Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2013. / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T23:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 321965.pdf: 1308206 bytes, checksum: 0ee8c1d6f8e7ab7c35b18f4960724b10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Alelopatia é a interferência química de um organismo sobre outro, me-diada por uma ou várias subtâncias, os chamados aleloquímicos. Cana-valia ensiformis. e Mucuna aterrima são utilizadas como plantas de co-bertura e citadas por seus efeitos alelopáticos. Este trabalho teve por ob-jetivo avaliar o efeito de quatro concentrações de extratos metanólicos dessas duas espécies em comparação com o controle (água destilada), sobre a germinação e emergência das espécies espontâneas Rumex obtu-sifolius, Sonchus oleraceus e Bidens pilosa em condições de laboratório e de casa de vegetação. Os extratos foram obtidos incubando-se 25 g de folhas moídas em 250 mL de metanol 80% por 48 horas, ao abrigo de luz e temperatura ambiente, com posterior filtração a vácuo, centrifuga-ção, recuperação em rota-evaporador, ressuspensão em água destilada e armazenamento a -80ºC. O conteúdo de polifenóis foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu, utilizando uma curva padrão de ácido gáli-co. Em ambas as condições de semeadura o delineamento experimental foi de três espécies de plantas espontâneas e cinco tratamentos (0,0; 0,01; 0,05; 0,1 e 0,2 µgEAG mL-1) de C. ensiformis ou de M. aterrima, com 4 repetições por tratamento. Em laboratório, 50 sementes de cada planta espontânea foram colocadas em caixas Gerbox forradas com pa-pel de germinação umedecido com as diferentes concentrações de extra-to, na razão de 2,5 vezes o peso do papel, e colocadas em câmara de germinação (12 horas claro/escuro e temperatura 25ºC ± 1). Em casa de vegetação, foram semeadas 50 sementes de cada espécie em vasos con-tendo 1,8 kg de solo Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico. Os extratos ou água (controle) foram aplicados sobre os vasos (20 mL), a cada dois dias para manter o solo com 60% da capacidade de campo. Para as sementes em condições de laboratório foram avaliadas a percentagem de germina-ção final (GERL) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVGL). Para as sementes em casa de vegetação foram avaliados: percentagem de germinação final (GERCV); altura das plantas (ALT); teor de matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e de raiz (MSR); e as raízes ainda foram avaliadas quanto ao comprimento (COMPR), volume (VOLR) e diâme-tro (DIAR). A espécie S. oleraceus sofreu a maior interferência das dife-rentes concentrações de extratos de C. ensiformis tanto no experimento de laboratório quanto em casa de vegetação para todas as variáveis ana-lisadas. As espécies R. obtusifolius e B. pilosa tiveram os caracteres GERL e IVGL reduzidos pelos extratos de C. ensiformis no experimento em laboratório. Em casa de vegetação, R. obtusifolius sofreu efeitos ne-gativos do extrato nas variáveis MSR e MSPA, enquanto B. pilosa foi estimulada pela maior concentração de extrato em DIAR e ALT. Nos testes com extratos de M. aterrima, GERL e IVGL de R. obtusifolius no experimento de laboratório e DIAR e COMPR no experimento em casa de vegetação foram estimulados por algumas concentrações de extrato. MSR e MSPA de R. obtusifolius e de S. oleraceus foram inibidas pelas maiores concentrações do extrato. GERL, IVGL, COMPR e VOLR de B. pilosa foram estimulados pelas diferentes concentrações de extrato, mas por outro lado, MSR e ALT apresentaram reduções. Diante do ex-posto, conclui-se que as espécies C. ensiformis e M. aterrima demons-tram potencial alelopático no manejo dessas espontâneas devido às in-terferências metabólicas que podem ter afetado os processos de divisão celular e/ou a produção de fitohormônios (muitos deles considerados aleloquímicos) e/ou a fotossíntese, ou outro mecanismo celular, ou vá-rios desses de uma vez <br> / Allelopathy is the chemical interference of one organism over another, mediated by one or more substances, called allelochemicals. Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna aterrima are used as cover crops and cited for their allelopathic effects. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of con-centrations of methanol extracts from these two species, as compared to a control (distilled water), on germination and emergence of the sponta-neous species Rumex obtusifolius, Sonchus oleraceus, and Bidens pi-losa, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Extracts were ob-tained suspending 25 g of ground leaves in 250 mL of 80% methanol. After 48-h incubation in the dark and ambient temperature, the extract was vacuum filtered, centrifuged, recovered with a rota evaporator, re-suspended in distilled water and stored at -80 °C. Polyphenol contents were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent using a standard curve of gallic acid. In both experiments, experimental design included three spontaneous species and application of five treatments consisting of wa-ter or extracts of C. ensiformis or M. aterrima at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 ml µgEAG-1, with four replicates per treatment. In the laboratory assay, 50 seeds of each plant were placed in Gerbox boxes lined with germination paper moistened with the extracts or control at a ratio of 2.5 times the weight of the paper. The boxes were placed in a germination chamber (12 hours of light and temperature of 25 °C ± 1). In the greenhouse assay, 50 seeds of each spontaneous species were placed in pots containing 1.8 kg of Haplumbrept soil. Plant extracts or water was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 20 mL per pot every two days. Plants were watered to keep water holding capacity at 60%. In the laboratory assay, final percentage of germination and germination time index were quantified. In the greenhouse assay, percentage of ger-mination, plant height, and shoot and root dry biomass were evaluated, as well as root length, volume, and diameter. S. oleraceus was the spe-cies most affected by C. ensiformis extracts, in all variables, in both la-boratory and greenhouse experiments. R. obtusifolius and B. pilosa total germination and germination time index were lowered by C. ensiformis extracts in the laboratory assay. In the greenhouse assay, R. obtusifolius suffered negative effects of that extract, lowering shoot and root dry weight, while B. pilosa plants had their height and root diameter in-creased in the highest concentration of this species extract. R. obtusifoli-us total germination and germination time index in the laboratory assay, and root length and diameter in the greenhouse, were increased by some M. aterrima extract concentrations. Root and shoot biomass of R. obtu- sifolius and S. oleraceus were decreased by M. aterrima extracts in the highest concentrations. B. pilosa germination time index, root length and volume increased in different concentrations of M. aterrima extract, but root mass and plant height decreased with extract application. The responses of three species of spontaneous treatments with extract of C. ensiformis and M. aterrima is due to metabolic interference that may have affected the processes of cell division and / or the production of hormones (many of them considered allelochemicals) and / or photosyn-thesis or other cellular mechanism, or several of these at once.

Cette thèse est fondée sur le développement de nouvelles méthodes de criblage et d’analyse appliquées aux extraits naturels. Le premier axe de ce travail a consisté à isoler une molécule très minoritaire dans un mélange réactionnel de synthèse biomimétique en utilisant entre autre la chromatographie de partage centrifuge (CPC) en mode pH-zone refining. Nous avons pu isoler la nitrarine avec un rendement de 0,04% en permettant de valider le mécanisme proposé pour sa synthèse biomimétique.Le deuxième axe de ce projet est consacré à l’identification par fractionnement bioguidé, dans les graines de Mucuna pruriens (une plante de la pharmacopée traditionnelle indienne), des molécules responsables de la synergie thérapeutique antiparkinsonienne mise en évidence dans la littérature par des essais in vivo et cliniques. L’extrait hydro-alcoolique de graines de Mucuna pruriens a été fractionné par chromatographie sur colonne de gel de silice, puis les fractions obtenues ont été évaluée in vitro sur plusieurs cibles biologiques : enzymes de dégradation de la dopamine (MAO, COMT), et une enzyme de sa synthèse endogène (DDC). Nous avons développé une méthodes de détection d’une activité d’inhibition de ces enzymes par spectrométrie de masse. À partir des fractions identifiées comme étant actives, nous avons isolé et identifié une vingtaine de molécules, parmi lesquelles une dizaine sont nouvellement décrites. Il a été nécessaire de synthétiser certaines d'entre elles en raison de la quantité nécessaire aux essais biologiques. Certaines de ces molécules ont montré une activité inhibitrice intéressante sur la COMT / This thesis is based on the development of new methods of screening and analysis applied to natural extracts.The first axis of this work consisted in isolating a minoritary molecule in a reaction mixture of a biomimetic synthesis using different techniques including centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in pH-zone refining mode. We were able to isolate the nitrarine with a yield of 0.04%, thus allowing to validate the proposed mechanism of its biomimetic synthesis.The second axis of this project is dedicated to the identification in the seeds of Mucuna pruriens (a plant of Indian traditional pharmacopoeia), by bioguided fractionation, the molecules responsible for the antiparkinsonian synergy demonstrated by in vivo studies and clinical trials. For this purpose, the hydroalcoholic extract of M. pruriens seeds was fractionated by chromatography on a silica gel column and the obtained fractions were evaluated in vitro on various biological targets: the dopamine-degrading enzymes (MAO, COMT) and an enzyme implicated in its endogenous synthesis (DDC). Moreover, we have developed a method to detect by mass spectrometry fractions or compounds having an inhibitory activity on these enzymes. From fractions identified as active, we isolated and identified about twenty molecules, from which a dozen are newly described. On the other hand, it was necessary to synthetize some of them due to the amount required by bioassays. Some of these molecules have shown an interesting inhibitory activity against the COMT enzyme

The competitive advantage of velvet beans as an economic agricultural commodity. In the past 40 years, although food insecurity, poverty and environmental degradation persist, worldwide farmers have made considerable progress in increasing per capita food production whilst better understanding natural-resource management. Literature indicates that — in the decades to come — food demand will both grow and change for three reasons, namely increased numbers of people, increased income (people will have more purchasing power), and increased urbanisation (people will be more likely to adopt new diets containing animal protein and cereal). The world population is expected to increase to 8,9 billion by 2050, with 84% in the developing countries. Food insecurity and malnutrition are expected to persist despite progress on average per capita consumption of food. As a complex system, and despite challenges, agriculture must produce simultaneously unprecedented abundance of food and unparalleled social concerns. As a business, agriculture requires high capital investments in land, facilities and production inputs; most often producing commodities of generally low unit value with thin profit margins, thereby forcing producers to strive for efficiency in all aspects of production. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that farmers should understand sustainable agriculture; where a more sustainable food-production system seeks to make the best use of nature’s goods and services whilst not being harmful to the environment. Sustainable agriculture should maximise the productivity of the land; should focus on locally adapted resource-conserving technologies which assist whole system redesign and large-scale adoption; and should aim to minimise the use of harmful non-renewable and fossil-fuel derived inputs. Fertilisers have not replaced the function of organic matter and other management practices; but soil erosion and toxic waste rather did increase disproportionately along with increased agricultural production. This has led to a progressive decline in crop and land productivity as a result of soil degradation, water contamination, increasing problems of weed infestation, pests and diseases. Often the apparent absence of sustainable productive agricultural systems within the scope of commercial farmers is not because of the lack in technology or low yield potential of traditional varieties, but rather on account of the limited knowledge or lack of awareness on the part of farmers about sustainable production practices which function in harmony with their farming environment. As one of the keys to success the velvet bean — which can grow almost everywhere — is an example of the introduction of a simple regenerative component into a farming system, as well as boosting the capacity of a farmer for local adaptation of the technology. Integrating the natural processes of nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation and introducing natural enemies of pests into food production processes can contribute to minimising environmental damage and/or health of the farmer and the consumer. Using the knowledge and skills of farmers helps to improve their self-reliance and to solve a common management problem, such as social- and human-capital management. The velvet bean is seen as an answer to the agricultural problem of low nutrient supply to the staple crop of maize. The bean creates ground cover, regenerates, fertilises the soil, controls weeds and adds organic matter and nutrients. In arid South Africa the crop is one of the strongest defences of the farmer against the harmful effects of El Niño — with the bean protecting the soil, holding water and fertilising the land with its leaves. With the velvet bean farmers can grow their own organic and inexpensive fertilisers. Commercial fertilisers are becoming more and more expensive and their benefit is decreasing because of a degrading soil resource base. Furthermore, the rise in production costs makes total reliance on inorganic fertilisers more uneconomical for most growers in the agricultural sector; making it imperative for researchers to come up with options which increase the efficient use of fertiliser, and also to identify other nutrient sources — such as legumes — that are not capital intensive. The velvet-bean technique is known to researchers and farmers worldwide for a considerable amount of time, but not in our country. As the technique becomes better known to South African farmers, it can be considered in a broader sense as a modern way to add nitrogen to the soil; benefitting, amongst others, the subsequent crop. The velvet-bean approach has a window of opportunity which can lead to higher yields in crop production, decline in labour costs, crop diversification, as well as agro-processing — all resulting in improved food security for South Africa. Adopting the velvet bean into a production system can benefit a farmer, by achieving maize yields of 3 t/ha–4 t/ha (similar to yields normally obtained with recommended levels of fertilisation at 130 kg N/ha) without applied nitrogen fertiliser or input for weeding. Velvet beans, as an intercrop, can provide more than 100 kg N/ha to the following crop. However, literature shows a declining trend over time for all systems, which suggests that additional external inputs (probably P and K fertiliser) are required to achieve full sustainability. The adoption of the velvet bean in the South African maize industry would result in import savings of about 158 million tons of urea or about R591 billion/year. Information presented in this mini-dissertation is considered to be the current state of knowledge on establishing, managing, and utilising the velvet bean as a legume in South Africa’s commodity market; with the belief that it will expand the use of the bean, and will enhance the benefits from its use. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The competitive advantage of velvet beans as an economic agricultural commodity. In the past 40 years, although food insecurity, poverty and environmental degradation persist, worldwide farmers have made considerable progress in increasing per capita food production whilst better understanding natural-resource management. Literature indicates that — in the decades to come — food demand will both grow and change for three reasons, namely increased numbers of people, increased income (people will have more purchasing power), and increased urbanisation (people will be more likely to adopt new diets containing animal protein and cereal). The world population is expected to increase to 8,9 billion by 2050, with 84% in the developing countries. Food insecurity and malnutrition are expected to persist despite progress on average per capita consumption of food. As a complex system, and despite challenges, agriculture must produce simultaneously unprecedented abundance of food and unparalleled social concerns. As a business, agriculture requires high capital investments in land, facilities and production inputs; most often producing commodities of generally low unit value with thin profit margins, thereby forcing producers to strive for efficiency in all aspects of production. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that farmers should understand sustainable agriculture; where a more sustainable food-production system seeks to make the best use of nature’s goods and services whilst not being harmful to the environment. Sustainable agriculture should maximise the productivity of the land; should focus on locally adapted resource-conserving technologies which assist whole system redesign and large-scale adoption; and should aim to minimise the use of harmful non-renewable and fossil-fuel derived inputs. Fertilisers have not replaced the function of organic matter and other management practices; but soil erosion and toxic waste rather did increase disproportionately along with increased agricultural production. This has led to a progressive decline in crop and land productivity as a result of soil degradation, water contamination, increasing problems of weed infestation, pests and diseases. Often the apparent absence of sustainable productive agricultural systems within the scope of commercial farmers is not because of the lack in technology or low yield potential of traditional varieties, but rather on account of the limited knowledge or lack of awareness on the part of farmers about sustainable production practices which function in harmony with their farming environment. As one of the keys to success the velvet bean — which can grow almost everywhere — is an example of the introduction of a simple regenerative component into a farming system, as well as boosting the capacity of a farmer for local adaptation of the technology. Integrating the natural processes of nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation and introducing natural enemies of pests into food production processes can contribute to minimising environmental damage and/or health of the farmer and the consumer. Using the knowledge and skills of farmers helps to improve their self-reliance and to solve a common management problem, such as social- and human-capital management. The velvet bean is seen as an answer to the agricultural problem of low nutrient supply to the staple crop of maize. The bean creates ground cover, regenerates, fertilises the soil, controls weeds and adds organic matter and nutrients. In arid South Africa the crop is one of the strongest defences of the farmer against the harmful effects of El Niño — with the bean protecting the soil, holding water and fertilising the land with its leaves. With the velvet bean farmers can grow their own organic and inexpensive fertilisers. Commercial fertilisers are becoming more and more expensive and their benefit is decreasing because of a degrading soil resource base. Furthermore, the rise in production costs makes total reliance on inorganic fertilisers more uneconomical for most growers in the agricultural sector; making it imperative for researchers to come up with options which increase the efficient use of fertiliser, and also to identify other nutrient sources — such as legumes — that are not capital intensive. The velvet-bean technique is known to researchers and farmers worldwide for a considerable amount of time, but not in our country. As the technique becomes better known to South African farmers, it can be considered in a broader sense as a modern way to add nitrogen to the soil; benefitting, amongst others, the subsequent crop. The velvet-bean approach has a window of opportunity which can lead to higher yields in crop production, decline in labour costs, crop diversification, as well as agro-processing — all resulting in improved food security for South Africa. Adopting the velvet bean into a production system can benefit a farmer, by achieving maize yields of 3 t/ha–4 t/ha (similar to yields normally obtained with recommended levels of fertilisation at 130 kg N/ha) without applied nitrogen fertiliser or input for weeding. Velvet beans, as an intercrop, can provide more than 100 kg N/ha to the following crop. However, literature shows a declining trend over time for all systems, which suggests that additional external inputs (probably P and K fertiliser) are required to achieve full sustainability. The adoption of the velvet bean in the South African maize industry would result in import savings of about 158 million tons of urea or about R591 billion/year. Information presented in this mini-dissertation is considered to be the current state of knowledge on establishing, managing, and utilising the velvet bean as a legume in South Africa’s commodity market; with the belief that it will expand the use of the bean, and will enhance the benefits from its use. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-04-03T12:26:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4533496 bytes, checksum: 2b77d52bf4a86ff0bad78e337c19b828 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T12:26:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4533496 bytes, checksum: 2b77d52bf4a86ff0bad78e337c19b828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em função de suas diferentes propriedades biológicas, a L-dopa tem sido muito utilizada na Química Medicinal, particularmente para o tratamento de doenças neurológicas. No presente trabalho objetivou-se, o isolamento e a quantificação de L- dopa presente em extratos obtidos de sementes das espécies de Mucuna pruriens e Mucuna cinerea e avaliação do efeito nematicida e fitotóxico dos derivados da L-dopa. A partir da L-dopa, isolada, foram obtidos 8 derivados semissintéticos com rendimentos que variaram de 19 a 95%, e um produto secundário formado durante a reação da L- dopa com o álcool 3,4-dimetoxibenzílico. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de IV, CG-MS e RMN de 1 H e 13 C. Os derivados e os extratos obtidos foram avaliados quanto à atividade nematicida contra Meloidogyne incognita e os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem de mortalidade dos nematoides. A L-dopa produziu maior porcentagem de mortalidade tanto no ensaio preliminar (45,57%), quando comparada aos extratos, quanto nos ensaios posteriores (51,18%), nos quais foram também avaliadas as atividades de seus derivados. O extrato etanólico das sementes de M. pruriens (AM4) apresentou taxa de mortalidade de 28,53% e o potencial de mortalidade dos derivados variou entre 18,68 a 50,61%. Avaliou-se também a atividade alelopática dos compostos sintetizados com sementes de pepino (Cucumis sativus), corda de viola (Ipomoea grandifolia) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor). Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem de inibição do crescimento da raiz e da parte aérea das plantas, em relação ao controle. Todos os compostos, na concentração de 200 ppm, inibiram acima de 60% o crescimento de raízes e partes aéreas do sorgo. Nos ensaios realizado com as sementes de pepino, os compostos (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4- diidroxifenil)propanoato de metila [2], (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-diidroxifenil)propanoato de propila [4] e (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-diidroxifenil)propanoato de butila [5] apresentaram os melhores resultados, provocando inibição do crescimento de raízes igual ou superior a 60%. A maior porcentagem de inibição do crescimento de caule das plantas (82,41%) foi produzida pelo composto (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4diidroxifenil)propanoato de isopropila [7]. No ensaio com as sementes de corda de viola, apenas a L-dopa apresentou resultado considerável (42,22%) de inibição do crescimento da raiz na concentração de 200 ppm. Com os resultados obtidos espera-se que possa contribuir em diferentes áreas, com relevância na agropecuária, visto que as atividades obtidas com os ensaios realizados com os ésteres viabiliza a utilização desses produtos em programas de manejo integrados de nematoides e plantas daninhas. / Due to its different biological properties, L-dopa has been widely used in Medicinal Chemistry, particularly for the treatment of neurological diseases. The objective of this work was the isolation and quantification of L-dopa present in extracts obtained from seeds of the species Mucuna pruriens and Mucuna cinerea and evaluation of the nematicidal and phytotoxic effects of L-dopa derivatives. From the isolated L-dopa, 8 semi-synthetic derivatives were obtained in yields ranging from 19 to 95%, and a by- product formed during the reaction of L-dopa with the 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol. The products obtained were characterized by the techniques of IR, GC-MS and 1H and 13C NMR. Derivatives and extracts obtained were evaluated for nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita and the results were expressed as percentage of nematode mortality. L-dopa produced a higher percentage of mortality in both the preliminary test (45.57%), compared to the extracts, and in the later tests (51.18%), in which the activities of its derivatives were also evaluated. The ethanolic extract of the seeds of M. pruriens (AM4) presented a mortality rate of 28.53% and the mortality potential of the derivatives ranged from 18.68 to 50.61%. The allelopathic activity of the compounds synthesized with cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus), viola cord (Ipomoea grandifolia) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were also evaluated. The results were expressed as percentage of inhibition of root and shoot growth in relation to the control. All compounds, at the concentration of 200 ppm, inhibited above 60% growth of roots and aerial parts of sorghum. In the tests carried out with cucumber seeds, the methyl (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoate [2], (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl) propanoate [4] and butyl (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoate compounds [5] showed the best results, causing inhibition of root growth equal to or greater than 60%. The highest percentage of stem-growth inhibition (82.41%) was produced by the isopropyl (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoate compound [7]. In the test with the viola string seeds, only L-dopa showed a significant (42.22%) root growth inhibition at the concentration of 200 ppm. With the results obtained it is expected that it can contribute in different areas, with relevance in agriculture, since the activities obtained with the tests carried out with the esters make possible the use of these products in integrated management programs of nematodes and weeds.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-05-03T11:07:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1388170 bytes, checksum: c2de0df33b43c771ed4bdeb1f19fdde6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T11:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1388170 bytes, checksum: c2de0df33b43c771ed4bdeb1f19fdde6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Os nematoides causam grandes prejuízos em culturas agrícolas em todo o mundo. O seu controle é realizado com o uso de produtos químicos de alta toxicidade para o homem, os animais e o meio ambiente. Por isso, tem-se buscado alternativas de controle, dentre estas o uso de plantas antagônicas. Uma das plantas antagônicas mais utilizadas pertence ao gênero Mucuna. Portanto, neste trabalho foi proposto um estudo dos metabólitos secundários presentes na parte aérea e nos exsudados das raízes de Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. A identificação destes compostos foi realizada pela primeira vez utilizando-se cromatografia líquida acoplada com espectrômetro de massas com ionização por electrospray (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Os compostos identificados foram adenosina, isoschaftosideo, isovitexina, rhoifolina e luteolina. Todos os compostos isolados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no IV, espectrometria de massas, espectroscopia de RMN de 1H e de 13 C. Tanto os extratos como as substâncias isoladas e identificadas (glutinol, estigmasterol e triacilglicerol) foram submetidas a ensaios de atividade sobre o nematoide Meloidogyne javanica um dos mais agressivos para culturas de grande valor comercial como soja, arroz, e aveia entre outras, obtendo-se como resultado uma atividade moderada. A exceção das frações que apresentam entre seus constituintes ácidos graxos, e flavonoides provenientes do extrato metanólico da parte aérea e a fração em acetato de etila proveniente dos exsudados radiculares de Mucuna pruriens apresentaram porcentagens de controle acima de 90%. Este estudo proporciona informação sobre os fitoquímicos presentes em Mucuna pruriens e uma possível aplicação destes compostos no controle do nematoide das galhas, visto que estes apresentaram altas porcentagens de mortalidade para este gênero de nematoides. / The nematodes cause significant damage in economic cultures worldwide. Its control is performed by using chemicals with high toxicity for humans, animals, and the environment. Researchers have tried their control through antagonistic plants. One of the most used antagonistic plants belongs to the genus Mucuna. This work proposes a study of secondary metabolites exuded from the roots of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, through hydroponic cultivation of the plant, the identification of compounds was performed for first time using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-LC-MS/MS).The identified compounds have adenosine isoschaftoside, isovitexin, rhoifolin and luteoline; All isolated compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, H NMR and 13 C spectroscopy. Both isolated substances and extracts were identified and submitted for activity tests on the nematode Meloidogyne javanica that is one of the most aggressive for crops as soybeans and rice, obtaining as a result a moderate activity. However, except for fractions which have among their constituent fatty acids, and flavonoids from the aerial part of the methanol extract and the fraction in ethyl acetate from the root exudates of Mucuna which showed control percentages above 90%. This study provides information about phytochemicals present in Mucuna pruriens and a possible application of these compounds in the control of nematode cyst, given that they had high mortality percentages for this kind of nematodes.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-07-14T18:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 1586098 bytes, checksum: af60433209d735ae2b5e600a6411b0bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T18:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 1586098 bytes, checksum: af60433209d735ae2b5e600a6411b0bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Entre os problemas fitossanitários da cultura da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] no Brasil, o nematóide de cistos da soja (NCS) é responsável por grandes prejuízos econômicos. Devido à pouca disponibilidade de variedades de soja resistentes no País, o controle deste nematóide baseia-se principalmente na rotação de culturas com espécies não-hospedeiras tradicionalmente cultivadas ou utilizadas para adubação verde e cobertura do solo. Visando ampliar as informações sobre a utilização da espécie Mucuna pruriens no controle do NCS, foram conduzidos ensaios em casa de vegetação, para avaliar a penetração e o desenvolvimento de populações do nematóide identificadas como raças 2, 3, 4, 5 e 14 nas raízes das variedades pruriens (mucunas anã e rajada) e utilis (mucunas preta e cinza) e as alterações histológicas quando inoculadas com a raça 3 do nematóide. Observou-se a penetração dos juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) das diferentes raças do nematóide em todas as mucunas e o desenvolvimento destes até o terceiro (J3) e quarto estádios (J4). Todavia, estes dois últimos estádios de desenvolvimento foram encontrados em maior número nas raízes da soja ‘Doko RC’. As duas variedades de M. pruriens se comportaram como não- hospedeiras do nematóide, pois apenas três fêmeas se formaram nas raízes das plantas de mucunas rajada, anã e cinza (uma fêmea em uma das plantas) quando se inoculou a raça 4 e apenas uma fêmea em uma das plantas de mucuna-cinza quando se inoculou a raça 2. As alterações histológicas ocorridas em tecidos da raiz de mucuna indicaram a penetração intracelular pelos J2 do NCS, com danos mecânicos nas células do córtex devido ao rompimento de paredes. A formação de síncitos foi evidenciada, ocorrendo hipertrofia de células do córtex, da endoderme, do periciclo e do cilindro central. Citoplasma denso, vacúolos, núcleos hipertrofiados e aglomerados e paredes celulares hipertrofiadas sem rompidas a foram formação observados de um nos síncito síncitos. funcional e Células células desorganizadas e necrosadas próximas à região cefálica do nematóide indicaram reações de resistência da planta que impediram o seu desenvolvimento. Síncitos em degeneração associados a J4 que se desenvolveram em machos e regiões necrosadas sendo recuperadas pelo desenvolvimento de células do raio parenquimático foram também observados. / Heterodera glycines is currently the cause to account for the most serious economic losses in Brazilian soybeans. SCN-resistant soybean cultivars are hardly available in this country, thus the accepted means to achieve nematode control has been rotation in which widely cultivated non-host crops, or those used as green manure or cover crops, are used. Mucuna pruriens is a good prospect against the SCN, thus assays were carried out with this leguminous plant, under greenhouse conditions, to provide data on plant penetration by the races 2, 3, 4, 5 and 14 , how they develop inside roots of the pruriens and utilis varieties of M. pruriens, and on the anatomic root changes brought about by the race 3 of the nematode. Second stage juveniles (J2) penetrated the roots of both varieties, in which they developed into the third (J3) and fourth (J4) stages; nevertheless, the numbers of J3 and J4 individuals were much lower here than in ‘Doko-RC` soybean roots, used as the susceptible control. The M. pruriens varieties were ranked as non-host plants since only three female specimens, of the race 4, and one, of the race 2, were found in all examined roots. The anatomic changes found in root tissues indicate the intracelular penetration by J2 juveniles, because it shows a damaged cortex due to disruption of cell walls. Syncytial feeding sites were formed by hypertrophied cells in the cortex, endodermis, pericycle and the vascular cylinder. Dense cytoplasm, vacuolation, hypertrophied and clustered nuclei, in addition to disrupted cell walls, were also observed. The nematode failure to fully develop in the mucuna root tissues, the occurrence of hypertrophied root cells with no syncytium formation and disorganized and necrotic root cells near the nematode cephalic region are indications that mucuna root tissues are somewhat resistant to H. glycines race 3. Degenerated syncytia associated with the J4 bound to develop into males and necrotic regions being regenerated by parenchymatous ray cells were also found. / Tese importada do Alexandria

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana_Cleci_de_Oliveira.pdf: 753219 bytes, checksum: cc1a5575b73ca9b97e749c6fa03d3cd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due the lack of informatios about fertilization on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in organic growth, this work aimed to study the effect of organic fertilizers on chemical and biological character of soil and on lettuce productivity. The green manure velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) received two types of management: incorporation into the soil or not incorporation. These both areas received the solid organic fertilizer bovine manure, commercial organic fertilizer and organic compound and a control treatment without fertilization. The samples were obtained at the time of management of velvet bean, and at 15, 55 and 105 days after this process, representing the moments of the distribution of fertilizes, plant and harvest of lettuce, respectively. Were evaluated chemical and biological characteristics of soil, and agronomic characteristics of the lettuce cultivar Vanda. The results showed that the commercial organic fertilizer followed by the organic compound, provided that highest amorents of organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg, CTC, pH and V, and the two types of management of velvet bean, incorporated or not has similar results. For microbial biomass, better results were fownd with velvet bean not incorporated into soil plus treatment with organic compound. The population of bacteria was increased in the area where velvet bean was incorporated, except for the treatment with organic compound. For fungi, not incorporated velvet bean associated with commercial organic fertilizer provided the higher rate of population. The incorporation of velvet bean associated with organic compound increased the population of mycorrhizal fungi. The bovine manure associated with the incorporation of velvet bean and treatment with organic compound without incorporation of velvet bean increased the population of saprophytic nematodes. The area of aerial part, number of leaves and total fresh and dry weights of aerial part of lettuce, higher values were observed without the incorporation of velvet bean associated with the use of commercial organic fertilizer or bovine manure treatmentes / Em função da carência de informações técnicas sobre adubação da cultura da alface (Lactuca sativa L.), em sistema de cultivo orgânico, este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar práticas mais convenientes de adubação que auxiliem na manutenção da fertilidade do solo e produtividade da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas onde o adubo verde mucuna preta (Mucuna aterrima) recebeu dois tipos de manejo: incorporação ao solo seguida do levantamento de canteiros, e não incorporação. As subparcelas receberam os adubos orgânicos sólidos: esterco bovino, adubo orgânico comercial e composto além da testemunha sem adubação, com cinco repetiçiões, sendo utilizada a alface cultivar Vanda. As épocas de avaliação ocorreram no momento do manejo da mucuna, e aos 15, 55 e 105 dias após esse manejo, representando momentos da distribuição dos adubos, plantio e colheita da alface, respectivamente. Foram avaliadas características químicas e biológicas do solo, e características fitométricas da planta. Pelos resultados observou-se que o adubo orgânico comercial seguido do composto, foram os que proporcionaram índices superiores de matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, CTC, V e pH, e o manejo diferenciado do adubo verde, com ou sem incorporação possibilitou resultados semelhantes. Para a biomassa microbiana, resultados superiores foram observados com a mucuna sem incorporação e o tratamento com composto. A população de bactérias foi aumentada para o manejo da mucuna com incorporação, exceto para o tratamento composto. Para fungos, o manejo sem incorporação associado ao adubo orgânico comercial proporcionou maiores índices populacionais. O manejo com incorporação associado ao composto se mostraram favoráveis para aumento da população de fungos micorrízicos. O esterco bovino associado a incorporação da mucuna e o tratamento com composto sem incorporação da mucuna aumentaram a população de nematóides saprófitas. Para a área de projeção de saia, número de folhas e massa fresca e seca totais da parte aérea, foram observados valores superiores sem a incorporação da mucuna preta e para os tratamentos adubo orgânico comercial e esterco bovino

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - Ilzo Artur Moreira Risso.pdf: 896818 bytes, checksum: 56fd3f7023096dc481dfe565208e7ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The study was conducted in the Experimental Field of Embrapa Agrobiologia in Serop?dica, state of Rio de Janeiro, with the objectives: (a) evaluate different spatial arrangements of corn in monoculture or syndication with legumes, as the production of grains and nutrient intake of green incorporated biomass accumulated in the soil; (b) assess the residual effect of biomass built on the agronomic performance of sweet potato grown in succession. The treatments for the pre-cultivation were: corn sown in rows of individual spaced 1.0 m between them and double spaced rows of 1.5 m, with 0.5 m between each component; monoculture of corn with or without additional organic fertilizer of coverage (50 kg ha-1 total N in the form of "bed" of chicken), in consortium with corn Crotalaria juncea submitted to cut single or two cuts over the cycle, and corn in consortium with Mucuna pruriens. The crops were conducted in the body system, adopting to block randomized experimental design, involving the 10 treatments arranged in split plots, with four repetitions. Computaram is the biomass of the shoots of each species, as well as the productivity of corn grain in dry and sweet potato tubers of a commercial pattern. The management of Crotalaria juncea through cutting provided only increase the production of corn, compared to the monoculture without fertilization of coverage. Already the cuts parcelados of Crotalaria juncea undermined the productive performance of corn, but resulted in higher intake of biomass to the system. The sowing of Mucuna pruriens, 40 days after planting corn, did not affect the performance of the cereal. The productivity of corn was not influenced by the spatial arrangements evaluated. The performance of the sweet potato has no influence of any of the treatments related to pre-cultivation, production reaching above state and national averages disclosed. The inclusion of legumes green manure, via consortium with corn, is considered a viable option for its ability to provide significant input of organic matter, produced in situ, containing significant amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen, with the potential to bring benefits in the medium deadline for subsequent commercial crops. / O estudo foi realizado no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia, em Serop?dica, estado do Rio de Janeiro, tendo por objetivos: (a) avaliar diferentes arranjos espaciais de milho, em monocultivo ou consorciado com leguminosas, quanto ? produ??o de gr?os e aporte de nutrientes acumulados na biomassa verde incorporada ao solo; e (b) avaliar o efeito residual dessa biomassa incorporada sobre o desempenho agron?mico da batata-doce cultivada em sucess?o. Os tratamentos relativos ao pr?-cultivo foram: milho semeado em fileiras individuais espa?adas de 1,0 m entre si e em fileiras duplas espa?adas de 1,5 m, com 0,5m entre cada componente; monocultivo do milho com ou sem aduba??o org?nica suplementar de cobertura (50 kg ha-1 de N total, na forma de cama de frango), milho em cons?rcio com Crotalaria juncea (crotal?ria) submetida a corte ?nico ou a dois cortes durante o ciclo, e milho em cons?rcio com Mucuna pruriens (mucuna cinza). As culturas foram conduzidas no sistema org?nico, adotando-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, envolvendo os 10 tratamentos dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repeti??es. Computaram-se as biomassas da parte a?rea de cada esp?cie, assim como a produtividade do milho em gr?os secos e da batata-doce em tub?rculos de padr?o comercial. O manejo da crotal?ria por meio de corte ?nico proporcionou aumento na produ??o do milho, em compara??o ao monocultivo sem aduba??o de cobertura. J? os cortes parcelados da crotal?ria prejudicaram o desempenho produtivo do milho, por?m resultaram em aporte superior de biomassa ao sistema. A semeadura da mucuna cinza, 40 dias ap?s o plantio do milho, n?o afetou o desempenho do cereal. A produtividade do milho tamb?m n?o foi influenciada pelos arranjos espaciais avaliados. O desempenho da batata-doce n?o sofreu influ?ncia de qualquer dos tratamentos relacionados ao pre-cultivo, alcan?ando produ??o acima das m?dias estadual e nacional divulgadas. A inclus?o das leguminosas para aduba??o verde, via cons?rcio com o milho, ? considerada uma op??o vi?vel por sua capacidade em prover expressivo aporte de mat?ria org?nica, produzida in situ, contendo significante quantidade de nutrientes, especialmente nitrog?nio, com potencial de trazer benef?cios no m?dio prazo para subsequentes culturas comerciais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Medina Rosa.pdf: 463787 bytes, checksum: 5fb7f12fb417c99757409ef22ba924b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / The use of cover crops on no-tillage system can add several advantages, such as controlling the weeds population. The leguminous species also carry out biological nitrogen fixation, increase nutrients to the soil and bring other benefits. Therefore, this research aimed at testing the leguminous, dwarf mucuna beans, dwarf pigeon pea and stylosanthes on seedling, maize development and the weeds incidence. This trial was carried out in both field and laboratory. On field, the leguminous species were sown in October of 2007 plus a control one (fallow) in 20 parcels of 4 x 5 m plots with five replicates each. The weeds population was recorded at 30 and 60 days after sowing of leguminous. At 90 days, they were grazed and the maize, 15 days after grazing, was planted on waste. The emergence and growth of plants were assessed, besides the weeds incidence during culture development. At the laboratory, after harvest, corn yield and seeds quality were determined. As well as the allelopathy tests on leguminous, so the aerial parts were collected and the aqueous extract of leaves was prepared at concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %, while the control was prepared with distilled water. The extract was applied on seeds of weeds (Ipomoea L., Sida rhombifolia L. and Bidens pillosa) and on maize, with four replications per treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized and the means were compared by Scott-Knott at 5% of significance. The studied cover plants showed efficient control of weeds and did not interfere in a negative way on the maize crop. Actually, it is an alternative to the integrated management of species concerning the summer green manure and crop rotation in no-tillage system for the Western region of Paraná. / A utilização de plantas de cobertura em manejo de sistema plantio direto pode agregar uma série de vantagens, entre elas, o controle da população de espécies invasoras. As leguminosas ainda realizam a fixação biológica do nitrogênio, incrementando este nutriente ao solo, além de outras vantagens. Assim, este trabalho testou as leguminosas mucuna anã, feijão guandu anão e estilosantes, sobre a germinação e crescimento de milho e a incidência de espécies invasoras. O experimento foi realizado em campo e laboratório. Em campo, as espécies leguminosas foram semeadas em outubro de 2007, com uma testemunha (pousio), em 20 parcelas de 4x5 m cada, com cinco repetições. Aos 30 e 60 dias após a semeadura das leguminosas, foram levantadas a população de plantas invasoras. Aos 90 dias, as plantas foram roçadas e o milho semeado 15 dias após a roçagem, sobre os resíduos. As avaliações feitas foram de emergência de plântulas e crescimento de plantas, além da incidência de plantas invasoras durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. Em laboratório, após a colheita, foram determinadas a produtividade e qualidade de sementes e realizados testes quanto ao potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso da parte aérea das leguminosas de cobertura nas concentrações de 1; 2,5; 5; 10 e 20% e uma testemunha com água destilada. O extrato foi aplicado sobre sementes das invasoras corda de viola, guanxuma e picão preto,; e milho, com quatro repetições por tratamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias foram comparadas por Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. As plantas de cobertura estudadas apresentaram eficiente controle de plantas invasoras e não interferiram de forma negativa sobre a cultura do milho, sendo alternativa para o manejo integrado de espécies na prática de adubação verde de primavera/verão e rotação de cultura no sistema plantio direto, para a região Oeste do Paraná.