O objetivo desta dissertação é de apresentar que existe forte relação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações. Para isso se inicia formando uma base para a discussão da consciência, chegando a conclusão de que a consciência é um problema biológico e como tal deve ser respondido por meio da Biologia. Tendo concluído que a capacidade de se reconhecer (self-recognition) é uma das características da consciência, apresenta-se o teste de marca, faz-se a sua defesa chegando a conclusão de que ele é um teste capaz de apontar se o animal é capaz ou não se de reconhecer por eliminação de qualquer outro tipo de resultado. Por fim, apresenta-se a ligação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações, colocando a capacidade de se reconhecer como uma prova dessa capacidade / The main goal of this dissertation is to show that exist a strong relationship between have a positive result in the mark test and be capable of understand representations. For it, we began building a base for the discussion of consciousness, concluding that consciousness is a biological issue and for it need to be answered by Biology. We concluded that the capacity of self-recognition is one of features of consciousness and showing that the mark test is capable to show if the animal is or not capable of self-recognition by elimination of any another kind of result. In the end, we show a bond between have a positive result in the mark test and be able to understand representations, putting the capability of self-recognition as a prove of it

O objetivo desta dissertação é de apresentar que existe forte relação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações. Para isso se inicia formando uma base para a discussão da consciência, chegando a conclusão de que a consciência é um problema biológico e como tal deve ser respondido por meio da Biologia. Tendo concluído que a capacidade de se reconhecer (self-recognition) é uma das características da consciência, apresenta-se o teste de marca, faz-se a sua defesa chegando a conclusão de que ele é um teste capaz de apontar se o animal é capaz ou não se de reconhecer por eliminação de qualquer outro tipo de resultado. Por fim, apresenta-se a ligação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações, colocando a capacidade de se reconhecer como uma prova dessa capacidade / The main goal of this dissertation is to show that exist a strong relationship between have a positive result in the mark test and be capable of understand representations. For it, we began building a base for the discussion of consciousness, concluding that consciousness is a biological issue and for it need to be answered by Biology. We concluded that the capacity of self-recognition is one of features of consciousness and showing that the mark test is capable to show if the animal is or not capable of self-recognition by elimination of any another kind of result. In the end, we show a bond between have a positive result in the mark test and be able to understand representations, putting the capability of self-recognition as a prove of it

The general relationship between sustainability and financial performance has been well examined, and there doesn't seem to be any general significant tradeoff between the two. However, the results are mixed and the many ways of defining both sustainability and financial performance has provided room for different interpretations and methodologies. This study aims to use a relatively new measure of sustainability, Morningstar Sustainability Rating (MSR), and to see if there is a relationship with the risk-adjusted return of actively traded equity funds in Sweden. To calculate risk-adjusted return the Fama & French three factor model was used. After the two variables were established, a descriptive statistics analysis and a regression analysis was conducted, with two portfolios of different sustainability scores. The results were quite the opposite of that suggested by the general literature and our hypothesis that there would indeed be a positive relationship between the variables. However, we list a couple of potential reasons for this. The risk-free rate is lower today than at the time of many other studies. This could affect the outcome of the analysis. The sustainability measures can also differ quite significantly, and value aspects differently. A relatively new measure, with an “updated” view of sustainability, could therefore yield a different result than slightly older ones.

During the period 1990–2013 the Swedish Armed Forces made a number of organisational and material changes. This raises the question of whether these changes also led to tactical adaptations, and if so, if there is a correlation between those adopted in higher and lower levels of field manuals. The purpose of this thesis is to study adaptations in field manuals of Swedish army tactics during 1990–2013. The study also aims to investigate the level of correlation between lower and higher level field manuals. Marcus’ and Farrell’s research on military adaptation and bottom-up change sets the thesis’s theoretical framework. The method used includes a comparative and qualitative text analysis. The study’s result indicates that adaptations in Swedish field manuals show a tendency to decrease the role of artillery support, and increase the role of offensive operations. The results also show a correlation between adaptations made in higher and lower levels of field manuals. The results cannot establish a causal link between the adaptations identified and Marcus’ and Farrell’s research, they do however correlate with their theories. This thesis recommends further studies of the reasons behind the adaptations regarding the use of artillery, as well as the reasons behind the adaptations identified.

Interpretation of Mundell-Fleming (M-F) model is very similar to IS -- LM model. The main difference is that M-F model is based on an assumption of small open economy. This openness is making this model more realistic then IS -- LM model. These assumptions are suitable for Czech economy. In this thesis, model is estimated and interpreted. The most important is an application to Czech economy concerning the period 2002 - 2010. There are ex post and ex ante predictions based on the estimated reduced form of the model. The ex post forecast is used for the purpose of evaluating whether the model is suitable for the prediction. After finding relevant suitability, prediction of endogenous variables is performed in the following four seasons.

Riversleigh, World Heritage Property, located in North-western Queensland, Australia, contains over 200 fossil bearing localities from the Oligo-Miocene. The study presented here aims at finding new methods to improve the accuracy of palaeoecological and biochronological studies and describe the palaeoenvironmental and chronological settings of the Riversleigh fossil deposits. One of the methods developed in this thesis, Minimum Sample Richness (MSR), determines the minimum number of species that must be present in a fauna to allow meaningful comparisons using multivariate analyses. Using MSR, several Riversleigh localities were selected for a palaeoecological study using the cenogram method to determine the palaeoenvironment during the Oligo-Miocene. Finally, the Numerical ages method was used to refine the relative ages of the Riversleigh localities and a re-diagnosis of the Riversleigh Systems is proposed.

Riversleigh, World Heritage Property, located in North-western Queensland, Australia, contains over 200 fossil bearing localities from the Oligo-Miocene. The study presented here aims at finding new methods to improve the accuracy of palaeoecological and biochronological studies and describe the palaeoenvironmental and chronological settings of the Riversleigh fossil deposits. One of the methods developed in this thesis, Minimum Sample Richness (MSR), determines the minimum number of species that must be present in a fauna to allow meaningful comparisons using multivariate analyses. Using MSR, several Riversleigh localities were selected for a palaeoecological study using the cenogram method to determine the palaeoenvironment during the Oligo-Miocene. Finally, the Numerical ages method was used to refine the relative ages of the Riversleigh localities and a re-diagnosis of the Riversleigh Systems is proposed.

<p>Environmental concerns and the increase in energy demand with technology and innovations lead us to develop more efficient and environmentally friendly energy sources. With that purpose, Generation IV International Forum (GIF) Charter determined six advanced nuclear reactors. This thesis focuses on one of those reactors, Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). MSR was chosen because of its outstanding feature; molten salt coolant/fuel. The fuel/coolant in this reactor type is in its molten salt form, which enables the reactor to reach a high temperature ( ̴ 600°C) with low pressure. As high temperature enhances thermal efficiency, low pressure makes the reactor safer. Besides, low pressure enables the reactor to be more economical because there is no need to use large pumps to maintain high pressure and no need for the pressure vessel, thereby decreasing the cost of construction and maintenance. Furthermore, molten salt reactors are inherently safer than light water reactors (LWRs) due to the molten salt fuel. Materials and structures are designed to tolerate the high-temperature molten salt, which means no risk of a core meltdown accident.</p> <p>A comprehensive literature review has been made on molten salt reactors to have a broad knowledge of MSR design characteristics and the current developments in the reactor. The literature review highlighted the notable features of this reactor design; being inherently safer and economical and having high thermal efficiency. In addition, the literature review showed that there are many studies on MSRs with different designs and materials for different purposes. However, the current parametric studies on literature were mainly performed for single channels and limited materials, meaning there is limited knowledge of whole reactor core analysis. This observation led us to perform a complete MSR core analysis with various design parameters; core size, moderator and fuel/coolant materials, and core configurations (hexagonal and hexahedral lattice geometries). Considering the advantages of MSRs and the need for detailed work on this reactor type in literature, a parametric study on the reactor was performed under the thesis presented here. </p> <p>Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) 6.2 code is chosen for the criticality and the flux simulations. The single-fluid double-zone thorium-based molten salt reactor (SD-TMSR) has been selected as a base model. Single fluid means molten salt is the same as for fuel and coolant. Various molten salt compositions have been investigated to observe the effect of different elements and isotopes on criticality. The active core has two zones with the same molten salt but different fuel/coolant channel diameters for each zone. The inner zone represents where the fission reaction occurs mainly, and the outer zone serves as a blanket that enables the breeding process of thorium. To determine the criticality behavior of the reactor with moderation, simulations were performed with various inner zone fuel channel radii, from 0.25 cm to 5 cm. In comparison with the channel radius of the inner one, the outer zone fuel channel radius is fixed at 5 cm. </p> <p>Additionally, graphite and BeO moderators were examined separately to decide the material for better moderation. On the other hand, the core configuration is essential to make a more compact reactor. Therefore, hexagonal and hexahedral lattice geometries were simulated with all other cases; different fuel channel diameters, molten salts, and moderators. Before the flux distribution and the heat transfer calculations, the best combinations of the parameters which reach the criticality with the less fuel inventory have been decided and used for further calculations. Finally, four fuel/coolant salts have been chosen for the thermal neutron flux distribution simulations. Results for the flux distribution were represented with 2D and 3D color graphs, and results for different salts were compared with 2D graphs for axial and radial directions. Besides, to obtain a general idea of the reactor's power density and thermal-hydraulics characteristics, heat transfer calculations were done for the hot channel as a transition from neutronics to thermal hydraulics for future studies. With those calculations, power density, an average mass flow rate, and core inlet/outlet temperatures were determined.</p>

Nuclear fusion is considered a clean energy source: it emits no CO2 and leaves little radioactive waste. It is important to start paving the path toward nuclear fusion whilst simultaneously moving away from fossil fuels and carbon emissions. One of the challenges of nuclear fusion is the lack of tritium, which, together with deuterium makes up its fuel. This research is focused on utilizing one current method of nuclear fission technology, namely molten salt reactors, to generate at least the initial loads of tritium for the first fusion reactors. Current research is primarily focused on providing tritium during the nuclear fusion reaction. However, it is also necessary to have a tritium supply whenever we start up a nuclear fusion reactor. The largest source of tritium is the CANDU nuclear fission reactor. A typical 500 MW CANDU produces 130 g of tritium annually as a biproduct of power generation. However, a future commercial fusion power plant is expected to consume 300 g of tritium per day to produce 800 MW. Thus, this research explores the possibility of breeding tritium in other fission reactors, in particular molten salt reactors (MSR). MCNP4C was used to simulate a simple Molten Salt Reactor setting with 61 molten salt fuel channels and applying a molten salt blanket to study how the presence of specific elements in the blanket affects tritium production, as well as criticality. The study relies on nuclear data from the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as benchmark to verify the accuracy of the results. The calculated output of tritium is 325 g/year for a 100 MW (th) reactor, which is considered a positive outcome that opens the door for more research in this direction. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Detta arbete syftar till att utreda hur svenska infanterireglementen har förändrats från det kalla krigets invasionsförsvar till dagens moderna insatsförsvar, men också påvisa likheter mellan dessa.Uppsatsen utgår från två reglementen, Infanterireglemente Skyttebataljon 1974 och Markstridsreglemente 6: Manöverbataljon Förhandsutgåva 4 2012, som jämförs med ett analytiskt ramverk konstruerad av utvecklade och operationaliserade delar av de sex grundläggande förmågorna.Uppsatsen visar att det föreligger skillnader i synen på nyttjande av indirekt metod för att besegra motståndaren, samt nyttjandet av uppdragstaktik. Likheter finns i form av beskrivningen av fördröjningsstrid och nyttjandet av indirekt eld. / This essay aims at studying how swedish infantry regulations have changed from the invasion-deterring army of the Cold War to today’s modern expeditional army, but also to show likenesses between these.The essay is based upon two regulations, Infanterireglemente Skyttebataljon 1974 and Markstridsreglemente 6: Manöverbataljon Förhandsutgåva 4 2012, which are compared with an analytical tool constructed from elaborated and operationalized parts of the six basic abilities.The thesis shows that there is a difference concerning the use of indirect method in order to defeat the opponent, and also in the terms of mission tactics. Similarities can be found in the description delaying the opponent and the use of indirect fire.