämförelser förutom PE max Siemens mot mjukt munstycke på Jeager. För männen finns det signifikanta skillnader mellan PI max Siemens mot mjukt munstycke på Jeager och PI max Siemens mot hårt munstycke på Jeager. Det gick inte att bevisa signifikanta skillnader mellan någon av de andra jämförelserna för männen.Det går inte att använda det befintliga normalmaterialet på den nya utrustningen och det munstycke som enligt studien är bäst lämpad för undersökningen är det mjuka munstycket.Nyckelord: Andningsmuskelstyrka, Hårt munstycke, Master Screen Body JEAGER, Mjukt munstycke, PE max, PI max. / MEASUREMENT OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTCOMPARISION OF NORMAL VALUES BETWEEN NEW AND CURRENT EQUIPMENTELIN KELLERSSONKellersson E, Comparison of respiratory muscle strength in new and old equipment. Degree Project, Biomedical Science, 15 credit points, Malmo University: Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, 2012Weakness in respiratory muscles is common in persons with neuromuscular diseases, respiratory diseases and in some persons with steroid treatment.Decreasing respiratory muscles (mainly the diaphragm) is the greatest threat against survival for persons with neuromuscular diseases. The respiratory muscle strength is gauged with a spirometer, where the maximal inspiratory pressure (PI max) and the maximal exspiratory pressure (PE max) is measured with pressure receptors in a pneumotachograph. The pressure, gauged in the mouth cavity, reflects the pressure produced by the respiratory muscles. Measuring PI max and PE max is simple to perform and gives a hint of the respiratory muscle strength. The new equipment (Master Screen Body JEAGER) has currently no normal values for the respiratory muscle strength. The point of this study is to validate the new equipment and see if the normal values of the current equipment can be used on the new equipment. And compare a hard and a soft type of mouthpiece towards each other.The study included 25 persons between 15-61 years (mean 35 years), 20 women and 5 men. For the women there were significant differences between PI max hard versus soft mouthpiece on Jeager, PI max Siemens versus soft mouthpiece on Jeager, PI max Siemens versus hard mouthpiece on Jeager, PE max hard versus soft mouthpiece on Jeager and PE max Siemens versus hard mouthpiece on Jeager. That is to say every comparison except PE max Siemens versus soft mouthpiece on Jeager. For the men there were only significant differences between PI max Siemens versus soft mouthpiece on Jeager and PI max Siemens versus hard mouthpiece on Jeager. It was not possible to prove any significant differences for any of the other comparison for the men. It is not possible to use the current normal value on the new equipment and the mouthpiece that is best, according to this study is the soft mouthpiece.Keyword: Hard mouthpiece, Master Screen Body JEAGER, PE max, PI max, Respiratory muscle strength, Soft mouthpiece.

Good tone is one of an alto saxophone player's greatest assets and consequently deserves high priority in training and pedagogy. The current pedagogical literature gives little attention to tone production on the saxophone. The mouthpiece is the link between the player and the saxophone. This study examined the effect of the normal mouthpiece pitch and the pitch range produced on the saxophone mouthpiece on alto saxophone tone quality . In this experimental study, recordings were made of forty-three student alto saxophone players who performed tasks consisting of three saxophone mouthpiece exercises and four short musical phrases on the saxophone. The tape recordings were used to provide a spectral analysis of the tone samples by Fast Fourier Transform Analysis, and to allow qualitative analysis by five expert judges. The judges used a saxophone listening profile to provide qualitative evaluation of the recordings. Cluster analysis produced three groups of subjects according to combinations of the mouthpiece pitch and range produced. The mean sustained mouthpiece pitch and mouthpiece range of the groups were: Cluster 1 - 790 Hz and 550 cents; Cluster 2 1023 Hz and 150 cents: and Cluster 3 - 820 Hz and 1203 cents. Analysis of variance was used to test for statistically significant differences between the clusters. Discriminant analysis was used to identify other variables which contributed to the formation of the three clusters. The quantitative analysis of both mouthpiece and saxophone tones provided no insight into the spectra of the student subjects. The qualitative analysis using bipolar descriptors provided valid criteria which could be applied consistently for the analysis of student saxophone tone. A Tonal Index was computed from the judges' ratings in order to test for differences in tone between the clusters. Analysis of variance tests showed significant differences in the tone produced by the clusters on both the mouthpiece and the saxophone. The tone produced by Cluster 3 was significantly different to that produced by Clusters 1 and 2 at the p < .05 level. Discriminant analysis identified the use of saxophone tone models (through comparative critical listening) and small group performance as significant predictor variables (at the p < .05 level) in the formation of the clusters. The results of this study suggest that tone production on the alto saxophone is improved through the development of control on the mouthpiece. It was concluded that routine practice with the mouthpiece can serve in the development of a flexible and responsive embouchure and oral cavity and that students need to develop a mental concept of saxophone tone as part of the development of tone production. Also, experience in small group performance needs to be sought and provided for saxophone students. Finally, this study focussed on an area of mouthpiece behaviour which can easily be included into any instructional design and monitored by teachers.

The purpose of this study is to present the biographical data and major accomplishments of craftsman François Louis (b. 1954, Belgium) and offer insight into Louis' creative process as evidenced by his technical theories and musical experiences, in hopes of providing exposure to academics, professionals, and laypersons alike. François Louis is a significant figure in the emerging history of woodwind musical instruments. Despite his late entry into a musical career, Louis quickly caught the attention of world-renown saxophonists with his immaculate and individualistic handmade saxophone mouthpieces. After nearly a decade of mouthpiece production, instrument repair, and saxophone performance, Louis developed a unique ligature and reed to compliment his mouthpieces' features. Louis' invention of the Aulochrome, a polyphonic chromatic double-bodied woodwind instrument, is an instrument of the new millennium. More recently, Louis further improved his ligature and designed a composite material for his hand-finished production mouthpiece, the Spectruoso. Extensive oral history was gathered in interviews with Louis and saxophonists Lovano, Ries, Cisi, and Théberge. Interview details are organized to highlight Louis' biography, inventions, and influence on other artists. Further, the unique capabilities of the Aulochrome are presented through an exploration of Lovano's approach for learning the Aulochrome, as well as a fingering diagram developed by the author.

Embouchure dysfunctions, including those from acute injury to the obicularis oris muscle, represent potential and serious occupational health problems for trumpeters. Forces generated between the mouthpiece and lips, generally a result of how a trumpeter plays, are believed to be the origin for such problems. In response to insights gained from new technologies that are currently being used to measure mouthpiece forces, belief systems and teaching methodologies may need to change in order to resolve possible conflicting terminology, pedagogical instructions, and performance advice. As a basis for such change, the purpose of this study was to investigate, develop and propose an operational definition of mouthpiece forces applicable to trumpet pedagogy. The methodology for this study included an analysis of writings by selected brass pedagogues regarding mouthpiece force. Finding were extracted, compared, and contrasted with scientifically derived mouthpiece force concepts developed from scientific studies including one done at the UNT Texas Center for Music & Medicine. Results characterized five mouthpiece force principles as the basis for an operational definition of mouthpiece force. This definition recognizes the relationships between average mouthpiece force and mouthpiece force variability. Mouthpiece force principles as presented in this study may contribute to a better understanding of mouthpiece force and its link to lip related injuries. However, additional studies are needed to better understanding the relationships between how the trumpet is taught and learned and the resulting mouthpiece forces produced when playing the trumpet.

Ergospirometri används bland annat för att påvisa ansträngningsutlöst bronk- obstruktion. Tillståndet kännetecknas av ett fall i den forcerade exspiratoriska volymen på en sekund (FEV1) efter kraftig fysisk ansträngning. Den maximala sänkningen av FEV1 efter ansträngning anges i procent av FEV1 före ansträng- ning. FEV1 och vitalkapaciteten (VC) bestäms före och efter ansträngning med enkel spirometri. Själva provokationstestet utförs genom maximal belastning på ergometercykel. Före cyklingen utförs den enkla spirometrin med konventionellt munstycke och näsklämma. Vid provokationstestet används en tätslutande silikonmask av Hans-Rudolph serien 7450 vilken är avsedd för ergospirometri. Efter cyklingen får patienten behålla ergospirometrimasken på för att utföra mätningarna av VC och FEV1 i vila. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns en skillnad i VC och FEV1 vid enkel spirometri utförd med ergospirometri- mask jämfört med enkel spirometri utförd med konventionellt munstycke och näsklämma. Alla mätningar utfördes i vila. Resultatet från Student's t-test påvisade statistisk signifikant skillnad för FEV1. Majoriteten av deltagarna uppvisade högre värden på FEV1 med ergospirometrimasken. För VC påvisades ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad. Därmed föreligger det en stor överens- stämmelse mellan munstycke och ergospirometrimask i mätningar av VC enligt Bland Altman Plot. Resultatet har visat att det föreligger skillnader mellan konventionellt munstycke och ergospirometrimask som kan vara av klinisk relevans. Det innebär att konventionellt munstycket och ergospirometrimask bör inte användas omväxlande vid provokationstestet. Vidare studier behövs göras för att kunna dra ytterligare slutsatser om huruvida andningsutrustningarna kan användas omväxlande. Ett fall i FEV1 efter ansträngningsprovokationen kan antingen bero på ansträngningsutlöstobstruktion eller att mätningarna som utförs före och efter belastningen är inte tillräckligt jämförbara.

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation d'anches simples utilisées pour la clarinette ou le saxophone. Sachant que les musiciens perçoivent des différences importantes dans la qualité des anches de caractéristiques identiques (même marque, coupe et force), cette thèse propose des nouveaux outils pour la caractérisation des anches en situation de jeu.Un bec instrumenté utilisant des capteurs embarqués est développé de façon à mesurer le déplacement de l'anche et la différence de pression de part et d’autre de l'anche. À partir de ces signaux, il est possible d'estimer des paramètres d'anche associés à différents modèles physiques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la complexité du modèle décrivant le comportement de l'anche doit augmenter avec la nuance de jeu. Le bec instrumenté est utilisé dans une campagne de mesures comportant 7 musiciens et 20 anches, et permet de quantifier la variabilité des résultats due aux musiciens. Des tests subjectifs sont réalisés avec ces mêmes musiciens, et montrent que les différences entre les anches se réduisent à une seule dimension (facilité de jeu ou timbre). Les corrélations entre les descripteurs subjectifs et les paramètres objectifs mesurés sont étudiées afin de mieux comprendre les différences perçues entre les anches, permettant le développement d'un modèle prédictif de la qualité des anches.De façon à éviter la variabilité produite par le musicien, une bouche artificielle aspirante est développée. La comparaison des mesures réalisées par la bouche artificielle et par un musicien permet d'identifier la plage de fonctionnement optimale où la bouche artificielle imite au mieux le jeu du musicien. / This work deals with the characterisation of single cane reeds used for clarinet or saxophone. Musicians perceive important differences of quality between reeds of the same brand, cut and strength. This thesis proposes new tools for reed characterisation in playing conditions.An instrumented mouthpiece is developed to enable the measurement of reed displacement and pressure difference on both sides of the reed using embedded sensors. From these signals, it is possible to estimate reed parameters of different physical models. Results reveal that the complexity of the physical model describing the reed behaviour must increase with the dynamic level.The instrumented mouthpiece is used in a measurement campaign involving 7 players and 20 reeds, quantifying the variability of the results due the musicians. Subjective tests conducted with these musicians show that reeds can be mainly described by one dimension (ease of playing or timbre). The correlations between the subjective descriptors and the measured objective parameters are studied to better understand the perceived differences between reeds, developing a predictive model of reed quality.In order to avoid the variability of the musician, an aspirating artificial mouth is developed. It uses the instrumented mouthpiece and it can be played by a musician or artificially. The comparison of the measurements made in both cases allows for the identification of the optimal working range in which the artificial mouth best reproduces the musician's playing according to intonation and playing level.