La recherche développée dans cette thèse introduit une approche qualitative pour représenter et raisonner à partir d'entités spatiales dans un espace géographique à deux dimensions. Les patrons de mouvements entre entités dynamiques sont catégorisés à partir d'un modèle qualitatif de relations topologiques entre une ligne orientée et une région, et de relations d'orientation entre deux lignes orientées, respectivement. Les mouvements qualitatifs sont dérivés à partir de relations spatio-temporelles qui caractérisent des entités dynamiques conceptualisées comme des points ou des régions dans un espace à deux dimensions. Cette architecture de raisonnement permet de dériver des configurations de mouvements basiques dérivées à partir d'entités statiques et dynamiques. L'approche est complétée par une qualification de ces configurations à partir d'expressions du langage naturel. Les compositions de mouvements sont étudiées tout comme les transitions possibles dans des cas de données incomplètes. Les tables de compositions sont également explorées et permettent d'étendre les possibilités de raisonnement. Le modèle est expérimenté dans le contexte de l'analyse de trajectoires aériennes et maritimes. / The research developed in this thesis introduces a qualitative approach for representing and reasoning on moving entities in a two-dimensional geographical space. Movement patterns of moving entities are categorized based on a series of qualitative spatial models of topological relations between a directed line and a region, and orientation relations between two directed lines, respectively. Qualitative movements are derived from the spatio-temporal relations that characterize moving entities conceptualized as either points or regions in a two-dimensional space. Such a spatio-temporal framework supports the derivation of the basic movement configurations inferred from moving and static entities. The approach is complemented by a tentative qualification of the possible natural language expressions of the primitive movements identified. Complex movements can be represented by a composition of these primitive movements. The notion of conceptual transition that favors the exploration of possible trajectories in the case of incomplete knowledge configurations is introduced and explored.Composition tables are also studied and provide additional reasoning capabilities. The whole approach is applied to the analysis of flight patterns and maritime trajectories.

abstract: Accurate characterization of forest canopy cover from satellite imagery hinges on the development of a model that considers the level of detail achieved by field methods. With the improved precision of both optical sensors and various spatial techniques, models built to extract forest structure attributes have become increasingly robust, yet many still fail to address some of the most important characteristics of a forest stand's intricate make-up. The objective of this study, therefore, was to address canopy cover from the ground, up. To assess canopy cover in the field, a vertical densitometer was used to acquire a total of 2,160 percent-cover readings from 30 randomly located triangular plots within a 6.94 km2 study area in the central highlands of the Bradshaw Ranger District, Prescott National Forest, Arizona. Categorized by species with the largest overall percentage of cover observations (Pinus ponderosa, Populus tremuloides, and Quercus gambelii), three datasets were created to assess the predictability of coniferous, deciduous, and mixed (coniferous and deciduous) canopies. Landsat-TM 5 imagery was processed using six spectral enhancement algorithms (PCA, TCT, NDVI, EVI, RVI, SAVI) and three local windows (3x3, 5x5, 7x7) to extract and assess the various ways in which these data were expressed in the imagery, and from those expressions, develop a model that predicted percent-cover for the entire study area. Generally, modeled cover estimates exceeded actual cover, over predicting percent-cover by a margin of 9-13%. Models predicted percent-cover more accurately when treated with a 3x3 local window than those treated with 5x5 and 7x7 local windows. In addition, the performance of models defined by the principal components of three vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, RVI) were superior to those defined by the principal components of all four (NDVI, EVI, RVI, SAVI), as well as the principal and tasseled cap components of all multispectral bands (bands 123457). Models designed to predict mixed and coniferous percent-cover were more accurate than deciduous models. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Geography 2012

Com o aumento na disponibilidade e considerável redução de custo das tecnologias que permitem a obtenção de dados de objetos móveis, torna-se abundante a oferta de dados de trajetórias. O estudo dessas trajetórias tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão dos dados, bem como a extração de novo conhecimento utilizando técnicas computacionais. Um tipo de estudo que pode ser realizado é a análise do comportamento das trajetórias de objetos móveis. O foco do estudo de padrões comportamentais em trajetórias tem sido a busca por padrões de aglomeração ou semelhança no deslocamento de entidades no espaço ou espaço-tempo. Este trabalho propõe a formalização de um novo padrão comportamental que indique quando um objeto móvel está evitando determinadas regiões espaciais. Este padrão foi denominado avoidance. A identificação e o estudo de tal comportamento pode ser de interesse de diversas áreas tais como segurança, jogos eletrônicos, comportamento social, entre outros. Inicialmente, este trabalho apresenta uma heurística com base nas observações das ocorrências do evento avoidance. A partir daí, são definidas as formalizações deste novo padrão. É apresentado, também, um algoritmo para identificar automaticamente o padrão comportamental avoidance em trajetórias de objetos móveis. Para avaliar a eficácia deste algoritmo, ao final desta dissertação são apresentados resultados de experimentos realizados em trajetórias coletadas por pedestres e por veículos em diversos locais da cidade de Porto Alegre e Xangri-lá. / With the increasing availability and considerable price reduction of technologies that allow the collection of moving object data, the offering of trajectory data becomes abundant. The study of these trajectories has the objective to allow a better understanding of the data, as well as the extraction of new knowledge using computational techniques. One of the possible studies is the analysis of the behavior of moving objects. The study on behavior patterns in trajectories has focused on agglomeration and similarity of entities moving in space or space and time. This work proposes the formalization of a new behavior pattern that indicates when a moving object is avoiding some determined spatial region, here called avoidance. The study and identification of this behavior may be of interest in many application areas, like security, electronic games, social behavior, and so on. Initially, this work presents an heuristic based on the observations of avoidance events, and based on this heuristic we define the formalization of this new kind of trajectory behavior pattern. This work also presents an algorithm to automatically identify this behavior in trajectories of moving objects. To evaluate the effectiveness of this algorithm, experiments were performed on trajectory datasets, collected by pedestrians in a park, and by vehicles at several places in the cities of Porto Alegre and Xangri-lá.

O crescimento do uso de sistemas de posicionamento global (GPS) e outros sistemas de localização espacial tornaram possível o rastreamento de objetos móveis, produzindo um grande volume de um novo tipo de dado, chamado trajetórias de objetos móveis. Existe, entretanto, uma forte lacuna entre a quantidade de dados extraídos destes dispositivos, dotados de sistemas GPS, e a descoberta de conhecimento que se pode inferir com estes dados. Um tipo de descoberta de conhecimento em dados de trajetórias de objetos móveis é a classificação. A classificação de trajetórias é um tema de pesquisa relativamente novo, e poucos métodos tem sido propostos até o presente momento. A maioria destes métodos foi desenvolvido para uma aplicação específica. Poucos propuseram um método mais geral, aplicável a vários domínios ou conjuntos de dados. Este trabalho apresenta um novo método de classificação que transforma as trajetórias em séries temporais, de forma a obter características mais discriminativas para a classificação. Experimentos com dados reais mostraram que o método proposto é melhor do que abordagens existentes. / The growing use of global positioning systems (GPS) and other location systems made the tracking of moving objects possible, producing a large volume of a new kind of data, called trajectories of moving objects. However, there is a large gap between the amount of data generated by these devices and the knowledge that can be inferred from these data. One type of knowledge discovery in trajectories of moving objects is classification. Trajectory classification is a relatively new research subject, and a few methods have been proposed so far. Most of these methods were developed for a specific application. Only a few have proposed a general method, applicable to multiple domains or datasets. This work presents a new classification method that transforms the trajectories into time series, in order to obtain more discriminative features for classification. Experiments with real trajectory data revealed that the proposed approach is more effective than existing approaches.

Submitted by Valdinei Souza (neisouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-17T19:19:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Victor Amorim - Dissertação_Preservação_Imagens_Movimento_Completo_Modificado.pdf: 2543075 bytes, checksum: b523ca6922a4b2813e8a34f42ece15f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Urania Araujo (urania@ufba.br) on 2017-03-23T17:33:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 João Victor Amorim - Dissertação_Preservação_Imagens_Movimento_Completo_Modificado.pdf: 2543075 bytes, checksum: b523ca6922a4b2813e8a34f42ece15f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T17:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Victor Amorim - Dissertação_Preservação_Imagens_Movimento_Completo_Modificado.pdf: 2543075 bytes, checksum: b523ca6922a4b2813e8a34f42ece15f3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo ao Pesquisador do Estado da Bahia - Fapesb / A pesquisa investiga o processo de preservação de imagens em movimento, trabalho feito comumente em arquivos e centros de documentação audiovisuais. Partindo de conceituações de preservação em sentido amplo passa para aspectos considerados importantes ao complemento do estudo da preservação audiovisual, como suportes de imagens em movimento, visando à reflexão sobre a linguagem audiovisual. Para a pesquisa empírica foram analisadas 35 instituições das esferas federal, estadual e municipal da cidade de Salvador na Bahia, que num primeiro momento, entre 2005-2007, na Fase 1 da pesquisa em execução no Grupo CRIDI, haviam respondido formulários impressos, e que, posteriormente, na Fase 2, 20132016, tornaram a responder um novo questionário, desta vez online, cujos dadosderam origem às análises desta dissertação. Procurou-se adotar procedimentos metodológicos comparativos, de modo a observar as possíveis mudanças ocorridas.Foram investigados aspectos relativos ao tipo de acervo, digitalização, recursos disponíveis, suportes usados, métodos e sistemas de disponibilização do acervo ao público, políticas do arquivo, dentre outros, buscando observar na prática as questões abordadas de forma teórica com base na bibliografia. O método de abordagem indutiva e técnicas de amostragem não aleatória por julgamento foram utilizados na pesquisa. A observação direta intensiva foi outra técnica de grande valor para a pesquisa, balanceando com a observação direta extensiva. A pesquisa constatou uma carência, ainda, de estudos e programas de preservação audiovisual assim como o despreparo de muitos profissionais que atuam nos acervos. / ABSTRACT The research investigates the moving images preservation process, work commonly done in archives and audiovisual documentation centers. Starting from preservation concepts in a broad sense, it goes through important aspects to the complement of the audiovisual preservation studies, such as moving images media and carriers, in order to think about audiovisual language. As empirical research, 35 institutions (from Federal, State, and Municipal levels) in the city of Salvador in Bahia were analyzed.Those institutions had answered printed forms in a very first moment, between 2005,2007,in Phase 1 of a research in development in Grupo CRIDI. Later, in the research’s Phase 2, 2013-2016, we returned to the same institutions, in order to collect new data, this time using an online form. This Master thesis aimed to analyze these second data set, which are, in fact, the origin of this research. We tried to adopt comparative methodological procedures in order to observe eventual changes. Aspects related to the type of the collection; digitization; available resources; media and carriers; available public systems and methods to give access to the collection;archival policies, among others, aiming to observe, in the real world, the issues addressed theoretically, based on the literature. The inductive method of approach,and non-random sampling techniques were adopted in this research. The intensive direct observation was another technique of great value adopted in this research,balancing with of extensive direct observation. Among its conclusions, the research points out a lack of studies and programs oriented to audiovisual preservation, aswell as of professional formation, skills and abilities of many technicians who work with the collections.

Landslides display a wide variety of behaviors ranging from slow persistent motion to rapid acceleration and catastrophic failure. Given the variety of possible behaviors, improvements to our understanding of landslide mechanics are critical for accurate predictions of landslide dynamics. Recent advances in remote sensing techniques, like satellite radar interferometry (InSAR), now enable high-resolution spatial and temporal measurements that provide insight into the mechanisms that control landslide behavior. In this dissertation, I use InSAR and high-resolution topographic data to identify 50 slow-moving landslides in the Northern California Coast Ranges and monitor their kinematics over 4 years. These landslides have similar mechanical properties and are subject to the same external forcings, which allows me to explore geometrical controls on kinematics. Each landslide displays distinct kinematic zones with different mean velocities that remain spatially fixed. Because these deformation patterns are sensitive to subsurface geometry, I employ a mathematical model to infer landslide thickness and find that these landslides exhibit a highly variable thickness and an irregular basal sliding surface. Time series analysis reveals that each landslide displays well-defined seasonal velocity changes with a periodicity of ∼ 1 year. These velocity variations are driven by precipitation- induced changes in pore-water pressure that lag the onset of rainfall by up to 40 days. Despite significant variations in geometry, I find no systematic differences in seasonal landslide behavior. To further explore how stress perturbations control landslide motion, I develop a mechanical model that reproduces both the displacement patterns observed at slow-moving landslides and the acceleration towards failure exhibited by catastrophic events. I find that catastrophic failure can only occur when the slip surface is characterized by rate-weakening friction and its spatial dimensions exceed a critical nucleation length that is shorter for higher effective stresses. These model simulations support my conclusions from the remote sensing analysis but also provide insight into the long-term evolution of landslides. This dissertation includes both previously published and unpublished co- authored material.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was first invented in the early 1950s as the remote surveillance instruments to produce high resolution 2D images of the illuminated scene with weather-independent, day-or-night performance. Compared to the Real Aperture Radar (RAR), SAR is synthesising a large virtual aperture by moving a small antenna along the platform path. Typical SAR imaging systems are designed with the basic assumption of a static scene, and moving targets are widely known to induce displacements and defocusing in the formed images. While the capabilities of detection, states estimation and imaging for moving targets with SAR are highly desired in both civilian and military applications, the Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) techniques can be integrated into SAR systems to realise these challenging missions. The state-of-the- art SAR-based GMTI is often associated with multi-channel systems to improve the detection capabilities compared to the single-channel ones. Motivated by the fact that the SAR imaging is essentially solving an optimisation problem, we investigate the practicality to reformulate the GMTI process into the optimisation form. Furthermore, the moving target sparsities and underlying similarities between the conventional GMTI processing and sparse reconstruction algorithms drive us to consider the compressed sensing theory in SAR/GMTI applications. This thesis aims to establish an end-to-end SAR/GMTI processing framework regularised by target sparsities based on multi-channel SAR models. We have explained the mathematical model of the SAR system and its key properties in details. The common GMTI mechanism and basics of the compressed sensing theory are also introduced in this thesis. The practical implementation of the proposed framework is provided in this work. The developed model is capable of realising various SAR/GMTI tasks including SAR image formation, moving target detection, target state estimation and moving target imaging. We also consider two essential components, i.e. the data pre-processing and elevation map, in this work. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through both simulations and real data. Given that our focus in this thesis is on the development of a complete sparsity-aided SAR/GMTI framework, the contributions of this thesis can be summarised as follows. First, the effects of SAR channel balancing techniques and elevation information in SAR/GMTI applications are analysed in details. We have adapted these essential components to the developed framework for data pre-processing, system specification estimation and better SAR/GMTI accuracies. Although the purpose is on enhancing the proposed sparsity-based SAR/GMTI framework, the exploitation of the DEM in other SAR/GMTI algorithms may be of independent interest. Secondly, we have designed a novel sparsity-aided framework which integrates the SAR/GMTI missions, i.e. SAR imaging, moving target and background decomposition, and target state estimation, into optimisation problems. A practical implementation of the proposed framework with a two stage process and theoretically/experimentally proven algorithms are proposed in this work. The key novelty on utilising optimisations and target sparsities is explained in details. Finally, a practical algorithm for moving target imaging and state estimation is developed to accurately estimate the full target parameters and form target images with relocation and refocusing capabilities. Compared to the previous processing steps for practical applications, the designed algorithm consistently relies on the exploitation of target sparsities which forms the final processing stage of the whole pipeline. All the developed components contribute coherently to establish a complete sparsity driven SAR/GMTI processing framework.

Papermaking process require large amounts of energy and water; therefore, pulp and paper mills can be potentially very polluting. The wastewater resulting from the papermaking process must be carefully managed as it is very rich in dissolved organic matter and contain compounds that make it difficult to treat. MBBR technology emerged as a possibility to increase the treatment capacity and to make more compact treatment systems designed to remove high organic loads, since in addition to having biomass in suspension as the activated sludge process, also has biomass adhered to plastic supports. This research was commissioned by Stora Enso Kvarnsveden and emerged in need of a bioreactor modification due to reduction of the wastewater load after the closure of PM11 in 2013 and PM8 in 2017. An evaluation of the performance of bioreactors is necessary with possible results to only run one bioreactor in the future and save energy. For performance analysis, two weeks of measurements were performed, one with the two bioreactors running at the same time and one with only K150 reactor running, trying to simulate what happens if one of them is stopped. Analysis of the main operating parameters of the MBBR system were evaluated during this research. As result, it was recommended an action to remove the excess of adhered biomass and an increase of the filling rating to 50%, in order to optimize TOC reduction.

Com os grandes avanços ocorridos na disponibilização de computadores, existe uma tendência contínua para a utilização de técnicas computacionais auxiliando no projeto de equipamentos de engenharia. Cada vez mais estão se obtendo resultados bastante próximos às condições reais, incluindo a simulação de motores de combustão interna. Neste sentido o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o escoamento turbulento no processo de admissão de ar em um motor operando em ciclo Diesel. A investigação é focada na determinação da influência do passo de tempo no cálculo do coeficiente de descarga e razão de swirl. Adicionalmente, o campo de velocidades, pressão, energia cinética turbulenta e outros parâmetros são apresentados e analisados, com o objetivo de auxiliar no entendimento da dinâmica envolvida. Essencialmente, dois modelos de turbulência são empregados, juntamente com dois tratamentos de parede. Seus resultados também são confrontados e discutidos. A geometria considerada é de um motor Fiat 1.9 L quatro tempos com duas válvulas. A análise é concentrada em um único cilindro. O pacote computacional utilizado é o Star-cd, e seu aplicativo es-ice. A independência de malha foi obtida, chegando a 1.672.056 volumes. Os resultados são apresentados de duas formas. A primeira delas refere-se a resultados de simulações em regime permanente, realizadas em boa parte por outros autores, com ênfase na determinação do coeficiente de descarga e razão de swirl, estes confrontados com valores experimentais, visando à validação da metodologia. Fica evidente a importância da escolha do modelo de turbulência na simulação de motores de combustão interna, assim como das funções de interpolação utilizadas. Na segunda parte os resultados referem-se a uma análise transiente, considerando o movimento do pistão e válvulas, a 1500 RPM. Observa-se a grande exigência quanto ao passo de tempo requerido no transiente real, ficando demonstrado que para esta velocidade o menor passo de tempo utilizado, 0,05° (5.5555E-6 s), ainda é insuficiente para alguns momentos do ciclo. É possível notar maior influência no coeficiente de descarga do que na razão de swirl, em relação aos passos de tempo utilizados. A forte dependência do modelo de turbulência nos resultados obtidos é mais uma vez confirmada, conforme o esperado, já que as hipóteses sobre a física do fenômeno são diferentes em cada modelo. Os resultados quanto ao tratamento na parede não apresentaram significantes diferenças, quando aplicados junto ao modelo de turbulência k-ω SST. / Considering the increase in the availability of computers, there is a continuing trend toward the use of computational simulation aiding in the design of engineering equipments. Reasonable results, close to the real conditions, are obtained, including the simulation of internal combustion engines. In this way, the present work has the objective of analyzing the turbulent flow in the air intake process of an engine operating in Diesel cycle. The investigation focuses on the determination of the time step in the calculation of the air discharge coefficient and swirl ratio. Additionally, the turbulent kinetic energy, pressure and velocity fields, besides other parameters, are presented and analyzed, with the objective of aiding in the understanding of the involved dynamics. Essentially, two turbulence models are employed, together with two wall treatments. Their results are also confronted and discussed. The considered geometry is a four-stroke, 1.9-L FIAT engine, with two valves. The analysis is concentrated on a single cylinder. The software package used is the Star-cd, and its application es-ice. The mesh independence is carried out, arriving in 1.672.056 volumes. The results are presented in two ways. The first one refers to simulation results of the steady state, also accomplished by other authors, with emphasis in the determination of the discharge coefficient and swirl ratio. These data are confronted with experimental values, aiming to validate the applied methodology. The importance of the choice of the turbulent model becomes evident in the simulation of internal combustion engines, as well as the interpolation functions used. In the second part the results refer to a transient analysis, considering the valves and piston movement, at 1500 rpm. It is observed the great demand on time step required is observed for the real transient, demonstrating that, for this speed, the smallest time step used, 0.05º (5.5555E-6 s), is still insufficient for some moments of the cycle. Also regarding the time step, it is possible to notice a greater influence in the discharge coefficient than in the swirl ratio. The strong dependence of the turbulence model on the results is once again confirmed, as expected, since the hypotheses about the physics of the phenomenon are different in each model. The results, regarding the wall treatment, presented no significant differences, when applied together with the SST k-ω turbulence model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matias_ssr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1718556 bytes, checksum: 6aa4f59f2f833b454b295ffe2e36da7b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a suscetibilidade magnética e sua associação com os atributos do solo e do relevo em uma topossequência de Latossolos. Os solos foram coletados numa transeção de 2.700 km com intervalos regulares de 25 m, e aleatoriamente nas áreas laterais de três superfícies geomórficas mapeadas, em duas profundidades (0,00–0,20 m e 0,60–0,80 m), totalizando 514 amostras. Sete trincheiras foram analisadas contemplando os segmentos de vertente inseridos nas superfícies geomórficas. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas às análises de densidade do solo, porosidade, grau de floculação, textura, pH (água, CaCl2 e KCl), matéria orgânica, P, Ca, K, Mg, H + Al, Al. É calculado SB, CTC e V%. Também foram determinados o SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 (H2SO4), óxidos de Fe livres (Fed), o ferro de baixa cristalinidade (Feo) e a suscetibilidade magnética. Os dados foram analisados pela estatística univariada, descritiva, multivariada, Split Moving Windows e geoestatística. Os resultados mostraram que a divisão de áreas por meio das superfícies geomórficas ocasionou melhor entendimento da variabilidade dos atributos do solo na vertente. O método geoestatístico SMWDA (“Split Moving Windows Dissimilarity Analysis”), confirmou a divisão númericamente das três superfícies geomórficas por meio da granulometria e suscetibilidade magnética. A suscetibilidade magnética foi o atributo que melhor identificou os limites entre os corpos mapeados no campo, o que indica seu potencial de uso para mapear áreas homogêneas / The objective of this work was to study the magnetic susceptibility and its association with the soil characteristics and topography in an Oxisol toposequence. Soil samples were collected in a transect of 2.700 km at intervals of 25 m, and randomly in lateral areas of three geomorphic surfaces mapped in two depths (0.00-0.20 m and 0.60-0.80 m), totaling 514 samples. Seven trenches were opened in the slope segments of geomorphic surfaces. The samples were analyzed for bulk density, porosity, degree of flocculation, texture, pH (water, CaCl2 and KCl), organic matter, P, Ca, K, Mg, H + Al, and Al. Calculating exchangeable bases (EB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation (V%). In addition it was determined SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 (attack by H2SO4), free iron oxides (Fed), poorly crystallized iron (Feo) and magnetic susceptibility, in all studied points. Data were analyzed by univariate statistical, descriptive, multivariate, split moving windows and geostatistics. Results showed that the division of areas by means of geomorphic surfaces resulted in better understanding of soil properties variability in the studied slope. The geostatistical method SMWDA (Split Moving Windows Dissimilarity Analysis), confirmed the numerical division of the three geomorphic surfaces by means of particle size and magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility was the best attribute to identify the boundaries between bodies mapped in the field, which indicates its potential use for mapping homogeneous areas