Objectives: Molecular iodine released from povidone-iodine formulations significantly enhances periodontal probing depth reductions when applied into human periodontitis sites during mechanical root debridement, largely due to its antimicrobial activity against periodontal bacterial pathogens. Since molecular iodine accounts for the antimicrobial effects of povidone-iodine, new commercial mouthrinses with higher levels of free molecular iodine may also exert antimicrobial properties against periodontal bacterial pathogens. To evaluate this issue, the purpose of this study was to measure and compare the in vitro bactericidal effects of two molecular iodine-based mouthrinses against subgingival biofilm samples from adults with severe periodontitis, and against a fresh clinical subgingival isolate of the periodontal pathogen, Prevotella nigrescens. Methods: Paper point subgingival biofilm samples from 32 adults with severeperiodontitis, and a clinical subgingival isolate identified as P. nigrescens, were secondarily used in this study after their initial microbiological analysis at the Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory at Temple University School of Dentistry. In a subgingival biofilm eradication assay, dilution aliquots from each subgingival biofilm specimen were mixed for a 60-second in vitro contact time with either Iorinse(R) RTU mouthrinse (containing 100 ppm molecular iodine) or iClean(R) mouthrinse (containing 150 ppm molecular iodine), and then neutralized with 3% sodium thiosulfate. The mixtures were then inoculated onto enriched Brucella blood agar culture plates, and incubated anaerobically for 7 days at 37 °C. Bacterial species growing subsequent to a 60-second mouthrinse contact time were considered to be resistant to that mouthrinse. Total viable counts in mouthrinse-exposed subgingival specimens were quantitated, and established phenotypic criteria employed to identify the following red/orange complex periodontal pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum group species. Subgingival sample dilution aliquots not exposed to the mouthrinses were similarly processed as controls for comparison with mouthrinse-exposed specimens, and were additionally inoculated onto enriched Brucella blood agar plates supplemented with either metronidazole at 16 mg/L, doxycycline at 4 mg/L, amoxicillin at 8 mg/L, or clindamycin at 4 mg/L, which represent recognized non-susceptible drug breakpoint concentrations for each of the antibiotics, followed by anaerobic incubation for 7 days at 37 ºC. In vitro antibiotic resistance was noted when any of the evaluated red/orange complex periodontal pathogens displayed growth on one or more of the antibiotic supplemented enriched Brucella blood agar plates. Nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test analysis compared mean total subgingival viable counts, and mean total subgingival counts of the evaluated red/orange complex periodontal pathogens per patient, between subgingival biofilm samples exposed and not exposed in vitro to the molecular iodine mouthrinses, with a P-value of < 0.05 required for statistical significance. For in vitro susceptibility testing of the P. nigrescens subgingival isolate, aliquots of a 0.5 McFarland standard P. nigrescens cell suspension were mixed with each of the two molecular iodine mouthrinses, as well as with 10% and 0.1% solutions of povidone-iodine, and neutralized with sodium thiosulfate after a 60-second in vitro contact time. The mixtures were then plated onto enriched Brucella blood agar culture plates, and incubated in an anaerobic atmosphere for 7 days at 37 ºC, with total viable P. nigrescens counts on test solution-exposed plates compared to counts non-exposed P. nigrescens control plates. Results: Subgingival biofilms exposed in vitro to either the Iorinse(R) RTU oriClean(R) mouthrinses yielded significantly lower average total subgingival viable counts per patient, with reductions of 27.0% and 63.8%, respectively, than non-exposed control specimens (P < 0.0001). Similarly, both mouthrinses significantly reduced mean red/orange complex periodontal pathogen counts/patient by 74.4% and 97.4%, respectively, as compared to non-exposed control specimens (P < 0.0001). The iClean(R) mouthrinse better reduced average total subgingival viable counts and red/orange complex periodontal pathogen counts than the Iorinse(R) RTU mouthrinse (P-values < 0.0002 and < 0.0044, respectively). All evaluated red/orange complex periodontal pathogens were suppressed below detection by the Iorinse(R) RTU mouthrinse in 17 (53.1%) patient samples, and by the iClean(R) mouthrinse in 29 (90.6%) patient samples. Subgingival species resistant in vitro to the Iorinse(R) RTU mouthrinse were P. intermedia/nigrescens (8 of 25 patient strains), P. micra (7 of 32 patient strains), and F. nucleatum (6 of 30 patient strains), whereas species resistant to the iClean(R) mouthrinse were P. intermedia/nigrescens (1 of 25 patient strains), P. micra (2 of 32 patient strains), and F. nucleatum (2 of 30 patient strains). Relative to a clinical subgingival isolate of P. nigrescens, the Iorinse(R) RTU mouthrinse produced an 85% reduction, with the iClean(R) mouthrinse and both povidone-iodine concentrations (10% and 0.1%) attaining 100% reductions in total viable cell counts of P. nigrescens after 60 seconds of in vitro exposure. Conclusions: The Iorinse(R) RTU or iClean(R) mouthrinses both exhibited rapid invitro antimicrobial activity against human subgingival biofilm microorganisms, inducing 27.0% to 63.8% reductions, respectively, in total subgingival viable counts, and 74.4% to 97.4% reductions, respectively, in red/orange periodontal pathogen counts. The iClean(R) mouthrinse provided significantly better antimicrobial activity against subgingival biofilm bacteria in vitro than the Iorinse(R) RTU mouthrinse. These findings suggest merit in the clinical use of both molecular iodine-based mouthrinses in the treatment and prevention of bacterial biofilm-related human periodontal diseases.

O sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) foi recentemente conhecido como um gasotransmissor muito importante com função neuroprotetora, antioxidante, antiinflamatória, vasodilatadora, antiapoptótica e angiogênica, tanto em condições fisiológicas quanto patológicas. Quando metilado, produz metanotiol (CH3SH), e ambos constituem os gases mais ofensivos e responsáveis pela halitose de origem intraoral. Objetivos: Este ensaio clínico cruzado avaliou a eficácia de enxaguantes à base de clorexidina (CHX) ou óleos essenciais (OE) na redução de níveis de H2S e CH3SH. Métodos: 21 indivíduos adultos (8 homens, 13 mulheres) foram aleatoriamente alocados em um estudo cruzado de 4 períodos. Quatro enxaguantes foram testados: Periogard® com álcool (controle positivo) (CHXc/a) e sem álcool (CHXs/a); ListerineTotal® (OEc/a) e ListerineZeroTM (OEs/a), dispostos em quatro sequências de uso. Todos os voluntários foram convidados a abster-se de higiene oral por um período de 12 horas para os escores basais. Cada produto foi usado uma só vez, seguido por um período de washout de uma semana. O hálito foi medido por aparelho de cromatografia gasosa portátil-OralChromaTM antes e 1, 2 e 3 horas depois do bochecho. A análise exploratória de dados, através de medidas de localização central e de dispersão foi realizada. As comparações das médias das variáveis foram feitas pelo modelo de efeitos mistos linear para dados longitudinais, utilizando PROC MIXED do software SAS ® 9.2. Resultados: Em comparação com os níveis basais, na primeira hora, apenas OEc/a foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o hálito (H2S p <0,0001 e CH3SH p=0,001) para ambos os gases e o seu efeito durou até três horas (H2S p <0,0001 e CH3SH p=0,001). CHXc/a (controle) reduziu o H2S na primeira hora (p = 0,001) e durou três horas (H2S p<0,0001) sem efeito sobre o CH3SH. CHXs/a apenas reduziu os níveis de H2S, mas com menos eficácia em todo o período (p=0,001 para as 3 vezes). OEs/a não teve efeito no hálito, que aumentou com o tempo para ambos os gases. Conclusão: O OEc/a apresentou melhor desempenho em relação à halitose intraoral, seguido pelo controle CHXc/a e CHXs/a. / Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recently known as a very important gasotransmitter with neuroprotectant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, angiogenic and antiapoptotics functions both in physiological and pathological conditions. When methylated, produces methanethiol (CH3SH), and both are the most offensive gases responsible for intra-oral halitosis. This crossover clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of chlorhexidine (CHX) or essential oils (EO) based mouthrinses for reduction of H2S and CH3SH levels. 21 adult subjects (8 male, 13 female) were randomly allocated into a four period crossover trial. Four mouthrinses were tested: Periogard® with alcohol (positive control) (CHXw/a) and without alcohol (CHXn/a); ListerineTotal® (EOw/a) and ListerineZeroTM (EOn/a) arranged into four sequences of use. All the volunteers were asked to refrain from oral hygiene for a 12- hours period for baseline scores. Each product was used at once, followed by a one-week washout period. The breath was measured by portable gas chromatograph OralChromaTM before rinsing and after 1, 2 and 3 hours. Exploratory analysis of data through measures of central location and dispersion was performed. Comparisons of the means of the variables were made by linear mixed effect model for longitudinal data by using PROC MIXED from SAS® 9.2 software. Compared to the baseline, at the first hour, only EOw/a was able to significantly reduce the breath (H2S p<0.0001 and CH3SH p=0.001) for both gases and its effect lasted for up to three hours (H2S p<0.0001 and CH3SH p=0.001). CHXw/a(control) reduced H2S at the first hour (p=0.001) and lasted for three hours (H2S p<0.0001) without effect on CH3SH. CHXn/a just reduced H2S levels but less effectively at the whole period (p=0.001 for the 3 times). EOn/a had no effect on breath, which increased with time for both gases. The EOw/a presented the best performance against intra-oral halitosis followed by the control CHXw/a and CHXn/a.

O presente estudo avaliou in vitro a influência de diferentes tipos de enxaguatórios bucais associados com a escovação, na alteração de cor e rugosidade superficial de diferentes tipos de resinas compostas diretas (M1- Filtek Supreme XT, M2- Z100, M3- Ice) por meio do espectrocolorímetro PCB 6807 da BYK-Gradner, rugosímetro modelo SJ-201P Mitutoyo e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foram preparados 300 corpos de prova (n=10) para a variável alteração de cor, e destes espécimes 180 (n=6) foram submetidos ao ensaio de rugosidade superficial. Os espécimes foram polidos com discos Soft Lex, na sequência de abrasividade decrescente e armazenados em saliva artificial a 37°(±1°C) até o momento de serem submetidos nas soluções S1- Solução com álcool e com corante, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint; S2- Solução sem álcool e com corante, Oral-B; S3- Solução com álcool e sem corante, Cepacol; S4- Solução sem álcool e sem corante, Colgate Plax e S5- Grupo controle, Saliva Artificial e realização das leituras das variáveis em estudo, nos tempos T0- imediatamente após o polimento, T1- 7dias, T2- 14dias, e T3- 21dias. Todos os espécimes dos grupos experimentais foram imersos sob agitação, nos diferentes enxaguatórios bucais, 1 vez ao dia, por 2 minutos, durante 5 dias na semana. Após a realização de todas as leituras do estudo foram selecionados dois espécimes de maneira aleatória, de cada grupo experimental, totalizando 30 espécimes que foram submetidos a observação por médio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os dados de alteração de cor e de rugosidade superficial para cada uma das resinas, individualmente e para comparação das três resinas submetidas à escovação foram analisados por meio do teste ANOVA e Tukey (p&le;0,05). Os resultados para alteracao de cor mostraram que: o fator Solução foi significante somente para a resina Filtek Supreme XT, sendo a menor média S1 e a maior S3, por outro lado S2, S3, S4 e S5 foram estatisticamente iguais. O fator tratamento escovação foi significante para as resinas M2 e M3, sendo que para M2 a condição CES determinou maior média que SES e para M3, SES foi maior que CES. Para as três resinas o fator Tempo foi estatisticamente significante: a) M1 no T1 a média foi menor que em T2 e T3; b) para M2 a média em T1 foi menor que T2 e maior que T3; c) em M3, T1 foi igual a T2 que por sua vez foram menores que T3. Comparando o comportamento das três resinas constatou-se que M1 e M3 tiveram medias estatisticamente iguais e maiores que M2. Com relação à rugosidade superficial dos materiais M2 e M3, submetidos aos enxaguatórios utilizados neste estudo verificou-se que este fator não teve efeito estatisticamente significante; enquanto que para M1 houve diferença significante, assim, as médias de S1, S2 e S3 foram iguais e menores que as médias de S4 e S5. O fator tratamento escovação teve efeito significante somente para M1 sendo que a condição SES apresentou maior media que a CES. Com relação ao fator tempo verificou-se que para M1, a partir de T1, T2 e T3 as medias foram iguais entre si e maiores que T0; para M2 a maior media foi em T2 havendo igualdade estatística entre T0, T1 e T3; já para M3 as medias em T2 e T3 foram estatisticamente iguais e maiores que T0. Comparando as três resinas M1 apresentou maior rugosidade que M2 e M3 que foram estatisticamente iguais entre si. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada conclui-se que a alteração de cor das resinas estudadas foi influenciada pelo tempo; o tratamento escovação determinou alteração de cor para M2 e M3 e não foram influenciadas pelas soluções em estudo; M2 apresentou menor alteração que M1 e M3. Para rugosidade superficial conclui-se que o fator solução e o fator tratamento foram significantes somente para M1. O fator tempo influenciou a rugosidade das três resinas compostas. Relevância clinica: Há necessidade que o cirurgião dentista conheça as características das resinas compostas a ser utilizada no tratamento restaurador, além dos prováveis efeitos que os enxaguatórios bucais possam ter nas propriedades físicas do material, para assim indicá-los corretamente. / The present study evaluated in vitro the influence of different types of mouthwash associated with brushing, the color change and surface roughness of different types of direct composite resins (M1 - Filtek Supreme XT, M2 - Z100, M3 - Ice) through a PCB 6807 spectrocolorimeter of BYK-Gradner, rugosimeter model Mitutoyo SJ-201P and scanning electron microscopy. 300 specimens (n = 10) for the color alteration variable were prepared; of these, 180 specimens (n = 6) were subjected to tests surface roughness. The specimens were polished with discs Soft Lex (3M), following the decreasing abrasiveness sequence and stored in artificial saliva at 37 ° (±1 ° C) until be submitted in solutions S1 - solution with alcohol and dye, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint; S2 - solution without alcohol and with dye, Oral-B; S3 -solution with alcohol and without dye, Cepacol, S4 - Solution without alcohol and dye, Colgate Plax; S5 - Control Group, Artificial Saliva. The readings of the variables in study occurred in T0 - immediately after polishing, T1 7 days after, T2 14 days after and T3 21 days after. All specimens of the experimental groups were immersed with agitation in the different mouthrinses, once a day, for 2 minutes, during 5 days per week. After performing all readings of the study, two randomly selected specimens were chose from each experimental group, a total of 30 specimens were selected randomly and subjected to observation by scanning electronic microscopy. The data on color change and surface roughness for each resin were analyzed separately and together for comparison across the tests ANOVA and Turkey (p &le; 0.05). The results for color change demonstrated that the factor solution was significant only for Filtek Supreme XT resin, with S1 being the smallest and S3 the largest average. Still, S2, S3, S4 and S5 were statistically equal. The brushing treatment factor was significant for M2 and M3 resins, as the CES (with brushing) condition had a higher average than the SES (without brushing) one for M2; and for M3, SES was higher than CES. For the three resins, the time factor was significant: a) M1 at T1, the average was lower than in T2 and T3, b) to the M2 medium was lower than in T1 and T2 greater than T3, c) in M3, t1 was equal to t2 and both lower than T3. Comparing the behavior of the three resins, it was found that M1 and M3 average were statistically equal and higher than M2. Regarding the surface roughness of materials M2 and M3, submitted to rinses utilized in this study it was found that this factor had no statistically significant effect, while for M1 was significant difference, with the average of S1, S2 and S3 were equal and lower than the averages of S4 and S5. The factor brushing treatment effect was significant only for M1 being that the condition SES had a higher rating than the CES. Regarding the time factor, it was found that for M1, from T1, T2 and T3, the average was equal and higher than T0, for M2, the higher average was in T2, with statistical equality among T0, T1 and T3; for M3 average in T2 and T3 were statistically equal and greater than T0. Comparing the three resins, M1 showed higher roughness than M2 and M3 who were statistically equal. According to the used methodology, concludes that the color change of the resins was influenced by the time; treatment brushing determinate the color change for M2 and M3 and both were not influenced by the solutions under study; M2 showed lowest change than M1 and M3. For surface roughness is concluded that the factor solution and factor treatment were significant only for M1. The time factor influenced the roughness of the three composite resins. Clinical Relevance: It is necessary that dental surgeon know the characteristics of composite resins to be used in restorative treatment, beyond the likely effects that the mouthrinses may have on the physical properties of the material, to have correct indications.

O presente estudo avaliou in vitro a influência de diferentes tipos de enxaguatórios bucais associados com a escovação, na alteração de cor e rugosidade superficial de diferentes tipos de resinas compostas diretas (M1- Filtek Supreme XT, M2- Z100, M3- Ice) por meio do espectrocolorímetro PCB 6807 da BYK-Gradner, rugosímetro modelo SJ-201P Mitutoyo e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foram preparados 300 corpos de prova (n=10) para a variável alteração de cor, e destes espécimes 180 (n=6) foram submetidos ao ensaio de rugosidade superficial. Os espécimes foram polidos com discos Soft Lex, na sequência de abrasividade decrescente e armazenados em saliva artificial a 37°(±1°C) até o momento de serem submetidos nas soluções S1- Solução com álcool e com corante, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint; S2- Solução sem álcool e com corante, Oral-B; S3- Solução com álcool e sem corante, Cepacol; S4- Solução sem álcool e sem corante, Colgate Plax e S5- Grupo controle, Saliva Artificial e realização das leituras das variáveis em estudo, nos tempos T0- imediatamente após o polimento, T1- 7dias, T2- 14dias, e T3- 21dias. Todos os espécimes dos grupos experimentais foram imersos sob agitação, nos diferentes enxaguatórios bucais, 1 vez ao dia, por 2 minutos, durante 5 dias na semana. Após a realização de todas as leituras do estudo foram selecionados dois espécimes de maneira aleatória, de cada grupo experimental, totalizando 30 espécimes que foram submetidos a observação por médio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os dados de alteração de cor e de rugosidade superficial para cada uma das resinas, individualmente e para comparação das três resinas submetidas à escovação foram analisados por meio do teste ANOVA e Tukey (p&le;0,05). Os resultados para alteracao de cor mostraram que: o fator Solução foi significante somente para a resina Filtek Supreme XT, sendo a menor média S1 e a maior S3, por outro lado S2, S3, S4 e S5 foram estatisticamente iguais. O fator tratamento escovação foi significante para as resinas M2 e M3, sendo que para M2 a condição CES determinou maior média que SES e para M3, SES foi maior que CES. Para as três resinas o fator Tempo foi estatisticamente significante: a) M1 no T1 a média foi menor que em T2 e T3; b) para M2 a média em T1 foi menor que T2 e maior que T3; c) em M3, T1 foi igual a T2 que por sua vez foram menores que T3. Comparando o comportamento das três resinas constatou-se que M1 e M3 tiveram medias estatisticamente iguais e maiores que M2. Com relação à rugosidade superficial dos materiais M2 e M3, submetidos aos enxaguatórios utilizados neste estudo verificou-se que este fator não teve efeito estatisticamente significante; enquanto que para M1 houve diferença significante, assim, as médias de S1, S2 e S3 foram iguais e menores que as médias de S4 e S5. O fator tratamento escovação teve efeito significante somente para M1 sendo que a condição SES apresentou maior media que a CES. Com relação ao fator tempo verificou-se que para M1, a partir de T1, T2 e T3 as medias foram iguais entre si e maiores que T0; para M2 a maior media foi em T2 havendo igualdade estatística entre T0, T1 e T3; já para M3 as medias em T2 e T3 foram estatisticamente iguais e maiores que T0. Comparando as três resinas M1 apresentou maior rugosidade que M2 e M3 que foram estatisticamente iguais entre si. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada conclui-se que a alteração de cor das resinas estudadas foi influenciada pelo tempo; o tratamento escovação determinou alteração de cor para M2 e M3 e não foram influenciadas pelas soluções em estudo; M2 apresentou menor alteração que M1 e M3. Para rugosidade superficial conclui-se que o fator solução e o fator tratamento foram significantes somente para M1. O fator tempo influenciou a rugosidade das três resinas compostas. Relevância clinica: Há necessidade que o cirurgião dentista conheça as características das resinas compostas a ser utilizada no tratamento restaurador, além dos prováveis efeitos que os enxaguatórios bucais possam ter nas propriedades físicas do material, para assim indicá-los corretamente. / The present study evaluated in vitro the influence of different types of mouthwash associated with brushing, the color change and surface roughness of different types of direct composite resins (M1 - Filtek Supreme XT, M2 - Z100, M3 - Ice) through a PCB 6807 spectrocolorimeter of BYK-Gradner, rugosimeter model Mitutoyo SJ-201P and scanning electron microscopy. 300 specimens (n = 10) for the color alteration variable were prepared; of these, 180 specimens (n = 6) were subjected to tests surface roughness. The specimens were polished with discs Soft Lex (3M), following the decreasing abrasiveness sequence and stored in artificial saliva at 37 ° (±1 ° C) until be submitted in solutions S1 - solution with alcohol and dye, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint; S2 - solution without alcohol and with dye, Oral-B; S3 -solution with alcohol and without dye, Cepacol, S4 - Solution without alcohol and dye, Colgate Plax; S5 - Control Group, Artificial Saliva. The readings of the variables in study occurred in T0 - immediately after polishing, T1 7 days after, T2 14 days after and T3 21 days after. All specimens of the experimental groups were immersed with agitation in the different mouthrinses, once a day, for 2 minutes, during 5 days per week. After performing all readings of the study, two randomly selected specimens were chose from each experimental group, a total of 30 specimens were selected randomly and subjected to observation by scanning electronic microscopy. The data on color change and surface roughness for each resin were analyzed separately and together for comparison across the tests ANOVA and Turkey (p &le; 0.05). The results for color change demonstrated that the factor solution was significant only for Filtek Supreme XT resin, with S1 being the smallest and S3 the largest average. Still, S2, S3, S4 and S5 were statistically equal. The brushing treatment factor was significant for M2 and M3 resins, as the CES (with brushing) condition had a higher average than the SES (without brushing) one for M2; and for M3, SES was higher than CES. For the three resins, the time factor was significant: a) M1 at T1, the average was lower than in T2 and T3, b) to the M2 medium was lower than in T1 and T2 greater than T3, c) in M3, t1 was equal to t2 and both lower than T3. Comparing the behavior of the three resins, it was found that M1 and M3 average were statistically equal and higher than M2. Regarding the surface roughness of materials M2 and M3, submitted to rinses utilized in this study it was found that this factor had no statistically significant effect, while for M1 was significant difference, with the average of S1, S2 and S3 were equal and lower than the averages of S4 and S5. The factor brushing treatment effect was significant only for M1 being that the condition SES had a higher rating than the CES. Regarding the time factor, it was found that for M1, from T1, T2 and T3, the average was equal and higher than T0, for M2, the higher average was in T2, with statistical equality among T0, T1 and T3; for M3 average in T2 and T3 were statistically equal and greater than T0. Comparing the three resins, M1 showed higher roughness than M2 and M3 who were statistically equal. According to the used methodology, concludes that the color change of the resins was influenced by the time; treatment brushing determinate the color change for M2 and M3 and both were not influenced by the solutions under study; M2 showed lowest change than M1 and M3. For surface roughness is concluded that the factor solution and factor treatment were significant only for M1. The time factor influenced the roughness of the three composite resins. Clinical Relevance: It is necessary that dental surgeon know the characteristics of composite resins to be used in restorative treatment, beyond the likely effects that the mouthrinses may have on the physical properties of the material, to have correct indications.

O sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) foi recentemente conhecido como um gasotransmissor muito importante com função neuroprotetora, antioxidante, antiinflamatória, vasodilatadora, antiapoptótica e angiogênica, tanto em condições fisiológicas quanto patológicas. Quando metilado, produz metanotiol (CH3SH), e ambos constituem os gases mais ofensivos e responsáveis pela halitose de origem intraoral. Objetivos: Este ensaio clínico cruzado avaliou a eficácia de enxaguantes à base de clorexidina (CHX) ou óleos essenciais (OE) na redução de níveis de H2S e CH3SH. Métodos: 21 indivíduos adultos (8 homens, 13 mulheres) foram aleatoriamente alocados em um estudo cruzado de 4 períodos. Quatro enxaguantes foram testados: Periogard® com álcool (controle positivo) (CHXc/a) e sem álcool (CHXs/a); ListerineTotal® (OEc/a) e ListerineZeroTM (OEs/a), dispostos em quatro sequências de uso. Todos os voluntários foram convidados a abster-se de higiene oral por um período de 12 horas para os escores basais. Cada produto foi usado uma só vez, seguido por um período de washout de uma semana. O hálito foi medido por aparelho de cromatografia gasosa portátil-OralChromaTM antes e 1, 2 e 3 horas depois do bochecho. A análise exploratória de dados, através de medidas de localização central e de dispersão foi realizada. As comparações das médias das variáveis foram feitas pelo modelo de efeitos mistos linear para dados longitudinais, utilizando PROC MIXED do software SAS ® 9.2. Resultados: Em comparação com os níveis basais, na primeira hora, apenas OEc/a foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o hálito (H2S p <0,0001 e CH3SH p=0,001) para ambos os gases e o seu efeito durou até três horas (H2S p <0,0001 e CH3SH p=0,001). CHXc/a (controle) reduziu o H2S na primeira hora (p = 0,001) e durou três horas (H2S p<0,0001) sem efeito sobre o CH3SH. CHXs/a apenas reduziu os níveis de H2S, mas com menos eficácia em todo o período (p=0,001 para as 3 vezes). OEs/a não teve efeito no hálito, que aumentou com o tempo para ambos os gases. Conclusão: O OEc/a apresentou melhor desempenho em relação à halitose intraoral, seguido pelo controle CHXc/a e CHXs/a. / Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recently known as a very important gasotransmitter with neuroprotectant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, angiogenic and antiapoptotics functions both in physiological and pathological conditions. When methylated, produces methanethiol (CH3SH), and both are the most offensive gases responsible for intra-oral halitosis. This crossover clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of chlorhexidine (CHX) or essential oils (EO) based mouthrinses for reduction of H2S and CH3SH levels. 21 adult subjects (8 male, 13 female) were randomly allocated into a four period crossover trial. Four mouthrinses were tested: Periogard® with alcohol (positive control) (CHXw/a) and without alcohol (CHXn/a); ListerineTotal® (EOw/a) and ListerineZeroTM (EOn/a) arranged into four sequences of use. All the volunteers were asked to refrain from oral hygiene for a 12- hours period for baseline scores. Each product was used at once, followed by a one-week washout period. The breath was measured by portable gas chromatograph OralChromaTM before rinsing and after 1, 2 and 3 hours. Exploratory analysis of data through measures of central location and dispersion was performed. Comparisons of the means of the variables were made by linear mixed effect model for longitudinal data by using PROC MIXED from SAS® 9.2 software. Compared to the baseline, at the first hour, only EOw/a was able to significantly reduce the breath (H2S p<0.0001 and CH3SH p=0.001) for both gases and its effect lasted for up to three hours (H2S p<0.0001 and CH3SH p=0.001). CHXw/a(control) reduced H2S at the first hour (p=0.001) and lasted for three hours (H2S p<0.0001) without effect on CH3SH. CHXn/a just reduced H2S levels but less effectively at the whole period (p=0.001 for the 3 times). EOn/a had no effect on breath, which increased with time for both gases. The EOw/a presented the best performance against intra-oral halitosis followed by the control CHXw/a and CHXn/a.

No description available.

This study investigated the impact of customary fluoride based mouthrinses on the ultrastructure and the functional properties of the in situ pellicle, considering the prevention of erosion (8 volunteers) and initial biofilm formation (12 volunteers). Bovine enamel slabs were carried intraorally. After 1 min of pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with elmex Kariesschutz (A), Dontodent Med Care (B), meridol (C) or elmex Zahnschmelzschutz Professional (D) for 1 min. In situ pellicle formation was continued up to 30 min/8 h before processing the slabs in vitro. Erosion was simulated by incubating the specimens in HCl (pH 3.0, 2.3, 2.0) for 120 s, measuring the kinetics of calcium/phosphate release photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by TEM and EDX. Bacterial adhesion was visualized fluorescence microscopically (DAPI/BacLight). Native enamel slabs or physiological pellicle samples served as controls. All investigated mouthrinses enhanced the erosion preventive pellicle effect in dependence of the pH-value. A significant decrease of Ca/P release at all pH values was achieved after rinsing with D; TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. All mouthrinses tendentially reduced bacterial adherence, however not significantly. The mouthrinse containing NaF/AmF/SnCl2 (D) offers an effective oral hygiene supplement to prevent caries and erosion.

This study investigated the impact of customary fluoride based mouthrinses on the ultrastructure and the functional properties of the in situ pellicle, considering the prevention of erosion (8 volunteers) and initial biofilm formation (12 volunteers). Bovine enamel slabs were carried intraorally. After 1 min of pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with elmex Kariesschutz (A), Dontodent Med Care (B), meridol (C) or elmex Zahnschmelzschutz Professional (D) for 1 min. In situ pellicle formation was continued up to 30 min/8 h before processing the slabs in vitro. Erosion was simulated by incubating the specimens in HCl (pH 3.0, 2.3, 2.0) for 120 s, measuring the kinetics of calcium/phosphate release photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by TEM and EDX. Bacterial adhesion was visualized fluorescence microscopically (DAPI/BacLight). Native enamel slabs or physiological pellicle samples served as controls. All investigated mouthrinses enhanced the erosion preventive pellicle effect in dependence of the pH-value. A significant decrease of Ca/P release at all pH values was achieved after rinsing with D; TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. All mouthrinses tendentially reduced bacterial adherence, however not significantly. The mouthrinse containing NaF/AmF/SnCl2 (D) offers an effective oral hygiene supplement to prevent caries and erosion.