Relations are central in education and educational research. This thesis is an exploration of how generational relations are represented in an American film called Mud from 2012. In Mud, we are presented with the portrayal of the young and coming-of-age boy Ellis and his encounters with the mysterious title character. Despite the absence of formal education, the film deals with a young person’s formation and existential questions such as love and loss. Struggling with his parents’ upcoming separation, Ellis seeks refuge on an island together with a friend and meets a stranger (Mud). The young boy eventually views the man as a guide. For Herman Nohl (1933), the experience of being in relation to a guide is pivotal for one’s formation and the pedagogical relation rests upon this very experience. Hence, the aim is to shed light on the pedagogical relation and how the younger and older generations are seen to relate to each other (through the example of film). Put differently, the focus is to show how the characters in the film make use of different pedagogical postures and incline in relation to one another as well as to ‘the world’ in which they find themselves. I will argue that these bodily movements take place in various pedagogical spaces - open yet secluded ‘islands’. In highlighting how the film represents pedagogical relations, the thesis seeks to lay bare some of the ambiguities of the term. It is through problematising the idea of pedagogical relations that the thesis contributes to the field of educational theory. The thesis is divided into five main parts. In the first part I discuss the relevance of investigating the film Mud itself. The second part gives attention to the medium of film and how it can be understood. The three concepts of (pedagogical) relations, inclinations and the world are presented in the third part of the thesis. In analysing the film, I start by studying the initial scenes of the film where the younger generation is seen to relate to the older generation and the surrounding world. As the younger generation in the film travels along a river, I similarly go where the text takes me. The thesis ends with a concluding discussion and a summary.

La localidad de Túcume, presenta gran variedad de edificaciones de barro, este tipo de construcciones con adobe y quincha no son solo parte de nuestra cultura, sino que representan el legado de nuestros antepasados, actualmente estos sistemas están desapareciendo, debido a pseudos conceptos, sociales y económicos, que desestiman su uso, además el poco conocimiento del trabajo con estos materiales y la poca propagación de los beneficios del mismo. Mediante esto se establece como objetivo identificar el adecuado funcionamiento de los sistemas constructivos de tierra, a través del mapeo de las viviendas, sus características arquitectónicas y los elementos que conforman el sistema constructivo. La metodología usada tiene un enfoque mixto, donde se utilizan herramientas de redibujo, fotografías, fichas de observación, además de entrevistas. Mediante este contexto la localidad de Túcume, presentó las condiciones adecuadas para desarrollar la presente investigación, donde se evidencio los distintos sistemas en las viviendas y como estos la conforman. / The locality of Túcume features a wide variety of mud constructions. These adobe and wattle-and-daub buildings not only form part of our culture but also represent the legacy of our ancestors. Currently, these systems are disappearing due to misconceptions of social and economic nature that discourage their use. Additionally, the limited knowledge of working with these materials and the lack of awareness about their benefits contribute to their decline. Through this, the objective is to identify the proper functioning of earth construction systems by mapping the houses, their architectural characteristics, and the elements that constitute the construction system. The methodology used has a mixed approach, using tools such as redrawing, photography, observation cards, as well as interviews. In this context, the locality of Túcume presented suitable conditions for conducting this research, revealing the various systems in the houses and how they are constructed.

Ο Κορινθιακός κόλπος αποτελεί ένα φυσικό εργαστήριο για την παρακολούθηση ιζηματολογικών διεργασιών μεταφοράς ιζημάτων από το περιβάλλον της υφαλοκρηπίδα σε αυτό της λεκάνης. Η μορφολογία και η δομή του Κορινθιακού κόλπου φέρουν τα χαρακτηριστικά ενός ενεργού ηπειρωτικού περιθωρίου με βάθη από 100 μέχρι ~850 m όπου αναπτύσσονται ένα πλήθος διεργασιών που δρουν μεταβάλλοντας το ανάγλυφο και διαμορφώνουν το ιζηματογενές κάλυμμα. Στο βόρειο περιθώριο του Κεντρικού Κορινθιακού Κόλπου πραγματοποιείται από το 1970, η υποθαλάσσια έκχυση μεταλλευτικών απόβλητων που σχηματίζονται κατά την επεξεργασίας βωξίτη για την παραγωγή αλουμίνας. Τα μεταλλευτικά απόβλητα, γνωστά και ως ερυθρά ιλύς, απορρίπτονται στην υφαλοκρηπίδα του κόλπου της Αντίκυρας, στην βόρια ακτή του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή διαπραγματεύεται το σημαντικό, για τον ελληνικό θαλάσσιο χώρο, περιβαλλοντικό θέμα της εξάπλωσης της βωξιτικής ερυθράς ιλύος στον Κεντρικό Κορινθιακό κόλπο. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δόθηκε στις διεργασίες διασποράς και μεταφοράς της ερυθράς ιλύος στην περιοχή έρευνας. Η μελέτη του θέματος της διατριβής στηρίχθηκε σε ένα ευρύ φάσμα πρωτογενών δεδομένων που συλλέχθηκαν από το Εργαστήριο Θαλάσσιας Γεωλογίας & Φυσικής Ωκεανογραφίας του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας, Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών. Η συλλογή των δεδομένων πραγματοποιήθηκε σε τέσσερις χρονικές περιόδους από το 1994-2007. Κατά την διάρκεια των ωκεανογραφικών αποστολών εκτελέσθηκαν θαλάσσιες γεωφυσικές έρευνες με χρήση τομογράφου υποδομής πυθμένα και ηχοβολιστή πλευρικής σάρωσης, οπτικές παρατηρήσεις του πυθμένα με χρήση κατευθυνόμενου υποβρύχιου οχήματος και συλλέχθηκε ένας μεγάλος αριθμός δειγμάτων ιζήματος. Κατά την εκπόνηση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής εκτελέστηκαν μία σειρά αναλύσεων για τις φυσικές, χημικές και ορυκτολογικές ιδιότητες των δειγμάτων. Η επεξεργασία των γεωφυσικών δεδομένων οδήγησε στην λεπτομερή αποτύπωση της βαθυμετρίας και μορφολογίας της περιοχής έρευνας. Η κατωφέρεια του βόρειου περιθωρίου του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου διασχίζεται από πολυάριθμες χαραδρώσεις. Συνολικά αναγνωρίστηκαν είκοσι οκτώ (28) χαραδρώσεις. Δεκαεφτά (17) από αυτές αναπτύσσονται στην κατωφέρεια του Κόλπου της Αντίκυρας. Η ερυθρά ιλύς εκχύνεται στην υφαλοκρηπίδα του Κόλπου της Αντίκυρας διαμέσου ενός συστήματος υποβρύχιων αγωγών οι οποίοι τερματίζουν σε βάθος νερού 100-120 m. Το μεταλλευτικά απόβλητα αποτελούν ένα μείγμα λεπτόκοκκων υποπροϊόντων (ιλύς και λεπτόκοκκη άμμος) με θαλασσινό νερό που απορρίπτεται σε μορφή λάσπης στον πυθμένα της υφαλοκρηπίδας. Στην περιοχή εξόδου των αγωγών, στην υφαλοκρηπίδα, η ερυθρά ιλύς σχημάτισε συγκεντρώσεις σημαντικού πάχους. Μέχρι το 1994 σχηματίστηκαν τρεις υποθαλάσσιοι λοβοί. Ο λοβός Α, στα δυτικά, έχει μέγιστο ύψος 14 m. Ο κεντρικός λοβός Β έχει μέγιστο ύψος 27 m. Ο ανατολικός λοβός Γ έχει μέγιστο ύψος 23 m. Οι τρεις λοβοί συνενώνονται σε μία ενιαία λοβοειδή κύρια απόθεση. Η ερυθρά ιλύς διασπείρεται από την κύρια λοβοειδή απόθεση. Η οπτική διασκόπηση του πυθμένα έδειξε ότι προς τα ανάντη των λοβών οι υποβρύχιοι αγωγοί έχουν θαφτεί από ερυθρά ιλύ σε βάθος νερού ~53 m. Προς τα κατάντη η ερυθρά ιλύς διασπείρεται σε Ν-ΝΔ διεύθυνση. Δημιουργείται έτσι ένα επιφανειακό στρώμα ερυθράς ιλύος πάχους 27 έως 1 m, το οποίο αποτελεί την ευρύτερη απόθεση ερυθράς ιλύος. Δείγματα ιζήματος από την υφαλοκρηπίδα παρουσίασαν ότι ο πυθμένας καλύπτεται από ένα επιφανειακό στρώμα ερυθράς ιλύος ελάχιστου πάχους ενός εκατοστού. Επιπλέον υποβρύχιες εικόνες επιβεβαίωσαν την κάλυψη του φυσικού πυθμένα της υφαλοκρηπίδας από ένα λεπτό επίχρισμα ερυθράς ιλύος σε βάθος νερού 265 m, στο υφαλόριο. Στην λεκάνη του κεντρικού Κορινθιακού Κόλπου η ερυθρά ιλύς σχημάτισε επάλληλα επιφανειακά και υπο-επιφανειακά στρώματα τα οποία εναλλάσσονται με φυσικά ιζήματα. Τη δεκαετία του 1990 η μέση ετήσια παραγωγή ερυθράς ιλύος ήταν 640,000 τόνοι. Μέχρι το 1994 οι αποθέσεις της ερυθράς ιλύος στον πυθμένα της υφαλοκρηπίδας εκτείνονται σε 36.5 km2, και ανέρχονται σε όγκο που εκτιμάται στους 40.8 εκατ. τόνους. Η οπτική διασκόπηση έδειξε ότι ένα λεπτό επιφανειακό στρώμα ερυθράς ιλύος να καλύπτει τον φυσικό πυθμένα της υφαλοκρηπίδας μέχρι το υφαλόριο, σε βάθος νερού 265 m. Στην κεντρική λεκάνη του Κορινθιακού κόλπου οι αποθέσεις της ερυθράς ιλύος συνολικά καλύπτουν 288 km2 του πυθμένα. O όγκος των αποθέσεων της ερυθράς ιλύος στη λεκάνη εκτιμήθηκε στους 1.96 εκατ. τόνους. Ο συνολικός όγκος της ερυθράς ιλύος που έχει απορριφθεί από το 1970-1994 στο βόρειο περιθώριο του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου αγγίζει τους 43 εκατ. τόνους. Από αυτό το υλικό μόλις το 4.5 % μεταφέρεται στην κεντρική λεκάνη του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου, ενώ το 95.5 % παραμένει στην υφαλοκρηπίδα του Κόλπου της Αντίκυρας. Δύο μηχανισμοί κυρίως ευθύνονται για τη διασπορά της ερυθράς ιλύος από την κύρια απόθεση στην υφαλοκρηπίδα. Ο υψηλός ρυθμός ιζηματογένεσης στους λοβούς εξαιτίας της μεγάλης ποσότητας υλικού που απορρίπτεται από τους αγωγούς, προκαλεί αύξηση στους πόρους των ιζημάτων και οδηγεί σε αστοχίες στα πρανή των λοβών. Ο έτερος μηχανισμός, οποίος είναι και ο πιο σημαντικός, αφορά στην έντονη σεισμικότητα της περιοχής έρευνας. Ένας αριθμός σεισμών που έχουν εκδηλωθεί στην ευρύτερη περιοχή του Κόλπου της Αντίκυρας, για την χρονική περίοδο που μελετήθηκε η ερυθρά ιλύς (1994-2007), είχαν μέγεθος (Ms>5) ικανό να προκαλέσει υποθαλάσσιες βαρυτικές μετακινήσεις μαζών. Επιπλέον το σεισμικό τους επίκεντρο βρισκόταν σε απόσταση μικρότερη των 60 km από την περιοχή της απόθεσης της ερυθράς ιλύος. Οι σεισμοί αυτοί δυνητικά έπληξαν τους λοβούς της ερυθράς ιλύος και πυροδότησαν υποθαλάσσιες κατολισθήσεις. Οι κατολισθήσεις από τα πρανή των λοβών μετασχηματίζονται σε ροή μάζας που διασπείρουν την ερυθρά ιλύ στον πυθμένα της υφαλοκρηπίδας, μέχρι το υφαλόριο. Στο υφαλόριο η αύξηση της κλίσης του πρανούς μετασχηματίζει τις ροές μάζας σε τουρβιδιτικά ρεύματα που μεταφέρουν την ερυθρά ιλύ στην κεντρική λεκάνη του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου. Στα ανώτερα 20 cm των επιφανειακών ιζημάτων της κεντρικής λεκάνης του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου, αναγνωρίστηκαν οκτώ (8) ιζηματολογικές ενότητες οι οποίες αποτελούν αποθέσεις λεπτόκοκκων τουρβιδιτών. Οι ενότητες σχηματίστηκαν από ισάριθμα τουρβιδιτικά ρεύματα που διέσχισαν την κατωφέρεια και μετάφεραν ερυθρά ιλύ, φυσικά ιζήματα ή και τα δύο. Διαπιστώθηκε μάλιστα ότι τα τουρβιδικά ρεύματα που σχημάτισαν τις επιφανειακές αποθέσεις της λεκάνης, διέσχισαν διαφορετικές χαραδρώσεις κάθε φορά, αλλά περισσότερες από μία χαράδρωση ενεργοποιήθηκαν σε κάθε τουρβιδιτικό γεγονός. Ο ρυθμός ιζηματογένεσης για τα ανώτερα 20 cm των ιζημάτων της κεντρικής λεκάνης υπολογίστηκε στην παρούσα εργασία και εκτιμάται από 0.8 έως 3.3 mm/yr. Είναι σημαντικά υψηλότερος από το ρυθμό ημιπελαγικής ιζηματογένεσης κατά τη διάρκεια του Ολοκαίνου στο Ιόνιο και το Αιγαίο αλλά κοντά στο μέσο ρυθμό ιζηματογένεσης που προέκυψε από τις πρόσφατες ενστρωμένες ακολουθίες τουρβιδιτών στη λεκάνη του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου, όπως αναφέρεται από προηγούμενες έρευνες. Η ερυθρά ιλύς εξαιτίας του μητρικού πετρώματος και της διεργασίας παραγωγής αποτελεί ένα ίζημα εμπλουτισμένο σε βαρέα μέταλλα καθώς χαρακτηρίζεται από υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις των βαρέων μετάλλων: Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Al, Fe, Ti. Οι συγκεντρώσεις αυτές είναι πολύ υψηλότερες από τις αντίστοιχες του υποβάθρου (δείκτες εμπλουτισμού >>1). Παρατηρήθηκε ωστόσο αραίωση των συγκεντρώσεων των παραπάνω μετάλλων στις αποθέσεις της υφαλοκρηπίδας και της λεκάνης σε σχέση με την ερυθρά ιλύ στις επίγειες δεξαμενές στο εργοστάσιο επεξεργασίας (δείκτες αραίωσης <1). Πιθανώς η ανάμειξη της ερυθράς ιλύος με το θαλασσινό νερό κατά την απόρριψη από τους αγωγούς να προκαλεί μείωση των συγκεντρώσεων των μετάλλων. Οι βαρυτικές διεργασίες που λαμβάνουν χώρα στην περιοχή του Κορινθιακού Κόλπου και ευθύνονται για τη μεταφορά της ερυθράς ιλύος από τους λοβούς προς τα κατάντη επιδρούν στη σύσταση του μεταλλοφόρου ιζήματος. Κατά την μεταφορά προκαλείται ανάμειξη της ερυθράς ιλύος με το φυσικό ίζημα του πυθμένα. Αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα να μειώνονται οι συγκεντρώσεις των βαρέων μετάλλων και η ερυθρά ιλύς να εμπλουτίζεται σε στοιχεία που αφθονούν στα φυσικά ιζήματα. / Corinth Gulf constitutes a natural laboratory for the study of sedimentary processes that control the sediment transport from the shelf to the deep basin floor. The gulf comprises an active continental margin which reaches a maximum depth of about 870 m and hosts a number of processes that alter the seafloor morphology and form the sedimentation regime. On the northern coast of the central Gulf of Corinth operates since 1970, a Submarine Tailings Disposal System. The tailings, also known as red mud, are the by-product of the bauxite processing for the aluminum production. Red mud is discharged on the shelf of the Antikyra Gulf. The present PhD research thesis studies the important environmental issue of the red mud tailings distribution and dispersion in the central Corinth Gulf. The study was based on a wide spectrum of primordial and original data collected by the Laboratory of Marine Geology & Physical Oceanography, in Department of Geology, University of Patras. Data collection was performed in four marine surveys from 1994 to 2007. The surveys comprised of marine geophysical exploration using Sub-bottom Profiler, Echo-sounder and Side Scan Sonar systems and visual inspection of the seafloor using an remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Furthermore, a dense grid of sediment samples using Day grab and also a gravity core, were collected. A series of laboratory analyses were performed for the physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of the marine sample sediments. The geophysical dataset presented the detailed bathometry and morphology of the study area. The slope of the northern coast of the Corinth Gulf is incised by numerous of submarine canyons. Twenty eight canyons were identified and measured in terms of dimensions, dip of the walls and thickness of sediment cover. Seventeen of these are developed on the slope southwards from Antikyra Gulf. Red mud is being discharged on the shelf floor of Antikyra Gulf, at a water depth of 100-120 m through a submarine pipeline system. Red mud is a sludge which consists of fine-grained sediment particles (mud and sand) mixed with sea water. At the pipeline outfall site, on the shelf, red mud has formed a surface layer of significant thickness. By 1994 three submarine sediment lobes were formed. Lobe A, on the west, has maximum height of 14 m. Lobe B, in the center, rises 27 m above the seafloor. Lobe C, on the east has maximum elevation of 23 m. The three lobes merge into a common lobe-shape main red mud deposit. Red mud is dispersed from the main lobe-shape deposition. Visual inspection of the shelf seafloor has shown that the submarine pipelines are buried under a layer of red mud northwards from the lobes, in a water depth of about 53 m. Downhill from the lobes red mud disperse in a S-SW direction. Thus, a surface layer of red mud with minimum thickness of 1 m has formed and constitutes the wider red mud deposit, which encompass the main red mud deposit. Sediment samples presented that the shelf floor is covered by a thin surface layer of red mud with minimum thickness of few to 1 cm. Furthermore visual inspection showed a thin veneer of red mud covers the natural seafloor at the water depth of 265 m, at the shelf break. On the basin floor red mud has formed surface and sub-surface layers that intercalate with the natural sediments. During the '90s the mean annual red mud production was 640,000 tones. In 1994 the red mud deposits on the shelf floor cover 36.5 km2 and the total volume was estimated at 40.8 million tones. On the basin floor red mud layers cover 288 km2. The volume of the materials was estimated to be 1.96 million tones. The total volume of red mud that has been discharged from 1970 to 1994 is estimated to be 43 million tones. 4.5 % of the total volume of this material is being transported to the basin floor while the majority (95.5 %) lays on the shelf floor. The dispersion of red mud from the main deposition is attributed mainly to two processes. The high sedimentation rate at the lobes due to the ample supply of red mud from the pipelines, can cause excess sediment pore pressure and induce sediment failures from the lobes. The other process is associated with the high seismicity of the Corinth Gulf. During the period of the data collection (1994-2007) a number of earthquakes shocked the study area and had magnitudes (Ms>5) that were able to cause submarine sediment failures. Also the epicentral area laid in a distance of less than 60 km from the area of red mud deposits on the shelf. These earthquakes potentially stroke the lobe-shape deposit of the red mud and caused submarine sediment failures and landslides. The initial landslides at the lobes are transformed into mass flows that disperse the red mud on the shelf, floor as far as the shelf break. At the shelf break due to the dip increase, turbidity currents are triggered, cross the slope and carry the red mud at the central basin of the Corinth Gulf, where they finally deposit. In the upper 20 cm of the sedimentary cover of the basin floor were recognized eight discrete sedimentary units. These units bear characteristics of fine-grained turbidites and have been formed by different tourbidity currents that crossed the slope. The currents curried either red mud, or natural sediments or both. Each turbidity current that formed the sedimentary units on the basin floor, crossed more than one canyon on the slope each time. However each tourbiditic event crosses different canyons each time. The sedimentation rate for the upper sedimentary cover of the basin floor which consist of the red mud layers and the intercalating natural sediments, is estimated for the present study and ranges from 0.8 to 3.3 mm/y. This rate is higher than the hemipelagic sedimentation rate during the Holocene in Ionian and Aegean Sea. However is close to the mean sedimentation rate that has been estimated by the recent tourbiditic sequences in the central Corinth Gulf basin by previous works. Red mud due to the parental material and the production process is highly enriched in heavy metals such as Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Al, Fe, Ti. The concentrations of these metals are extremely higher than the background values. However red mud deposits on the shelf and the basin floor are depleted in the heavy metal concentration comparing to the red mud in a onshore pool, prior to the submarine discharge. Mixing of red mud with seawater during the discharge from the pipelines decreases the levels of heavy metals. Also a depletion in metal concentration is observed in the basin floor red mud deposits comparing to the main red mud deposition at the lobes and this may be attributed to the gravitational processes that come about and transport the red mud from the source (lobes) to the sink (basin floor). During the transport takes place mixing between the red mud and the natural sediments. On the basin floor the red mud has decreased concentrations of metals and shows elevated concentrations in elements that abound in natural sediments.

The problem of how sand and mud was distributed downslope, within linked alluvial-brackish water-marine shoreline systems of an extensive clastic wedge is addressed here. The Iles Clastic wedge accumulated over a time period of a few million years (my), and its component high-frequency regressive-transgressive sequences have a duration of a few 100 thousand years (ky). The sediment partitioning study provides insight into where the thickest sandstones and mudstones were located, and generates a model that can be applied to improving the management of hydrocarbons or water resources. A 300 km 2-D study transect across the Iles Clastic Wedge in SW Wyoming and N Colorado included subsurface well log information and outcrop stratigraphic columns. This information was used to correlate high-frequency sequences across several hundred kilometers, characterize depositional processes from proximal to distal reaches, develop a sediment partitioning model, and understand the role of the likely drivers in the development of the wedge and its internal sequences. The main results of this study are: (1) The Iles Clastic Wedge spans 3 my (500 m thick) and is composed internally of 11 sequences of 200-400 ky, each of which have significant regressive-transgressive transits of up to 90 km. Sediment partitioning analysis shows that within the regressive limb of the large wedge, the component regressive compartments tend to thicken basinwards, whereas transgressive compartments thicken landwards. This geometry is driven by preferential erosion in proximal areas during regression, bypassing much sediment to the marine shorelines, and transgressive backfilling into proximal areas previously eroded more deeply. (2) The greatest concentration of sands tends to be located in the proximal fluvial and estuarine facies of the transgressive compartments and within the medial shoreline/deltaic facies of the regressive compartments. (3) As the high-frequency sequences developed, the effectiveness of basinward sand partitioning reaches a maximum value near the peak regression level of the wedge, reflecting stronger erosion and sediment bypass during this times. (4) The development of the Iles Clastic Wedge was influenced by both tectonic and eustatic drivers, with important tectonic control in the upstream reaches. On a 4th-order timescale, the Iles Wedge internal sequences were likely influenced mainly by eustasy. / text

Cette étude tente de modéliser les taux de transport de sédiments et l'évolution du lit dans un milieu estuarien complexe : l'estuaire de la Gironde, caractérisé par une grande hétérogénéité dans la composition des sédiments de lit, avec la présence de sédiments cohésifs et non-cohésifs ainsi que des mélanges sablo-vaseux. Notre objectif principal est d'étendre un modèle morphodynamique 2D développé par Huybrechts et al. (2012b) pour les sédiments non-cohésifs, afin de tenir compte de la présence de la vase et d'établir une étape préliminaire pour un modèle morphodynamique de sédiment mixte. Notre cadre est le système Telemac (version 6.1) où l'approche bi-dimensionnelle a été sélectionnée pour des simulations à grandes échelles spatiales (150 km) et moyen terme (5 ans).La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à la compréhension des processus de sédimentation-consolidation de la vase pure, en combinant expériences et modèles 1D verticaux. Les processus du sédiment cohésif sont ensuite intégrés dans le modèle morphodynamique de l'estuaire de la Gironde. Des expériences d'érosion et de dépôt ont été réalisées au laboratoire RWTH (Université d'Aachen, Allemagne) pour calibrer les paramètres des lois d'érosion et de dépôt. En outre, l'effet de la consolidation est pris en compte à travers la mise en œuvre d'un modèle 1DV de sédimentation et consolidation basé sur la théorie de Gibson (Thiébot et al., 2011) en utilisant des équations de fermeture analytique pour la perméabilité et la contrainte effective. Une attention particulière est accordée à l'initialisation de la structure verticale du lit sédimentaire. Les mesures et les résultats du modèle sont comparés pour les concentrations des sédiments en suspension et pour l'évolution de fond en moyen terme (5 ans).Dans la deuxième partie, un nouveau modèle 1DV pour la sédimentation entravée des mélanges sablo-vaseux a été développé sur la base des modèles de bi-disperse non-cohésifs. La solution numérique a été réalisée en prenant en considération un schéma de haute précision dans l'espace par la technique de reconstruction WENO et en temps par un Discontinue de Galerkin local (DG). Le modèle est ensuite validé par rapport à une large gamme de données expérimentales (mono-disperse sable, vase, non-cohésif bi-disperse et le mélange non-cohésif/cohesif) / This study attempts to model sediment transport rates and the resulting bed evolution in a complex estuarine environment: the Gironde estuary, characterized by a high hetereogeneity in the sediment bed composition, with the presence of both cohesive and non-cohesive sediments and sand/mud mixtures. Our main objective is to extend an existing 2D morphodynamic model developped by Huybrechts et al (2012b) for non-cohesive sediments, to account for the presence of mud and to draw some preliminary step for a fully mixte sediment morphodynamic model. Our framework is the finite element Telemac system (release 6.1), where the two-dimensional (depth averaged) approach has been selected for large scale and medium term simulations.The first part of this work is devoted to the understanding of sedimentation-consolidation processes for pure mud, combining laboratory experiments and 1D vertical models. Cohesive processes are then integrated in the 2D (depth-averaged) large scale morphodynamic model of the Gironde estuary developed by Huybrechts et al. (2012b). Erosion/deposition experiments were performed at the RWTH laboratory (University of Aachen, Germany) to calibrate the erosion and deposition law parameters. Moreover, the effect of consolidation is taken into account through the implementation of a 1DV Gibson-based sedimentation-consolidation model (Thiebot et al., 2011) using analytical closure equations for permeability and effective stress. Special attention is paid to the initialisation of the bed structure. Comparisons between measurements and model results are achieved on both suspended sediment concentration records and on medium term (5-year) bed evolutions.In the second part, a new 1DV model for the hindered settling of sand-mud mixtures has been developed based on the background of non-cohesive bi-disperse models. The numerical solution has been constructed by considering a high-order of accuracy in space via a Weighted Essentially Non Oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction technique and in time via a local space-time Discontinuous Galerkin (DG).The model is then validated against a large range of experimental data (mono-disperse sand, mud, non-cohesive bi-disperse and non-cohesive/cohesive mixture)

[pt] Esta dissertação mostra estudos de aplicações e revestimento do fibrobarro em diferentes contextos dentro do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Através da pesquisa efetuada dentro e fora do Laboratório de Investigação em Livre Desenho (LILD) foram desenvolvidas possibilidades de aplicação do fibrobarro aproveitando os recursos disponíveis. A pesquisa relata alguns materiais já utilizados para a cobertura de construções em materiais biocompatíveis. Durante o processo da pesquisa avergou-se possibilidades para a fabricação de compósitos, principalmente na abrangência de possíveis fibras quando o fibrobarro não for utilizado como principal elemento estrutural. O revestimento também é pesquisado com destaque para o uso da pasta de cal hidratada. Ao efetuar a pesquisa de campo em paralelo aos estudos em laboratório foi possível perceber a importância do gestual no ato de fazer artesanalmente objetos que buscam ser perenes respeitando o ambiente local e considerando-se o seu descarte. Durante o processo de pesquisa também foi observado a construção dos objetos arquitetônicos com voluntários de diferentes contextos socioeconômicos o que possibilitou perceber a importância dessa diversidade para atingir a convivencialidade (Illich, 1976) e como uma metodologia atenta e sensível, fundamental para desenvolvermos uma verdadeira ciência de construção respeitando as características sociais e ambientais de cada região. / [en] This master thesis studies shows applications and finishes of fibersoil in different contexts inside the State of Rio de Janeiro. Through the work done inside and outside the Laboratory of Research in Free Drawing (LILD) investigate possible applications of fibersoil using the resources available. At the beginning of the work trace is already some materials used for covering buildings made with biocompatible materials inside and outside the LILD. During the process of research we discovered some possibilities for the manufacture of composites, especially in the range of possible using of fibers when it is not used as the main structural element. We also researched some possibilities for finishing construction of fibrosoil more careful in the use of hydrated lime paste. When we make the field research in parallel with laboratory studies we realized the importance of the gestures in the act of making objects that seek to be a evergreen respecting the local environment and considering your disposal. During the research process we also observed the construction of architectural objects with volunteers from different socioeconomic contexts which enabled us to realize the importance of gesture and an attentive and sensitive methodology is important to develop a true science of construction respecting the social and environmental characteristics of each region.

Bayer processing of bauxite employed for production of alumina yield a residue red-mud. The worldwide annual-rate of red-mud generation is approximately 120 million tons, and most of this is stockpiled. Red mud is rich in elements like aluminum, titanium and rare earths, in addition to the major iron-bearing constituents. The objective of this research is to explore such a strategy to extract Iron as fine particulate magnetite. Pyrometallurgical reduction experiments using carbon mixtures and a novel hydrometallurgical route are experimented. Reduction experiments performed with petroleum coke as a reductant resulted in incomplete reduction. The ‘optimal conditionsÂ’ for gaseous state reduction are determined to be: a processing temperature of 540oC ± 10oC, partial pressures CO (g) and CO2 (g) each of 0.070atm (bar) ± 0.001atm.(bar)/ inert diluent-gas: N2 (g), for a conversion-time of 30min. A mathematical-model was developed on the basis of unidirectional-diffusion of CO2 (g) within the CO2 (g)–CO (g)–N2 (g) gas-phase of the porous product-layer. Magnetic separation applied to the optimally reduced sample in: obtaining a magnetic portion with high iron and non-magnetic portion containing nonferrous (Al, Ti) is not successful. This finding was subsequently attributed to the nanometer length-scales crystallites of the predominant iron-containing phase, hydrated ferric-oxide(s) as determined by STEM micrographs. In addition, the presence of substitution for Fe3+ by Al3+ and Ti3+/4+ are determined with the help of MÖssbauer spectrograms. A hydrometallurgical route involving selective leaching and precipitation of iron in red-mud is tried. Red-mud is leached in oxalic acid at: 95˚C, 15 % Pulp density, 2.5 h leaching time, 1.5 pH. Kinetic studies yielded the leaching mechanism to be predominantly fluid film control. Ferric oxalate in the leach liquor is reduced to insoluble ferrous oxalate selectively using Iron powder. The ferrous oxalate formed is ~98 % pure. The precipitated ferrous oxalate is magnetically separated and reduced in Nitrogen atmosphere to form fine particulate magnetite. Additionally an economic feasibility study was conducted for the hydro and pyro alternatives to produce magnetite using Monte Carlo Simulations by imparting uncertainties in various input cost components. A traditional process was also compared to the proposed approaches for Total Capital Investment (TCI), Total Product Cost (TPC), Net Present Value (NPV) and sensitivity analysis. ~52 % reduction in Total product cost, 46 % reduction in Total Capital Investment was achieved for the hydrometallurgical process when compared to the traditional approach.

Cette thèse traite de l'architecture d'un village du Sud présaharien au Maroc, avec l'objectif de comprendre les origines et le développement de l'architecture traditionnelle dans cette région dans son contexte culturel et historique. Le village choisi ici comme exemple représentatif est le qsar d'Asrir n'Ilemchane dans la vallée du Drā. Cette agglomération est un exemple très spécifique de ces groupements fortifiés aux maisons mitoyennes à puits de lumière central. Au-delà de la dénomination courante d' « architecture berbère », l'étude vise à comprendre l'énigme de son origine à travers une analyse détaillée et compréhensive de l'architecture villageoise. À cette fin nous essayons de distinguer les contributions respectives des groupes sociaux qui l'habitent, principalement deux, les Draoua ou Haratines, habitants originels, agriculteurs-jardiniers de l'oasis, et les Berbères Ayt Ātta, semi-nomades transhumants de la montagne proche, le jbel Saghro, installés plus récemment, comme protecteurs des sédentaires. Après une présentation du contexte naturel et historique de la vallée et de son peuplement composite, notre démarche de recherche s'appuie sur une documentation architecturale détaillée, relevés et dessins, d'une trentaine de maisons, une observation participative et des entretiens avec les habitants dont quelques « anciens ». Nous examinons le mode constructif de ces maisons en terre crue, adobes et pisé, savoir-faire spécifique des maçons haratines. Cet habitat est mis en perspective avec le mode de vie et l'organisation sociale de la population, en lien avec l'agriculture de palmeraie et le système d'irrigation. L'analyse des maisons a permis de forger des hypothèses sur le développement du village et de son enceinte au cours des siècles, puis son extension hors les murs. Ainsi a été étayée une première conclusion : si cette architecture dans sa facture première de « maison-grenier » est de conception draoua, elle a été ensuite modifiée et enrichie par les Berbères. Pour terminer, nous évoquons les transformations de cet habitat en tension entre tradition et modernité. Elles sont marquées à la fois par l'usage de techniques et de matériaux constructifs différents et par les modifications profondes de l'environnement local, national et global, d'autant que, rejoint spatialement par Zagora, la ville toute proche, le qsar que nous étudions a fini par y être intégré comme quartier. Cette situation a créé de nombreux bouleversements à la fois dans la forme du qsar que dans sa vie quotidienne. / This thesis treats the architecture of a traditional village in the southern pre-Sahara in Morocco, with the aim to understand the origins and development of traditional architecture in this region in its cultural and historical context. The village chosen here as representative example is the ksar of Asrir do Ilemchane in the Drâa Valley. This settlement is a highly specific example of fortified agglomeration of living houses with central light shafts.Beyond a general designation as "Berber architecture", this study aimed to understand the enigma of its origin through a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the village architecture. To this end, we tried to distinguish the individual contributions of its dwellers, divided into two main groups: the Draoua or Haratins - the original inhabitants of the village who are farmers-gardeners in the oasis - and the semi-nomadic Ayt Atta Berbers, who practice nomadic grazing in the near the Jbel Saghro mountains and settled more recently as protectors of the sedentary group.Following a presentation of the valley’s natural and historical context and of its composite population, our research approach is based on a detailed architectural documentation in plans and drawings of about thirty houses; participant observation; and a series of interviews with dwellers - including some elders.We study how these houses were built from mud, adobe and rammed-earth, according to the specific expertise of the Haratin builders. This type of housing is put in perspective with the related lifestyle and social organization of the population, both in correlation with palm farming and the irrigation system.This analysis of architecture has allowed to construct hypotheses concerning the spatial development of the village and its protective walls over centuries, and about the recent extension of the village beyond these outer walls. We were thus able to achieve to a first conclusion: although the original concept of a “fortified house-granary”is of Draoua origin, it was later modified and enriched by the Berbers.Lastly, we will discuss how this housing was transformed in tension between tradition and modernity. These transformations are marked by the use of different building techniques and materials, and by the major changes of the local, national and global environment - all the more so since the nearest town, Zagora, expanded up to this particular ksar and eventually absorbed it as a town quarter. This situation created many disruptions in both the ksar form and its daily life.

La migration des bancs de vase observée le long des côtes Guyanaises génère des problématiques de navigation, particulièrement pour l'unique port de commerce de Guyane localisé dans l'estuaire du Mahury. La dynamique hydrosédimentaire de cet estuaire mésotidal et l'influence des bancs sur cette dernière sont très peu renseignées. Les principaux résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence l'importance relative du débit et des courants de marée sur la dynamique des sédiments fins. Bien que l'asymétrie de la marée soit dominée par le flot, les courants de jusant sont prédominants en saison humide et équivalents aux courants de flot en saison sèche. La dynamique des sédiments fins est gouvernée par la remise en suspension, bien que des épisodes de stratification puissent fortement atténuer la turbulence durant les premières heures du jusant. Les flux résiduels de sédiments sont généralement orientés vers l'amont durant la saison sèche et vers l'aval en saison humide, excepté lorsque les débits sont inférieurs aux moyennes saisonnières. L'évolution des fonds de l'estuaire sur 20 ans indique néanmoins une stabilité des dépôts et souligne la capacité de l'estuaire à évacuer les sédiments apportés durant la phase d'envasement. L'interdépendance entre l'estuaire du Mahury et le banc de Kaw sera ainsi soumise à discussion. Elle permettra d'évaluer la capacité du banc de Kaw à influencer la sédimentologie de l'estuaire et inversement d'évaluer la capacité de l'estuaire à perturber la migration du banc. / The mud banks migration observed along the Guyanese coastline generates navigating issues, especially for the unique harbor of French Guiana located in the Mahury Estuary. The hydro-sedimentary dynamic of this mesotidal estuary and the influence of the mud banks migration is poorly documented. The main results have brought to light the relative importance of the river discharge and tidal currents on the fine sediment dynamics. Even though the tidal asymmetry is dominated by the flood, the ebb currents are predominant during the wet season and are equivalent to the flood currents during the dry season. The fine sediment dynamics are mainly governed by the resuspension even though some stratification events can highly damp turbulence during the first hours of the ebb. The residual fluxes of sediment are generally landward during the dry season and in the wet season when river discharges are lower than the seasonnal averages. However, the bathymetric evolution over 20 years indicates the stability of the deposits and underlines the estuary's capacity of flushing sediments brought from the mud bank. The interdependence between the Mahury Estuary and the Kaw mudbank will therefore be subject to discussion. It will allow us to evaluate the mud bank influence on the estuarine sedimentology or, inversely, evaluate the capacity of the estuary to interfere with the mud bank migration and slowing down its progression with the currents.

Atualmente, o reaproveitamento de resíduos resultantes de atividades industriais vem se tornando um dos pontos mais importantes na melhoria dos aspectos produtivos, como também na minimização de problemas ambientais decorrentes da forma de produção e do descarte final do resíduo gerado no decorrer do processo de produção. Desta maneira, as indústrias estão buscando implantar um sistema de gestão ambiental (SGA), no qual o resíduo, anteriormente descartado, passa a ser considerado matéria prima para a fabricação de novos materiais. Dentro deste enfoque, e considerando os impactos gerados pelas indústrias de papel e celulose, estudos que visam demonstrar o potencial de utilização do lodo residual gerado durante a produção de papel na indústria Votorantim Celulose e Papel (VCP), município de Jacareí, SP-Brasil, têm sido desenvolvidos, por meio de uma parceria de indústria e universidades (UNESP - Bauru e USP - São Carlos). Após análises químicas e toxicológicas do lodo residual, obteve-se uma composição de aproximadamente 58,9% de fibras, sendo classificado como Classe II, segundo a NBR 10.004/87. Para avaliar o seu potencial de utilização em materiais de construção, foram confeccionados tijolos de adobe com o solo arenoso proveniente do município de Bauru, SP, nos traços 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% e 40% em volume de resíduo. Foram realizados diversos ensaios para caracterização dos tijolos (retração, absorção de água e resistência à compressão simples), bem como ensaios de intemperismo, gotejamento, verificação da ação do fogo (perda de massa, propagação das chamas e ensaio de incombustibilidade dos materiais de construção), como também a obtenção de suas características térmicas e acústicas. Com os resultados dos ensaios, foi realizada uma análise geral, por meio da interação dos melhores valores encontrados e, assim, escolhido o traço numa faixa de 20% a 25% de resíduo. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do uso do resíduo em tijolos de adobe, conferindo aos mesmo bons níveis de resistência, manuseio, leveza e durabilidade. / Nowadays, reuse of residues from industrial activities is one of the most important aspects in productivity improvement, as well as, minimization of environmental problems originated from production way and residue disposal during the productive process. Industries are requesting and Environmental Management System (SGA), in which residues, formerly discarded, began to be considered raw materials for production of new materials. In this context and considering impacts generated by paper and cellulose manufacturing, studies have been developed, aiming to demonstrate potential use of residual mud generated during paper production in Votorantin Cellulose and Paper Industry (VCP), located in Jacareí, São Paulo State, Brazil, through a partnership between this industry and universities (UNESP - Bauru and USP - São Carlos). After chemical and toxicological analyses of the residual mud, a composition of aproximately 58,9% of fibres was obtained and classified as Class II acording to NBR 10.004/87. For evaluating its potential use in buildings, adobe bricks were made with sandy soil from Bauru (São Paulo State), considering 0% (witness), 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 40% of residuary volume. Several rehearsals were carried out for brick characterization (retraction, water absorption and resistance to simple compression), and to verify intemperism, leak and fire action (mass loss, flame propagation and fireproof rehearsals), as well as thermal and acoustic characteristics (qualities). A general analysis interacting all values obtained indicated the percentage of residuary volume, in the range of 20% to 25% as the best condition. The results demonstrated viability of use of paper and cellulose residual mud in adobe bricks manufacturing, since they presented good levels of resistance, handling, lightness and durability.