Reliable assessment of static and dynamic petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs is critical for estimating hydrocarbon reserves, identifying good production zones, and planning hydro-fracturing jobs. Conventional well-log interpretation methods are adequate to estimate static petrophysical properties (i.e., porosity and water saturation) in formations consisting of thick beds. However, they are not as reliable when estimating dynamic petrophysical properties such as absolute permeability, movable hydrocarbon saturation, and saturation-dependent capillary pressure and relative permeability. Additionally, conventional well-log interpretation methods do not take into account shoulder-bed effects, radial distribution of fluid saturations due to mud-filtrate invasion, and differences in the volume of investigation of the various measurements involved in the calculations. This dissertation introduces new quantitative methods for petrophysical and compositional evaluation of water- and hydrocarbon-bearing formations based on the combined numerical simulation and nonlinear joint inversion of conventional well logs. Specific interpretation problems considered are those associated with (a) complex mineral compositions, (b) mud-filtrate invasion, and (c) shoulder-bed effects. Conventional well logs considered in the study include density, photoelectric factor (PEF), neutron porosity, gamma-ray (GR), and electrical resistivity. Depending on the application, estimations yield static petrophysical properties, dynamic petrophysical properties, and volumetric/weight concentrations of mineral constituents. Assessment of total organic carbon (TOC) is also possible in the case of hydrocarbon-bearing shale. Interpretation methods introduced in this dissertation start with the detection of bed boundaries and population of multi-layer petrophysical properties with conventional petrophysical interpretation results or core/X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data. Differences between well logs and their numerical simulations are minimized to estimate final layer-by-layer formation properties. In doing so, the interpretation explicitly takes into account (a) differences in the volume of investigation of the various well logs involved, (b) the process of mud-filtrate invasion, and (c) the assumed rock-physics model. Synthetic examples verify the accuracy and reliability of the introduced interpretation methods and quantify the uncertainty of estimated properties due to noisy data and incorrect bed boundaries. Several field examples describe the successful application of the methods on (a) the assessment of residual hydrocarbon saturation in a tight-gas sand formation invaded with water-base mud (WBM) and a hydrocarbon-bearing siliciclastic formation invaded with oil-base mud (OBM), (b) estimation of dynamic petrophysical properties of water-bearing sands invaded with OBM, (c) estimation of porosity and volumetric concentrations of mineral and fluid constituents in carbonate formations, and (d) estimation of TOC, total porosity, total water saturation, and volumetric concentrations of mineral constituents in the Haynesville shale-gas formation. Comparison of results against those obtained with conventional petrophysical interpretation methods, commercial multi-mineral solvers, and core/XRD data confirm the advantages and flexibility of the new interpretation techniques introduced in this dissertation for the quantification of petrophysical and compositional properties in a variety of rock formations. / text

In efforts to render the safest, fastest, and most cost efficient drilling program for a high temperature and high pressure (HT/HP) well the maximization of drilling operational efficiencies is key. Designing an adequate, HT/HP well specific, drilling fluid is of most importance and a technological challenge that can greatly affect the outcome of the overall operational efficiency. It is necessary to have a sound fundamental understanding of the behavior that water-based muds (WBM) exhibit when exposed to HT/HP conditions. Therefore, in order to adequately design and treat a WBM for a HT/HP well specific drilling program, it is essential that the mud be evaluated at HT/HP conditions. Currently, industry standard techniques used to evaluate WBM characteristics involve aging the fluid sample to a predetermined temperature, based on the anticipated bottom hole temperature (BHT), either statically or dynamically, for a predetermined length, then cooling and mixing the fluid and measuring its rheological properties at a significantly lower temperature. This, along with the fact that the fluid is not subjected to the anticipated bottom hole pressure (BHP) during or after the aging process, brings to question if the properties recorded are those that are truly experienced down-hole. Furthermore, these testing methods do not allow the user to effectively monitor the changes during the aging process. The research in this thesis is focused on evaluating a high performance WBM and the current test procedures used to evaluate their validity. Experimental static and dynamic aging tests were developed for comparative analysis as well to offer a more accurate and precise method to evaluate the effects experienced by WBM when subjected to HT/HP conditions. The experimental tests developed enable the user to monitor and evaluate, in real-time, the rheological changes that occur during the aging of a WBM while being subjected to true BHT and BHP. Detailed standard and experimental aging tests were conducted and suggest that the standard industry tests offer false rheological results with respect to true BHT and BHP. Furthermore, the experimental aging tests show that high pressure has a significant effect on the rheological properties of the WBM at elevated temperatures.

Mud crabs of the genus Scylla are widely exploited for aquaculture in the Asia- Pacific region. In the current study, a series of in vivo experiments were carried to assess the protein requirement, protein sparing effects of starch and the capacity of Scylla serrata to digest diets that contained different animal and plant-based feed meals and different levels and types of starch. Results from a protein requirement study indicated that juvenile S. serrata fed diets containing 45% or 55% protein demonstrated significantly higher growth responses than those fed the diet containing 25% protein. The subsequent study was carried out to determine if responses to dietary protein could be influenced by using purified wheat, potato, rice or corn starch to manipulate the gross energy level of fishmeal- based diets (18 or 15.5 MJ kg-1), i.e., to see if starch had a protein sparing effect in these animals. Overall, growth responses in this study appeared to be positively correlated with the level of protein in the diet with the highest growth rates achieved using diets containing 45% protein, regardless of the energy level of the diet. In addition, at a dietary protein level of 40% there was no evidence that the source of starch had any significant impact on growth performance or feed utilisation suggesting it had no protein sparing effect. By contrast, it was found that growth of juvenile S. serrata was strongly correlated with the intake of digestible dietary protein. The investigation of the capacity of sub-adult S. serrata to digest different animal and plant- based feed meals showed that apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent gross energy digestibility (AGED) values were not significant different for most selected feed meals (cotton seed, poultry, canola, fishmeal, soybean, and lupin meal). Apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) for all test feed meals were relatively high (86-96%). A subsequent study was carried out to determine if purified starch from different sources influenced the digestibility of fishmeal based diets. Overall, most diets containing starch were readily digested by mud crabs. In particular, there were no negative impacts on the digestibility of major nutrients (e.g. protein) observed following the inclusion of wheat, rice or corn starch in formulated feeds. Nevertheless, the apparent starch digestibility (ASD) of wheat starch decreased significantly as the inclusion level was increased from 15% to 60%, although there was no significant effect on ACPD values. At a 30% inclusion level, the ASD of diets containing different starches decreased in the order corn > wheat > potato = rice. Moreover, ACPD values were significantly higher for diets containing corn or rice starch than for those containing wheat or potato starch. The capacity of another species of mud crab commonly exploited for aquaculture in South East Asia, S. paramamosain, to digest the local plant-based ingredients (defatted soybean meal, rice bran, cassava and corn flour) was also conducted in Vietnam. Overall, the findings of this study showed that at a 30% inclusion level diets containing soybean meal or rice bran were well digested by mud crabs. In particular, the ACPD and AGED values for all diets containing soybean meal were not significantly different from the fishmeal based reference diet. Likewise, all digestibility values for the diet containing 30% rice bran were relatively high and not significantly different from the reference diet. By contrast, diets containing cassava flour appeared to be poorly utilised since their digestibility values for all parameters were lower than those from other testingredients. In summary, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy was in the following order (from most to least digestible) soybean meal ~ rice bran > corn flour > cassava flour. In the next study the effects of attractants in diets (chicken meal, betaine, tuna oil and bait enhancer), temperature (26.5oC, 28.5oC and 30.5oC), sex (female and male) and size (small, medium and large) on feeding responses of S. serrata were investigated. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral responses of mud crabs to diets containing different attractants. Specifically, consumption of diets with chicken meal or betaine was significantly higher than for other treatments. With the exception of betaine, no significant difference in food consumption was observed when attractant inclusion levels were raised from 2% to 5%. Overall, small crabs consumed significantly more of the ration (as a percentage of body weight) than larger crabs. Temperature showed a significant impact on most behaviour of mud crabs, excepting continuation response and there was some evidence that females were significantly more active than males. Light intensity was considered as a main factor effect to crab response since there were extremely high percentage time of crab spent in half-shaded of the Y –maze which valued at 95.6%, 93.8 and 94.4% (corresponded to small, medium and large size respectively) in comparison to those of crabs spent in the unshaded side. Overall, the findings from these studies demonstrated that mud crabs have a high capacity to digest a range of plant based feed ingredients. In particular, soybean meal appeared to be well digested by both species of mud crabs examined. It was also shown that a range of purified starches were well digested by S. serrata although starch inclusion in diets did not appear to reduce the requirement for protein to promote growth. Subsequent attractant studies demonstrated that chicken meal and betaine produced significantly elevated feeding responses and food consumption when added to diets. Based on these results we propose that these ingredients can be utilised to increase the attractiveness and consumption of artificial mud crab feeds.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά των υποθαλάσσιων αποθέσεων της ερυθράς ιλύος που καλύπτουν τεράστια έκταση του πυθμένα του κεντρικού Κορινθιακού κόλπου και προκύπτουν ως μεταλλευτικό κατάλοιπο της επεξεργασίας βωξιτών για την παραγωγή αλουμινίου. / In the present diplomatic work are examined the characteristics of submarine red mud tailings that cover enormous extent of seabed of central corinthian gulf and result as mining residue of treatment of bauxites for the production of aluminium.

A Praia do Cassino, localizada no sul do Brasil, é freqüentemente coberta por extensivos depósitos de lama, ocasionando importantes efeitos de curta e longa duração. Alterações no volume das precipitações interferem diretamente no escoamento fluvial e, conseqüentemente, no volume de sedimentos que aportam na Lagoa dos Patos. Dados do regime de precipitação ao longo de 15 estações pluviométricas no período de 1968 a 2008 foram analisados estatisticamente e correlacionadas com eventos de El Niño e La Niña e com a ocorrência de lama na praia do Cassino. Períodos de El Niño e La Niña estão associados com precipitações acima e abaixo da normal, respectivamente, principalmente durante a primavera. Além disso, as anomalias climáticas apresentam influência potencial nos depósitos lamíticos do Cassino. Durante os eventos de El Niño são registradas precipitações mais intensas e, com um tempo de resposta mais rápido a partir do início da anomalia no Oceano Pacífico, além de um intervalo de tempo menor entre os eventos de deposição. As precipitações nas bacias da região sul, nas adjacências da Lagoa dos Patos, apresentam uma forte relação com esta anomalia. Em eventos de La Niña são observadas precipitação mais moderadas além de um período de tempo maior entre o início da anomalia negativa na TSM no Oceano Pacífico e os depósitos de lama. A bacia hidrográfica localizada ao norte da Lagoa dos Patos apresenta uma influência predominante sobre a precipitação durante esse evento. Foi analisada a provável fonte mineralógica das argilas presentes na praia do Cassino e adjacências a Lagoa dos Patos, por meio de difratometria de raio-X. A esmectita é o argilomineral predominante na plataforma continental e praia do Cassino enquanto que na Lagoa dos Patos o argilomineral mais abundante é a ilita. A aplicação da análise estatística paramétrica e multivariadas, juntamente com pesquisas bibliográficas permitiram definir as principais fontes de dispersão da lama na região costeira. / Cassino Beach, placed in the south of Brazil, is frequently covered by extensive deposition of mud which causes important short and long term effects on the beach environment, as well as on the tour activities of the region. Oscillations on the volume of rainfall interferes directly on the basins fluvial outflow and consequently on the volume of sediments that flow into Patos Lagoons System. Data record of the rainfall regime of fifteen rain gauge stations in the period between 1968 and 2008 were analyzed statistically and correlated with the events of El Niño and La Niña and with the occurrence of mud in Cassino beach. The periods are associated with rainfall that is above and below average both El Niño and La Niña occur, especially during spring. Frequently climate anomalies have potential influenced on the mud deposition in Cassino Beach. Duriing El Niño’s events, more intense rainfall is registered and its response is faster considering the time of the beginning of the anomaly in the Pacific Ocean. Besides that the interval between the events of deposition have become shorter. Rainfall in the south basin region adjacent to the Patos Lagoons Systems, have a strong relation with this anomaly. During La Niña’s events more moderate rainfalls are observed, as well as a longer interval between the beginning of the negative anomaly in the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean and the deposition of mud. The basin drainage located on the north of Patos Lagoons Beach has a predominant influence over rainfall during this event. Eventually, the presumable mineral source of the clay found in Cassino Beach and adjacent to Patos Lagoons Systems was analyzed through x-ray diffraction. Smectite are the predominant clay minerals on the continental platform and on Cassino Beach while the sediment found in Patos Lagoons Systems presents higher concentration of iIlite. The sources and dispersal mud in the coastline region was defined with used the parametric and multivariate statistical analysis and bibliographical review.

A baía de Guajará é um sistema fluvial altamente influenciado por maré inserido no contexto e na área de influência da foz do rio Amazonas. Na sua margem direita, localiza-se a cidade de Belém (população da região metropolitana: 2,12 milhões de habitantes). A margem esquerda corresponde a um conjunto insular de 39 ilhas. Levantaram-se dados batimétricos e sedimentológicos, visando caracterizar a dinâmica e a textura do substrato e a sua respectiva aplicação na gestão ambienta] da baía. Os potenciais impactos e riscos de acidentes ambientais foram avaliados com base nesses dados e nas características do uso e ocupação das margens. Na área de estudo, observam-se zonas de baixa profundidade (~1O m) e canais bem definidos com profundidade considerável (~25 m). O canal da ilha das Onças, na margem esquerda, corresponde à maior província geomorfológica, além de ser o canal de vazante. Já os canais do Meio e Oriental correspondem aos canais de enchente e localizam-se na margem direita. Há depósitos sedimentares arenosos e areno-Iamosos nas zonas norte e sul, respectivamente. Enquanto a margem esquerda é marcada por processos erosivos, a direita apresenta extensas planícies de maré lamosa e considerável taxa de sedimentação. São constantes as dragagens para manter navegáveis os canais de acesso ao Porto de Belém e ao Terminal Petroquímico de Miramar. Quanto à sedimentologia, as classificações texturais predominantes foram: si/te (Phi médio); si/te arenoso (Shepard); e Lamas Siliciclásticas - LLl (Larsonneur). A aplicação do Diagrama de Pejrup mostrou que 95% das amostras correspondem a ambientes de hidrodinâmica alta ou muito alta. Na porção sul da baía, os depósitos lamosos resultam da quebra de energia de correntes e decréscimo da competência dos rios Guamá e Acará. Na zona norte, contudo, existem sedimentos arenosos devido a maior influência das correntes de maré oriundas da baía de Marajó. A orla do município de Belém encontra-se totalmente ocupada, enquanto a ocupação é incipiente na região insular. Os habitantes das ilhas possuem grande dependência dos recursos naturais. Habitações precárias (construí das, em geral, em madeira) são observadas em ambas as margens. Resultam da relação custo/benefício, sendo a adequação necessária às inundações semi-diurnais, pois se localizam sobre a planície de maré lamosa. Na capital, a aglomeração dessas habitações forma favelas. Nas ilhas, constituem moradias de famílias simples que tiram o sustento do extrativismo vegetal (açaí) e animal (pesca, caça e comércio de animais silvestres). Na Orla Oeste de Belém, as atividades de risco estão ligadas às indústrias de médio/grande porte, enquanto a Orla Sul apresenta problemáticas relacionadas à prostituição, ao comércio ilegal de animais silvestres, ao trabalho informal e ao grande número de portos e terminais fluviais, construídos em madeira e sobre a planície de maré lamosa. A Orla Central, densamente urbanizada, é menos suscetível. Com sucesso, pôde-se aplicar dados sedimentológicos e batimétricos na gestão ambiental da baía de Guajará. Assim, conclui-se que dados abióticos e socioeconomicos, analisados à luz dos processos ecológicos de média/larga escala, podem gerar diagnósticos específicos e contribuir na geração de planos de mitigação e controle de danos ambientais. / The Guajará Bay (to southeast of Marajó lsland) is a fluvial system with high tidai influence, inserted in the context and influence area of the estuarine complex of Amazonas River Mouth. ln the right margin, is located the Belém city (metropolitan population: 2.12 million peoples). The left margin is an islander set composed by 39 islands. Bathymetrical and sedimentological data were collected, aiming to characterize the dynamic and textural of botiom and the application of these data in the environmental management of the Guajará Bay. The risks of environmental accidents were available with aid of the characteristics of use and occupation of flood marginal areas. In the Guajará Bay, is observed zones with low depth and well defined channels (depth reaches of 25 m). The Onças Island Channel, in the left margin, is the major geomorphologic province and is the ebb channel. The Oriental and do Meio Channel are the flood channel, and is located in the right margin. Have sedimentary sandy and sand-muddy deposits in the north and south zones, respectively. While in the left margin is observed erosion processes, the right margin IS an extensive and continuous tidal mudflat, with considerable sedimentation rate (needing constant dredging to maintain navigable the access channel of Belém city Port and Miramar Petrochemical Terminal). In relation to sedimentology, the textural classifications were: silt (mean gram-slze method); sandy si/t (Shepard method); and Siliciclastic Mud - LU (Larsonneur method). The application of Pejrup diagram shows that 95% of samples come from to environmental with high or so high hydrodynamic. In the south portion, the muddy deposits are result of the break energy and consequently decrease of Guamá and Acará fluvial competence. Therefore, in the north portion were observed sandy deposits because the major influence oftidal currents from the Marajó Bay. The border of Belém city show high occupation, in contrast to starter occupation of the insular region. The habitants of the islands of Guajará Bay have considerable dependence of the natural resources. Precarious houses made in general with wood are observed in both margins. This is result of the relation price / usefulness and they are the necessary adaptation for the semi-diurnal flood. Therefore, in Belém city the agglomeration of these houses form shanty-town on the mudflat. In the islands, are houses of simple families, whose sustenance is the vegetal (açaí) and animal extrativism - fishing, chasing and business of wild animaIs. The borders West and South of Belém city were the most susceptible to environmental damage. The Central border, with high urbanization, was low susceptible. While in the West border the hazard activities have relation with the industries, in the South border the activities have relation with the prostitution, the illegal business of wild animais, the informal work and the large concentration of fluvial ports and terminais, made with wood and on the tidal mudflat. With success can be applied the application of sedimentological and bathymetrical data in the environmental management of the Guajará Bay. ln such way, the conc\usion is that abiotics and socioeconomics data, analyzed together to the ecological process of large scale, can to make specify diagnoses and to aid in the generation of plane of diminution and control of environmental damages.

Eight strains of bacteria (L1-L8) were isolated from the mud of a decantation lake (A) from the Station of Effluent Treatment (SET) of the S. A. Usina Coruripe Açúcar e Álcool , in the harvest season of 2004/05. Three of these bacteria were considered facultative anaerobes (L3, L7 and L8). The isolates were identified as species of the genus Achromobacter (L1 and L5), Acinetobacter (L2 and L6), Proteus (L3), Flavobacterium (L4), and Serratia (L7 and L8), with different enzymatic activities that are of environmental interest. On the other hand, 19 microorganisms were isolated from the wastewater samples of the same lake and of the sugarcane bagasse stored in that company, it means,8 from the effluent and 11 from the bagasse, being 14 bacteria G+ and G- (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, BC1, BC2, BC3, BC6, BC7 and BC11), and 5 were fungi - 3 yeast (BC4, BC5 and BC9) and 2 moulds (BC8 and BC10). All the isolates were mesophylic. The bacteria from the studied effluent were identified as Klebsiella sp (A1), Corynebacterium sp (A2 and A7), Arthrobacter sp (A3), Streptomyces sp (A4); Staphylococcus sp (A5), Acinetobacter sp (A6); Serratia sp (A8). The isolates from the sugarcane bagasse were species from the genus Bacillus (BC1),Clostridium. (BC2), Acinetobacter (BC3 and BC6); Corynebacterium (BC7) and Lactobacillus (BC11). Because of their high potential in degrading polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and phenolic compounds such as tannin, the mud bacteria L1 (Achromobacter sp) and L3 (Proteus sp) were screened according to their kinetic of growth and degradation of tannic acid. Although the concentration of tannic acid at 0,8 % still allows the growth of Proteus sp, the concentration of the same substrate at 1% in solid medium inhibited its growth, suggesting that the microorganism do not tolerate high concentrations of this compound. Furthermore, even if Achromobacter sp from the mud had not grown in solid medium containing 0.8-1.0% of tannic acid, it was able to developed very well in medium with gallic acid, and also hydrolysed ester linkages of the tannic acid molecule in liquid medium, releasing gallic acid. The species of Proteus and Achromobacter sp, isolated from the mud from the decantation lake of the studied sugar-alcohol industry (harvest season 2004/05) appear promising for studies of co-metabolism and bioaugmentation for treatment of this type of wastewater containing phenolic compounds and other substances. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foram isoladas 8 linhagens bacterianas (L1-L8) de lodo da lagoa de decantação A da Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE) da S. A. Usina Coruripe Açúcar e Álcool, na safra de 2004/05, sendo 3 deles anaeróbios facultativos com metabolismo fermentativo (L3, L7 e L8). Os isolados foram identificados como espécies de Achromobacter (L1 e L5), Acinetobacter (L2 e L6), Proteus (L3), Flavobacterium (L4), e Serratia (L7 e L8), apresentando diversas atividades enzimáticas de interesse ambiental. Quanto às amostras do efluente da mesma lagoa de decantação da ETE estudada, e do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar acumulado na empresa, foram isolados 19 microrganismos (8 do efluente e 11 do bagaço), sendo que 14 são bactérias G+ e G- (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, BC1, BC2, BC3, BC6, BC7 e BC11) e 5 são fungos, isto é, 3 leveduriformes (BC4, BC5 e BC9) e 2 filamentosos (BC8 e BC10). Todos os microrganismos obtidos são mesofílicos. As bactérias dos efluentes da ETE estudada foram identificadas como pertencentes aos gêneros Klebsiella (A1), Corynebacterium (A2 e A7), Arthrobacter (A3), Streptomyces (A4); Staphylococcus (A5), Acinetobacter (A6); Serratia (A8). Os isolados de bagaço-de-cana pertencem ao gêneros: Bacillus sp (BC1), Clostridium. Sp (BC2), Acinetobacter (BC3 e BC6); Corynebacterium (BC7) e Lactobacillus (BC11). Por terem apresentado um alto potencial em degradar polissacarídeos, lipídeos, proteínas e compostos fenólicos (tanino), os isolados de lodo L1 (Achromobacter sp) e L3 (Proteus sp) foram selecionados para testes de cinética de crescimento/degradação de ácido tânico. Embora concentrações de 0,8 % de ácido tânico ainda favoreçam o crescimento de Proteus sp, a concentração de 1 % desse substrato em meio sólido inibiu seu crescimento, sugerindo que o microrganismo não tolera altas concentrações desse composto. Apesar de não ter sido observado o crescimento do isolado de lodo Achromobacter sp. em meio sólido contendo 0,8-1,0% de ácido tânico, o mesmo foi capaz de degradar fenóis pelo seu desenvolvimento em meio contendo ácido gálico, ou por ter hidrolisado as ligações éster da molécula de ácido tânico em meio líquido, liberando ácido gálico. As espécies de Proteus sp e Achromobacter sp, isoladas de lodo da lagoa de decantação da ETE da indústria sucroalcooleira estudada (safra 2004/05), são promissoras para estudos de cometabolismo de microrganismos e bioaumentação de águas residuárias contendo compostos fenólicos e outras substâncias.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bertelli_c_dr_rcla.pdf: 1445927 bytes, checksum: 3df853b9d623ed29690c511d2cafaaf2 (MD5) / A produção do couro tem, entre outras conseqüências, a produção de resíduos que resultam em proporções relativamente elevadas de cromo associado a outros elementos químicos na contaminação do solo e das plantas, o que pode repercutir na cadeia alimentar dos seres vivos, principalmente no homem. O presente trabalho apresenta pesquisa realizada em campo sobre os efeitos da disposição de lodos de curtume no solo e em plantas (Sida sp., Brachiaria sp., Paspalum sp., Ricinus sp.). Foram analisadas áreas nos municípios de Fernandópolis e Patrocínio Paulista, onde ocorreu a disposição aleatória de lodo de curtume por várias décadas. Tais áreas foram, posteriormente, utilizadas para plantio de pastagem ou vegetação arbustiva. Vários pesquisadores realizaram estudos em laboratório, onde avaliaram a presença elementos pesados, principalmente o cromo fixado em plantas de folhas largas. Este trabalho apresenta análises de solo, análises de plantas e suas raízes, e os resultados das análises das áreas tratamento de 30 anos demonstraram os impactos no ambiente provocado pelo lodo no solo e na planta. Este trabalho pretende determinar a densidade de patógenos do lodo de curtume, avaliando a concentração do cromo no solo e na planta, além de sua transferência para as recomendações mitigadoras para a prática de disposição do lodo de curtume no solo. / The industrialization of the leather has as the one of its consequences production of residues that result relatively high ratios of chromium associated with other chemical elements in the contamination of the soil and the plants, what it can reverberate in the alimentary chain of the beings livings creature, mainly in the man. The present work presents research carried through in field on the effect of the disposal of muds of tannery in the soil and the plant (Sida sp., Brachiaria sp., Paspalum sp., Ricinus sp.). Areas in the cities of Fernandópolis and Patrocínio Paulista had been analyzed, where the random disposal of mud of tannery per some decades occurred. Such areas had been, later, used for plantation of pasture or bush vegetation. Some researchers had carried through research in laboratory, where they evaluated elements weighed mainly the chromium fixed in wide leaf plants. This work presents soil analyses, analyses of plants and its roots, e the results of the analyses of the contaminated areas has 30 years had more than demonstrated the ambient effects provoked by the mud in the soil and the plant. In specific the work it intends to determine the density of patógenos of the tannery mud, evaluating the concentration of the chromium in the soil and the plant and to recommend mitigate actions for the practical one of disposal of the mud of tannery in the soil.

A baía de Guajará é um sistema fluvial altamente influenciado por maré inserido no contexto e na área de influência da foz do rio Amazonas. Na sua margem direita, localiza-se a cidade de Belém (população da região metropolitana: 2,12 milhões de habitantes). A margem esquerda corresponde a um conjunto insular de 39 ilhas. Levantaram-se dados batimétricos e sedimentológicos, visando caracterizar a dinâmica e a textura do substrato e a sua respectiva aplicação na gestão ambienta] da baía. Os potenciais impactos e riscos de acidentes ambientais foram avaliados com base nesses dados e nas características do uso e ocupação das margens. Na área de estudo, observam-se zonas de baixa profundidade (~1O m) e canais bem definidos com profundidade considerável (~25 m). O canal da ilha das Onças, na margem esquerda, corresponde à maior província geomorfológica, além de ser o canal de vazante. Já os canais do Meio e Oriental correspondem aos canais de enchente e localizam-se na margem direita. Há depósitos sedimentares arenosos e areno-Iamosos nas zonas norte e sul, respectivamente. Enquanto a margem esquerda é marcada por processos erosivos, a direita apresenta extensas planícies de maré lamosa e considerável taxa de sedimentação. São constantes as dragagens para manter navegáveis os canais de acesso ao Porto de Belém e ao Terminal Petroquímico de Miramar. Quanto à sedimentologia, as classificações texturais predominantes foram: si/te (Phi médio); si/te arenoso (Shepard); e Lamas Siliciclásticas - LLl (Larsonneur). A aplicação do Diagrama de Pejrup mostrou que 95% das amostras correspondem a ambientes de hidrodinâmica alta ou muito alta. Na porção sul da baía, os depósitos lamosos resultam da quebra de energia de correntes e decréscimo da competência dos rios Guamá e Acará. Na zona norte, contudo, existem sedimentos arenosos devido a maior influência das correntes de maré oriundas da baía de Marajó. A orla do município de Belém encontra-se totalmente ocupada, enquanto a ocupação é incipiente na região insular. Os habitantes das ilhas possuem grande dependência dos recursos naturais. Habitações precárias (construí das, em geral, em madeira) são observadas em ambas as margens. Resultam da relação custo/benefício, sendo a adequação necessária às inundações semi-diurnais, pois se localizam sobre a planície de maré lamosa. Na capital, a aglomeração dessas habitações forma favelas. Nas ilhas, constituem moradias de famílias simples que tiram o sustento do extrativismo vegetal (açaí) e animal (pesca, caça e comércio de animais silvestres). Na Orla Oeste de Belém, as atividades de risco estão ligadas às indústrias de médio/grande porte, enquanto a Orla Sul apresenta problemáticas relacionadas à prostituição, ao comércio ilegal de animais silvestres, ao trabalho informal e ao grande número de portos e terminais fluviais, construídos em madeira e sobre a planície de maré lamosa. A Orla Central, densamente urbanizada, é menos suscetível. Com sucesso, pôde-se aplicar dados sedimentológicos e batimétricos na gestão ambiental da baía de Guajará. Assim, conclui-se que dados abióticos e socioeconomicos, analisados à luz dos processos ecológicos de média/larga escala, podem gerar diagnósticos específicos e contribuir na geração de planos de mitigação e controle de danos ambientais. / The Guajará Bay (to southeast of Marajó lsland) is a fluvial system with high tidai influence, inserted in the context and influence area of the estuarine complex of Amazonas River Mouth. ln the right margin, is located the Belém city (metropolitan population: 2.12 million peoples). The left margin is an islander set composed by 39 islands. Bathymetrical and sedimentological data were collected, aiming to characterize the dynamic and textural of botiom and the application of these data in the environmental management of the Guajará Bay. The risks of environmental accidents were available with aid of the characteristics of use and occupation of flood marginal areas. In the Guajará Bay, is observed zones with low depth and well defined channels (depth reaches of 25 m). The Onças Island Channel, in the left margin, is the major geomorphologic province and is the ebb channel. The Oriental and do Meio Channel are the flood channel, and is located in the right margin. Have sedimentary sandy and sand-muddy deposits in the north and south zones, respectively. While in the left margin is observed erosion processes, the right margin IS an extensive and continuous tidal mudflat, with considerable sedimentation rate (needing constant dredging to maintain navigable the access channel of Belém city Port and Miramar Petrochemical Terminal). In relation to sedimentology, the textural classifications were: silt (mean gram-slze method); sandy si/t (Shepard method); and Siliciclastic Mud - LU (Larsonneur method). The application of Pejrup diagram shows that 95% of samples come from to environmental with high or so high hydrodynamic. In the south portion, the muddy deposits are result of the break energy and consequently decrease of Guamá and Acará fluvial competence. Therefore, in the north portion were observed sandy deposits because the major influence oftidal currents from the Marajó Bay. The border of Belém city show high occupation, in contrast to starter occupation of the insular region. The habitants of the islands of Guajará Bay have considerable dependence of the natural resources. Precarious houses made in general with wood are observed in both margins. This is result of the relation price / usefulness and they are the necessary adaptation for the semi-diurnal flood. Therefore, in Belém city the agglomeration of these houses form shanty-town on the mudflat. In the islands, are houses of simple families, whose sustenance is the vegetal (açaí) and animal extrativism - fishing, chasing and business of wild animaIs. The borders West and South of Belém city were the most susceptible to environmental damage. The Central border, with high urbanization, was low susceptible. While in the West border the hazard activities have relation with the industries, in the South border the activities have relation with the prostitution, the illegal business of wild animais, the informal work and the large concentration of fluvial ports and terminais, made with wood and on the tidal mudflat. With success can be applied the application of sedimentological and bathymetrical data in the environmental management of the Guajará Bay. ln such way, the conc\usion is that abiotics and socioeconomics data, analyzed together to the ecological process of large scale, can to make specify diagnoses and to aid in the generation of plane of diminution and control of environmental damages.