Since the establishment of Pretoria in the 1840s, the city has expanded significantly. Businesses started to sprout which created a number of job opportunities within the city CBD. Mamelodi was established to the east of Pretoria CBD in 1860 as a settlement for black people flocking to the city for job opportunities (Nico & Walker, 1991). Since its initial establishment, it has grown as a community and is now considered as one of the denser communities in Pretoria. Because of the distance to the city center or any other place of work, a series of public transport networks developed to deal with the daily commute to and from work. These networks put tremendous strain on the public infrastructure, and has resulted in a congested community where there exists little co-existence and co-ordination between isolated public transport types. In an attempt to address this issue of Access to the City, this dissertation focuses on creating a communal Architecture where the existing programs of public transport root themselves, and where passengers and pedestrians can communally start their daily commute by safely engaging with the various transport systems. It further exploits the idea of Community and Access by being true to its architectural context. Therefore, this project and its construction is focused on being a product of the community. With contextual materials and community-engaged construction, it aims to be a true manifestation of the event that is The Communal Commute. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

No description available.

Anthropogenic changes to forests, agriculture and hydrology are being driven by a need to provide water, food and shelter to more than six billion people. Unfortunately, these changes have a major impact on hydrology, biodiversity, climate, socio-economic stability and food security. The most pervasive form of land-cover change in South Africa is human settlement expansion. In many cases, new human settlements and settlement expansion are informal and occur in areas that are typically covered by natural vegetation. Settlements are infrequently mapped on an ad-hoc basis in South Africa which makes information on when and where new settlements form very difficult. Determining where and when new informal settlements occur is beneficial from not only an ecological but also a social development standpoint. The objective of this thesis is to make use of coarse resolution satellite data to infer the location of new settlement developments in an automated manner by making use of machine learning methods. The specific sensor that is considered in this thesis is the MODIS sensor on-board the Terra and Aqua satellites. By using samples taken at regular intervals (8 days), a hyper-temporal time-series is constructed and consequently used to detect new human settlement formations in South Africa. Two change detection methods are proposed in this thesis to achieve the goal of automated new settlement development detection using this high-temporal coarse resolution satellite time-series data. / Thesis (PhD(Eng))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Of those who need housing in South Africa, almost 69% earn less than R1500 a month that make the housing process a difficult and unaffordable task. These potential dwellers could be regarded as a vulnerable section of the dwelling community that needs support and guidance. Housing should be seen as a process that addresses man within his psychosocial context. The UP Mamelodi campus is situated in the middle of a fast growing housing node and should be involved in the housing process by means of a Housing Support Centre and continuous housing research. The intention of this study is to emphasize the interrelationship between housing, housing needs, human needs and housing support. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted

Cette thèse traite de l'architecture d'un village du Sud présaharien au Maroc, avec l'objectif de comprendre les origines et le développement de l'architecture traditionnelle dans cette région dans son contexte culturel et historique. Le village choisi ici comme exemple représentatif est le qsar d'Asrir n'Ilemchane dans la vallée du Drā. Cette agglomération est un exemple très spécifique de ces groupements fortifiés aux maisons mitoyennes à puits de lumière central. Au-delà de la dénomination courante d' « architecture berbère », l'étude vise à comprendre l'énigme de son origine à travers une analyse détaillée et compréhensive de l'architecture villageoise. À cette fin nous essayons de distinguer les contributions respectives des groupes sociaux qui l'habitent, principalement deux, les Draoua ou Haratines, habitants originels, agriculteurs-jardiniers de l'oasis, et les Berbères Ayt Ātta, semi-nomades transhumants de la montagne proche, le jbel Saghro, installés plus récemment, comme protecteurs des sédentaires. Après une présentation du contexte naturel et historique de la vallée et de son peuplement composite, notre démarche de recherche s'appuie sur une documentation architecturale détaillée, relevés et dessins, d'une trentaine de maisons, une observation participative et des entretiens avec les habitants dont quelques « anciens ». Nous examinons le mode constructif de ces maisons en terre crue, adobes et pisé, savoir-faire spécifique des maçons haratines. Cet habitat est mis en perspective avec le mode de vie et l'organisation sociale de la population, en lien avec l'agriculture de palmeraie et le système d'irrigation. L'analyse des maisons a permis de forger des hypothèses sur le développement du village et de son enceinte au cours des siècles, puis son extension hors les murs. Ainsi a été étayée une première conclusion : si cette architecture dans sa facture première de « maison-grenier » est de conception draoua, elle a été ensuite modifiée et enrichie par les Berbères. Pour terminer, nous évoquons les transformations de cet habitat en tension entre tradition et modernité. Elles sont marquées à la fois par l'usage de techniques et de matériaux constructifs différents et par les modifications profondes de l'environnement local, national et global, d'autant que, rejoint spatialement par Zagora, la ville toute proche, le qsar que nous étudions a fini par y être intégré comme quartier. Cette situation a créé de nombreux bouleversements à la fois dans la forme du qsar que dans sa vie quotidienne. / This thesis treats the architecture of a traditional village in the southern pre-Sahara in Morocco, with the aim to understand the origins and development of traditional architecture in this region in its cultural and historical context. The village chosen here as representative example is the ksar of Asrir do Ilemchane in the Drâa Valley. This settlement is a highly specific example of fortified agglomeration of living houses with central light shafts.Beyond a general designation as "Berber architecture", this study aimed to understand the enigma of its origin through a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the village architecture. To this end, we tried to distinguish the individual contributions of its dwellers, divided into two main groups: the Draoua or Haratins - the original inhabitants of the village who are farmers-gardeners in the oasis - and the semi-nomadic Ayt Atta Berbers, who practice nomadic grazing in the near the Jbel Saghro mountains and settled more recently as protectors of the sedentary group.Following a presentation of the valley’s natural and historical context and of its composite population, our research approach is based on a detailed architectural documentation in plans and drawings of about thirty houses; participant observation; and a series of interviews with dwellers - including some elders.We study how these houses were built from mud, adobe and rammed-earth, according to the specific expertise of the Haratin builders. This type of housing is put in perspective with the related lifestyle and social organization of the population, both in correlation with palm farming and the irrigation system.This analysis of architecture has allowed to construct hypotheses concerning the spatial development of the village and its protective walls over centuries, and about the recent extension of the village beyond these outer walls. We were thus able to achieve to a first conclusion: although the original concept of a “fortified house-granary”is of Draoua origin, it was later modified and enriched by the Berbers.Lastly, we will discuss how this housing was transformed in tension between tradition and modernity. These transformations are marked by the use of different building techniques and materials, and by the major changes of the local, national and global environment - all the more so since the nearest town, Zagora, expanded up to this particular ksar and eventually absorbed it as a town quarter. This situation created many disruptions in both the ksar form and its daily life.

O presente estudo teve os seguintes objetivos: revisar a literatura sobre o histórico de ocupação de Ilhabela (aproximadamente 348 km2), levantar as espécies de aves e mamíferos de médio e grande porte da ilha de São Sebastião através do método de transeções lineares, testar a validade do método, quando a amostragem é realizada em ambos os trechos de ida e volta, verificar a relação entre abundância de fauna e variáveis fitofisionômicas e o padrão de atividade das espécies observadas. Ilhabela tem um pouco mais de três séculos e meio de explorações agrícolas, como cana-de-açúcar e café. Possivelmente, antes da colonização européia a ilha já era habitada por índios. Hoje a ilha tem um grande fluxo de turistas durante o ano todo, além de seus 26 mil habitantes. Os impactos causados pelo aumento da urbanização podem ser ainda maiores que os dos séculos anteriores. De maio de 2004 a junho de 2005 foram conduzidos levantamentos em 11 trilhas distribuídas pela ilha de São Sebastião. Nesse período, houve menor número de visualizações em trechos de volta que de ida, o que sugere a não independência das amostras. Considerando só as amostragens de ida foram percorridos 192,95 km, onde houve 138 visualizações de sete espécies de aves e três de mamíferos. São elas: macuco Tinamus solitarius (3,31 indivíduos/10 km), jacutinga Aburria jacutinga (1,5 indivíduos/10 km), tucano Ramphastus dicolorus (0,31 indivíduos/10 km), uru Odonthophorus capueira (0,1 indivíduos/10 km), murucututu Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (0,1 indivíduos/10 km), pavó Pyroderus scutatus (0,1 indivíduos/10 km), gavião-pomba Leucopternis lacernulatus (0,31 indivíduos/10 km), caxinguelê Sciurus aestuans (1,03 indivíduos/10 km), macaco-prego Cebus nigritus (0,25 indivíduos/10 km) e tatu Dasypus novencinctus (0,05 indivíduos/10 km). Não houve relação significativa entre densidade de palmeiras e abundâncias das espécies estudadas. Outras variáveis fitofisionômicas como DAP médio e densidade de árvores mostram haver dois tipos básicos de ambiente florestal na ilha atualmente, um mais preservado e outro mais alterado. As espécies observadas não apresentaram diferenças circadianas (manhã e tarde) ou sazonais (inverno de 2004 vs. verão de 2004/2005), quanto ao seu padrão de atividades. Este estudo poderá servir de base a futuros monitoramentos de fauna em Ilhabela e a futuras pesquisas relacionadas à sua conservação face às crescentes pressões antrópicas locais. / The present study had the following goals: review the literature on the history of human occupation of Ilhabela (nearly to 348 km2), survey wildlife species (mid- to large-sized mammals and birds) from São Sebastião Island by linear transects, test the validity of such method when animal counting is performed both ways on the trail, and check the possible relationship between wildlife abundance and phytophysionomic variables. Ilhabela has a history of three and half centuries of agriculture such as sugar-cane and coffee plantations. Possibly, before European colonization Ilhabela was already inhabited by native Americans. Nowadays, Ilhabela has 26.000 inhabitants plus a great number of tourists all along the year. The impact of such dramatic population increase on the island natural resources is possibly greater than the agricultural impact from the former centuries. From May 2004 to Jun 2005 surveys have been conducted on 11 trails distributed thought São Sebastião Island. The number of animal sights was smaller during trail return, what suggests that forward and backward countings in the same trail are not independent. Considering only forward counting 192, 95 km have been walked resulting in the detection of seven species of birds and three species of mammals on the total of 138 animal sights. The birds were: solitary tinamou Tinamus solitarius (3,31 individuls/10 km), guan Aburria jacutinga (1,50 indivíduos/10 km), tucan Ramphastus dicolorus (0,31 individuls/10 km), spot-winged wood-quail Odonthophorus capueira (0,10 individuls/10 km), tawny-browed owl Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (0,10 individuls/10 km), red-ruffed fruitcrow Pyroderus scutatus (0,10 individuls/10 km) and white-necked hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus (0,31 individuls/10 km). The mammals were: squirrel Sciurus aestuans (1,03 individuls/10 km), capuchin monkey Cebus nigritus (0,25 individuls/10 km) and nine-banded long-nosed armadillo Dasypus novencinctus (0,05 individuls/10 km). There was a marginally significant relationship between palm trees density and wildlife abundance. Other phytophysionomic variables such as trees densities and thickness and canopy height suggest that there are currently two forest environments at the island, one pristine and another altered. The observed species did not show any diel (i.e., morning vs. afternoon) nor seasonal (i.e., winter 2004 vs. summer 2004/2005) variation in their activity patterns. This study might be useful for future wildlife monitoring and conservation research in Ilhabela.

O presente estudo teve os seguintes objetivos: revisar a literatura sobre o histórico de ocupação de Ilhabela (aproximadamente 348 km2), levantar as espécies de aves e mamíferos de médio e grande porte da ilha de São Sebastião através do método de transeções lineares, testar a validade do método, quando a amostragem é realizada em ambos os trechos de ida e volta, verificar a relação entre abundância de fauna e variáveis fitofisionômicas e o padrão de atividade das espécies observadas. Ilhabela tem um pouco mais de três séculos e meio de explorações agrícolas, como cana-de-açúcar e café. Possivelmente, antes da colonização européia a ilha já era habitada por índios. Hoje a ilha tem um grande fluxo de turistas durante o ano todo, além de seus 26 mil habitantes. Os impactos causados pelo aumento da urbanização podem ser ainda maiores que os dos séculos anteriores. De maio de 2004 a junho de 2005 foram conduzidos levantamentos em 11 trilhas distribuídas pela ilha de São Sebastião. Nesse período, houve menor número de visualizações em trechos de volta que de ida, o que sugere a não independência das amostras. Considerando só as amostragens de ida foram percorridos 192,95 km, onde houve 138 visualizações de sete espécies de aves e três de mamíferos. São elas: macuco Tinamus solitarius (3,31 indivíduos/10 km), jacutinga Aburria jacutinga (1,5 indivíduos/10 km), tucano Ramphastus dicolorus (0,31 indivíduos/10 km), uru Odonthophorus capueira (0,1 indivíduos/10 km), murucututu Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (0,1 indivíduos/10 km), pavó Pyroderus scutatus (0,1 indivíduos/10 km), gavião-pomba Leucopternis lacernulatus (0,31 indivíduos/10 km), caxinguelê Sciurus aestuans (1,03 indivíduos/10 km), macaco-prego Cebus nigritus (0,25 indivíduos/10 km) e tatu Dasypus novencinctus (0,05 indivíduos/10 km). Não houve relação significativa entre densidade de palmeiras e abundâncias das espécies estudadas. Outras variáveis fitofisionômicas como DAP médio e densidade de árvores mostram haver dois tipos básicos de ambiente florestal na ilha atualmente, um mais preservado e outro mais alterado. As espécies observadas não apresentaram diferenças circadianas (manhã e tarde) ou sazonais (inverno de 2004 vs. verão de 2004/2005), quanto ao seu padrão de atividades. Este estudo poderá servir de base a futuros monitoramentos de fauna em Ilhabela e a futuras pesquisas relacionadas à sua conservação face às crescentes pressões antrópicas locais. / The present study had the following goals: review the literature on the history of human occupation of Ilhabela (nearly to 348 km2), survey wildlife species (mid- to large-sized mammals and birds) from São Sebastião Island by linear transects, test the validity of such method when animal counting is performed both ways on the trail, and check the possible relationship between wildlife abundance and phytophysionomic variables. Ilhabela has a history of three and half centuries of agriculture such as sugar-cane and coffee plantations. Possibly, before European colonization Ilhabela was already inhabited by native Americans. Nowadays, Ilhabela has 26.000 inhabitants plus a great number of tourists all along the year. The impact of such dramatic population increase on the island natural resources is possibly greater than the agricultural impact from the former centuries. From May 2004 to Jun 2005 surveys have been conducted on 11 trails distributed thought São Sebastião Island. The number of animal sights was smaller during trail return, what suggests that forward and backward countings in the same trail are not independent. Considering only forward counting 192, 95 km have been walked resulting in the detection of seven species of birds and three species of mammals on the total of 138 animal sights. The birds were: solitary tinamou Tinamus solitarius (3,31 individuls/10 km), guan Aburria jacutinga (1,50 indivíduos/10 km), tucan Ramphastus dicolorus (0,31 individuls/10 km), spot-winged wood-quail Odonthophorus capueira (0,10 individuls/10 km), tawny-browed owl Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (0,10 individuls/10 km), red-ruffed fruitcrow Pyroderus scutatus (0,10 individuls/10 km) and white-necked hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus (0,31 individuls/10 km). The mammals were: squirrel Sciurus aestuans (1,03 individuls/10 km), capuchin monkey Cebus nigritus (0,25 individuls/10 km) and nine-banded long-nosed armadillo Dasypus novencinctus (0,05 individuls/10 km). There was a marginally significant relationship between palm trees density and wildlife abundance. Other phytophysionomic variables such as trees densities and thickness and canopy height suggest that there are currently two forest environments at the island, one pristine and another altered. The observed species did not show any diel (i.e., morning vs. afternoon) nor seasonal (i.e., winter 2004 vs. summer 2004/2005) variation in their activity patterns. This study might be useful for future wildlife monitoring and conservation research in Ilhabela.

The coastline of the city of Aracaju in Sergipe/Brazil, extending approximately for 24 km, is limited by the mouth of the Sergipe river in the north and the mouth of Vaza-Barris river in the south. In this work 7 beaches along Aracaju littoral were studied (Mosqueiro, Refúgio, Náufragos, Robalo, Aruana, Atalaia and Artistas), comprising 24 sampling points. The purpose of this dissertation is to outline the erosion and accretion processes of the Aracaju coastal area by using geoindicators of coastal erosion and accretion. The methodology included field campaigns over rainy (Aug/12) and dry (Feb/13) seasons, spatial geoindicators data, human settlement mapping and the development of coastal erosion vulnerability and risk maps using the ArcGIS 9.3.1 program. The Aracaju coastal area is characterized by beaches (ocean and estuary), surrounded by Quaternary sedimentary deposits predominantly from wind (foredune) and, by anthropogenic containment structures against coastal erosion. The erosion process is more effective on the beaches situated in contiguous areas to the mouths of Sergipe River ( Praia dos Artistas ), Vaza-Barris River ( Praia do Mosqueiro ) and in the middle of the beach arc ( Praia do Refúgio and Praia dos Náufragos , in the rainy season). The settlement level is high on the beaches of Praia da Atalaia , Praia dos Artistas , and non-existent on the beach of Praia do Mosqueiro . The coastal erosion vulnerability is high to moderately high on the beaches of Praia dos Artistas , Praia do Mosqueiro , Praia do Refúgio , Praia dos Náufragos , Praia da Aruana and Praia da Atalaia ; and moderately low to low in the other beaches. Depending on the coastal erosion vulnerability index and the human settlement level, the risk of coastal erosion is high on the beach of Praia dos Artistas and moderately high on the beaches of Praia do Refúgio , Praia dos Náufragos and Praia da Atalaia ; and moderately low to low in the other beaches. Although the coast of Aracaju pointed out a high risk just on the beach Praia dos Artistas , attention should be given to areas most vulnerable to erosion due to the intensification of human settlement over recent decades. The results of this study provide baseline information for environmental planning in the area analyzed, especially with regard to the human settlement near to the shoreline. / O litoral do município de Aracaju, Sergipe, com cerca de 24 km de extensão, é limitado a norte pela desembocadura do rio Sergipe e a sul pela desembocadura do rio Vaza-Barris. Neste trabalho foram estudadas 7 praias do litoral de Aracaju (Mosqueiro, Refúgio, Náufragos, Robalo, Aruana, Atalaia e Artistas), totalizando 24 pontos amostrais. O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é caracterizar o processo de erosão e de acumulação do litoral do município de Aracaju através da utilização de geoindicadores de erosão e de acumulação costeira. A metodologia incluiu campanhas de campo no período chuvoso (agosto/2012) e no período seco (fevereiro/2013), espacialização dos dados de geoindicadores, e mapeamento da ocupação humana e elaboração dos mapas de vulnerabilidade e risco à erosão costeira no programa ArcGis 9.3.1. O litoral de Aracaju caracteriza-se por apresentar praias, oceânicas e de desembocadura, bordejadas por depósitos sedimentares quaternários, predominantemente de origem eólica (dunas frontais), e por estruturas antrópicas de contenção à erosão costeira. O processo erosivo é mais efetivo nas praias situadas nas áreas contíguas às desembocaduras dos rios Sergipe (Praia dos Artistas) e Vaza-Barris (Praias do Mosqueiro), e no meio do arco praial (Praias do Refúgio e dos Náufragos, no período chuvoso). O nível de ocupação é alto nas praias da Atalaia e dos Artistas, e inexistente nas praias do Mosqueiro. A vulnerabilidade à erosão costeira é alta a moderadamente alta nas praias dos Artistas, do Mosqueiro, do Refúgio, dos Náufragos, da Aruana e da Atalaia; e moderadamente baixa a baixa nas demais praias. Em função do grau de vulnerabilidade à erosão costeira e do nível de ocupação humana, o risco à erosão costeira é alto na praia dos Artistas e moderadamente alto nas praias do Refúgio, dos Náufragos e da Atalaia; e moderadamente baixo a baixo nas demais praias. Apesar do litoral de Aracaju apresentar risco elevado apenas na praia dos Artistas, atenção deve ser dada nas áreas mais vulneráveis à erosão em função da intensificação do processo de ocupação humana ocorrida nas últimas décadas. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem subsídios ao planejamento ambiental da área investigada, principalmente no que diz respeito à ocupação humana próxima à linha de costa.

Orientador: Julieta Teresa Aier de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T08:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarcosAugustoPaladinidos_M.pdf: 5379593 bytes, checksum: a2542b073c8fd9b717774066d38811b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O estudo foi realizado no Assentamento Reage Brasil, localizado no município de Bebedouro, um dos pólos do cinturão citrícola paulista, o qual se compõe de 84 lotes agrícolas, além de uma área de 292 há de eucalipto que corresponde à área de manejo comum. O movimento de ocupação da terra se deu sob a organização do Sindicato de Empregados Rurais de Cosmópolis. O presente estudo analisou as formas de cooperação gestadas em uma comunidade assentada, como forma de superação das demandas e entraves, tomando como referência as relações construídas pelos trabalhadores rurais. Buscamos entender o processo de construção/desconstrução desta realidade; os sonhos que os moveram na luta pela conquista da terra, via Reforma Agrária, suas famílias, a constituição de espaços de sociabilidade e as experiências de cooperação, as quais se contrapõem, na constituição/expressão ao projeto de fomento ao associativismo e cooperativismo proposto pelo Estado. Para tanto, foram analisadas diferenciadas ¿formas de cooperação¿, a partir do cotidiano das famílias, bem como a formação do capital social e/ou economia moral, enquanto elemento de polarização do desenvolvimento das comunidades, fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e da economia solidária dentro dos assentamentos rurais. A escolinha Anjo da Guarda, o trabalho da multimistura com a Comissão Pastoral da Criança, a construção de uma cozinha piloto, o apoio ao posto avançado do Centro de Saúde, a manutenção da sede, manifestaram-se como expressões diferenciadas da ¿lógica de cooperação¿. Igualmente, o trabalho com a madeira sem valor comercial, a perspectiva de coordenarem o processo de trabalho respeitando suas habilidades, a mudança na relação com a cesta básica, o que lhes deu o direito de fazer suas compras diretamente num dos supermercados da cidade de Bebedouro, somam-se a tais expressões como fatores de ampliação da auto-estima do grupo e da mudança do olhar da comunidade local sobre os assentados. A ¿lógica de cooperação¿ pode incorporar diferentes formas de racionalidade, num processo em que diferentes individualidades entram em relação, podendo conviver lado a lado competição e solidariedade, numa demonstração de que como toda categoria histórica, a ¿lógica de cooperação¿ não tem desfechos programados / Abstract: The study was conducted at the rural settling Reage Brasil, constituted by 84 rural lots, with na area of 292 ha of eucalyptus, which is the common handling area, situated in the city of Bebedouro, part of the orange belt in the state of São Paulo. The occupation of the land took place under the arrangement of the Rural Union of Cosmópolis. The present study analyzed the forms of cooperation among rural workers in settled communities in order to overcome obstacles and demands. The understanding of the construction/deconstruction of this situation was sought, the dreams that led the workers to struggle for the land through the agrarian reform, their families, the building up of sociability and the experiences of cooperation which oppose to the constitution/expression of the project of associativism and cooperation development proposed by the government. The building up of ¿forms of cooperation¿ will be analyzed taking the everyday life of the families as a starting point, as well as the setting up of the social capital and/or moral economy as a component for the development of communities, the consolidation of family agriculture and the solidary economy in rural settlements. The school Anjo da Guarda, the use of multi-mistura with the help from Pastoral Commission on Children, the construction of a pilot kitchen, the support to the Health Center and the maintenance of the headquarters were different expressions of the ¿logic of cooperation¿ which along with the non-profitable handling of wood, the perspective of coordinating the working process respecting their abilities, the change in policy of cesta básica allowing them to purchase their goods in a local grocery store contributed to a raise in the group¿s self-esteem and the way the local community saw the settled families. The ¿logic of cooperation¿ may incorporate different forms of rationality in a process where different individualities join dealing with both competition and solidarity showing that like any historical category the ¿logic of cooperation¿ has no programmed closure / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

La reconstitution des paléoenvironnements et la compréhension des dynamiques géomorphologiques sont de plus en plus appréhendées au regard des recherches archéologiques. Toutefois, en Indonésie, cette approche est encore peu usitée. L’étude du site de Kota Cina (Sumatra Nord, Indonésie) entreprise dans le cadre de cette thèse, est un travail pionnier qui vise à comprendre les changements environnementaux à l’interface Homme/Nature, dans le but d’une reconstitution paléogéographique. Cet ancien comptoir commercial portuaire du Détroit de Malacca, actif entre les XIème et XIVème siècles AD, se trouve aujourd’hui à 7 km du rivage. Afin de s’interroger sur les variables de contrôle naturelles et anthropiques de l’évolution paysagère de la région, des investigations ont été menées à Kota Cina et dans la vallée de Deli. Deux approches ont été privilégiées : (1) une approche géomorphologique qui permet de reconstituer les dynamiques hydro-sédimentaires du site et de sa vallée ; (2) une approche biogéographique à travers une analyse du contenu phytolithiques des dépôts de Kota Cina, afin de renseigner l’évolution de la végétation du site. Cette étude met en exergue des évolutions paléoenvironnementales notables, en réponse à des forçages singuliers. Le volcanisme pré-holocène de la région a engendré par son détritisme un remplissage majeur de la vallée. La réponse hydro-sédimentaire holocène a modifié la géomorphologie de la région par une forte incision et un important transfert sédimentaire. Enfin, à l’époque historique, une nouvelle transformation paysagère a eu lieu avec l’anthropisation du milieu, notamment à partir du XIXème siècle avec l’essor des plantations coloniales. / Paleoenvironment reconstructions and geomorphological dynamics understanding are increasingly being considered with regards to archaeological research. However, in Indonesia, this approach remains unusual. The present study of Kota Cina site (North Sumatra, Indonesia) is a pioneering work that aims to understand environmental changes dynamics at the human/nature interface for the purpose of paleogeographic reconstruction. Kota Cina is an ancient trade harbour of the Strait of Malacca. It was active between the XIth and the XIVth centuries AD. Nowadays, the site is located at 7 km from the coast. In order to examine the implication of natural and anthropogenic factors in the landscape changes of the region, investigations were carried out at Kota Cina and the Deli Valley. Two approaches were developed: (1) a geomorphological approach to reconstitute the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of Kota Cina site and its valley; (2) a biogeographical approach to reconstruct the vegetation changes at Kota Cina from a phytolith analysis of the site deposits. This work highlights important paleoenvironment changes as response to unique forcings. The pre-Holocene volcanism of the region generated a major filling of the valley by its detritism. The Holocene hydro-sedimentary response has altered the geomorphology of the region through a strong incision and significant sediment transfer. Finally, during the historical period, new landscape changes took place with the environment anthropisation, especially from the XIXth century with the development of colonial plantations.