Hydraulic systems are used in many fields of applications for different functions like energy storage in hybrid systems. Generally the mass of hydraulic systems plays a key role especially for mobile hydraulics (construction machines, trucks, cars) and hydraulic aircraft systems. The main product properties like energy efficiency or payload can be improved by reducing the mass. In this connection carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) with their superior specific strength and stiffness open up new chances to acquire new lightweight potentials compared to metallic components. However, complex quality control and failure identification slow down the substitution of metals by fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP). But the lower manufacturing temperatures of FRP compared to metals allow the integration of sensors within FRP-components. These sensors then can be advantageously used for many functions like quality control during the manufacturing process or structural health monitoring (SHM) for failure detection during their life cycle. Thus, lightweight hydraulic components made of composite materials as well as sensor integration in composite components are a main fields of research and development at the Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK) of the TU Dresden as well as at the Leichtbau-Zentrum Sachsen GmbH (LZS).

Reliable line production processes and simulation tools play a central role for the structural integration of thermoplastic composites in advanced lightweight constructions. Provided that material- adapted joining technologies are available, they can be applied in heavy-duty multi-material designs (MMD). A load-adapted approach was implemented into the new fully automatic and faulttolerant thermo mechanical flow drill joining (FDJ) concept. With this method it is possible to manufacture reproducible high strength FRP/metal-joints within short cycle times and without use of extra joining elements for the first time. The analysis of FDJ joints requires a simplified model of the joint to enable efficient numerical simulations. The present work introduces a strategy in modeling a finite-element based analogous-approach for FDJ-joints with glass fiber reinforced polypropylene and high-strength steel. Combined with a newly developed section-force related failure criterion, it is possible to predict the fundamental failure behavior in multi-axial stress states. The functionality of the holistic approach is illustrated by a demonstrator that represents a part of a car body-in-white structure. The comparison of simulated and experimentally determined failure loads proves the applicability for several combined load cases.

Le micro-moulage par Injection de Poudres (Micro-PIM) est l’une des technologies permettant de réaliser des micro-composants de très petites dimensions, associés à la miniaturisation et la fonctionnalisation dans différents domaines d’applications. La thèse concerne l’élaboration et la caractérisation de mélanges basés sur des poudres d’acier inoxydable de type 316L, l’identification des paramètres physiques associés à l’étape de densification est traitée. Des modélisations physiques et des simulations numériques de l’étape de densification par diffusion à l’état solide, sont ensuite proposées.De nouvelles formulations de mélanges à base de liants polymériques ont été développées pour différentes granulométries de poudres d’acier inoxydable de type 316L (5 µm et 16 µm). Les différents mélanges élaborés ont été élaborés et validés grâce à des comparatifs entre couples de mélangeages et courbes de viscosité de cisaillement. Les mélanges élaborés avec une formulation de base composée de polypropylène, de cire paraffine et d’acide stéarique, sont adaptés pour les deux types de poudre, et conduisent à des résultats significatifs pour les différents tests réalisés, conduisant à un couple de mélangeage et à une viscosité de cisaillement relativement faibles par rapport aux autres formulations. Le taux de charge critique obtenu pour l’acier inoxydable 316L (5 µm), avec la formulation optimale, est de 68% et a été déterminé par différentes méthodes. Les essais de micro-injection pour le mono-matériau (316L mélange) et les bi-matériaux (mélange de 316 L et Cu) ont été analysés en détail. Des tests d’homogénéité ont été réalisés avant et après l’étape d’injection.Un modèle thermo-élasto-viscoplastique approprié pour modéliser l’étape de densification a été utilisé pour la simulation de la densification des micro-composants. Les paramètres d’identification du modèle physique ont été identifiés pour des mélanges de poudres d’acier 316L (5 µm), pour différents taux de charge (62%, 64% et 66%). Des essais de flexion 3 points et de compression ont été réalisé à l’intérieur d’un dilatomètre vertical avec trois cinétiques de densification (5 °C/min, 10 °C/min et 15 °C/min). Les résultats obtenus par dilatométrie, ont permis l’identification du module de viscosité de cisaillement G, du module de compressibilité K, et de la contrainte de densification σs, Le modèle de comportement associé à la densification, incluant les paramètres identifiés a été implémenté dans le code éléments finis Abaqus©. Des éléments finis adaptés ont été utilisés, tant pour le support, que les quatre micro-éprouvettes de référence. Les simulations de l’étape de densification pour trois différentes cinétiques (5 °C/min, 10 °C/min et 15 °C/min) à 1200°C, ont été réalisées pour l’ensemble des micro-composants dont les taux de charge correspondent respectivement à 62%, 64% et 66%. Les retraits et densités relatives des micro-composants obtenus par simulation sont en très bonne corrélation avec les résultats expérimentaux / Micro-Powder Injection Moulding (Micro-PIM) technology is one of the key technologies that permit to fit with the increasing demands for smaller parts associated to miniaturization and functionalization in different application fields. The thesis focuses first on the elaboration and characterization of polymer-powder mixtures based on 316L stainless steel powders, and then on the identification of physical and material parameters related to the sintering stage and to the numerical simulations of the sintering process. Mixtures formulation with new binder systems based on different polymeric components have been developed for 316L stainless steel powders (5 µm and 16 µm). The characterization of the resulting mixtures for each group is carried out using mixing torque tests and viscosity tests. The mixture associated to the formulation comprising polypropylene + paraffin wax + stearic acid is well adapted for both powders and has been retained in the subsequent tests, due to the low value of the mixing torque and shear viscosity. The critical powder volume loading with 316L stainless steel powder (5 µm) according to the retained formulation has been established to 68% using four different methods. Micro mono-material injection (with 316L stainless steel mélange) and bi-material injection (with 316L stainless steel mélange and Cu mélange) are properly investigated. Homogeneity tests are observed for mixtures before and after injection. A physical model well suited for sintering stage is proposed for the simulation of sintering stage. The identification of physical parameters associated to proposed model are defined from the sintering stages in considering 316L stainless steel (5 µm)mixtures with various powder volume loadings (62%, 64% and 66%). Beam-bending tests and free sintering tests and thermo-Mechanical-Analyses (TMA) have also investigated. Three sintering stages corresponding to heating rates at 5 °C/min, 10 °C/min and 15 °C/min are used during both beam-bending tests and free sintering tests. On basis of the results obtained from dilatometry measurements, the shear viscosity module G, the bulk viscosity module K and the sintering stress σs are identified using Matlab® software. Afterwards, the sintering model is implemented in the Abaqus® finite element code, and appropriate finite elements have been used for the support and micro-specimens, respectively. The physical material parameters resulting from the identification experiments are used to establish the proper 316L stainless steel mixture, in combination with G, K and σs parameters. Finally, the sintering stages up to 1200 °C with three heating rates (5 °C/min, 10 °C/min and 15 °C/min) are also simulated corresponding to the four micro-specimen types (powder volume loading of 62%, 64% and 66%). The simulated shrinkages and relative densities of the sintered micro-specimens are compared to the experimental results indicating a proper agreement

Un grand nombre de systèmes thermomécaniques industriels se trouve confronté à des régimes transitoires plus ou moins rapides suivant la fréquence de fonctionnement. L'amélioration de leurs performances nécessite l'utilisation de nouvelles structures du type multimatériaux ou barrière thermique. En effet, ces matériaux peuvent être de type multicouche en associant plusieurs couches rangées de façon à améliorer le comportement mécanique et thermique d’un système ou alors constitués d’un substrat revêtu d’une succession de couches minces obtenues par projection thermique par exemple.Dans un système donné, ces matériaux subissent généralement des sollicitations cycliques qui peuvent être d’origine thermique et/ou mécanique. Il est donc nécessaire de mieux connaître leur comportement thermomécanique en régimes élastique et plastique. Ainsi, l'étude présentée dans ce travail, limitée ici à des conditions périodiques uniquement d’origine thermique, traite de l'évolution de l'endommagement d'un matériau sous une ou plusieurs formes de fatigue thermique.L'origine de la sollicitation imposée provient d'une condition de flux périodique (sous forme d’échelon, de triangle ou de sinus) prenant en compte les pertes par convection. Sur le plan mécanique, le matériau est supposé fixe sur l’une de ses deux extrémités et libre de se déformer sur l’autre. Les contraintes et les déformations mécaniques dans le matériau proviennent essentiellement des différences des coefficients de dilatation thermique et des gradients de température dans le matériau. La nature variable et transitoire du comportement thermique du matériau permet de suivre l’évolution de la distribution des contraintes et des déformations au sein du matériau.L’étude de son endommagement est menée selon les cas, soit sur des modèles établis directement à partir du comportement thermo élastique soit sur des modèles nécessitant l’étude thermo-élastoplastique. Dans les deux cas, comme la plupart des modèles d’endommagement (Lemaître et Chaboche) rencontrés dans la littérature ne sont valides que sur des matériaux uniformes et homogènes, une recherche de matériau équivalent du multi-matériau étudié était nécessaire. L’équivalence entre le matériau réel et le matériau équivalent repose sur un critère d’équivalence thermique. Les modèles étudiés fournissent dans les deux cas, l'évolution de l'endommagement du matériau, en fonction des paramètres géométriques et aussi de la forme des sollicitations thermiques imposées telles que le coefficient d'échange par convection, l’amplitude et la période du flux imposé.Une application de ces modèles sur un exemple de moteur à combustion interne est proposée à la fin de ce mémoire. Elle montre une prédiction du nombre de cycles (durée de vie) du cylindre moteur en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement utilisées. / A great number of industrial thermo-mechanical systems are facing today transitory regimes with different speeds according to the functioning frequencies. Enhancing their performance imposes the use of new materials of different types; multimaterials is a good example. In fact, these new materials may be constituted of different layers where the layers are associated together in a way to enhance the mechanical and thermal behavior of the system. They may be also constituted of a substrate dressed by a succession of slim layers obtained by thermal projection.In a given system, the constituting materials are generally subject to cyclic thermal or mechanical solicitations. It is very important to know at best their thermomechanical behavior in elastic and plastic regimes. Therefore, the study done during this thesis work, limited here uniquely to periodical solicitations resulting from thermal sources, deals with the evolution of the damage of these materials under multiple forms of thermal fatigue in plastic and elastic functioning regimes.The imposed solicitations are obtained from a periodical thermal source (rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal form). The thermal loss resulting from the convection is also considered. On the mechanical side, the material is considered fixed on one of its extremities and free on the other one (subject to strain). The mechanical stress and strain in the material come essentially from the differences between the coefficients of thermal dilation and the gradient of temperature in the material. The transitory and variable thermal behavior of the material permits to track the evolution and the distribution of the stress and strain in the material.The study of the damage is performed according the given case, either using models directly established from the thermomechanical elastic behavior, or using models that need a thermo-elastoplastic study. In the two cases, and because the majority of damage models (Lemaître and Chaboche) seen in the literature are valid and can be applied only to uniform and homogeneous materials, a research of an equivalent material to the studied multi-material was necessary. The equivalency between the real material and the equivalent one is based mainly on thermal equivalent criteria. The study provides in the two cases the damage evolution in the multimaterial function of the geometric parameters, depending on the form of the imposed thermal solicitations such as the heat transfer coefficient, the amplitude, the period and the shape of the imposed thermal flow.An application of these models to an internal combustion engine is proposed at the end of this thesis. It gives a prediction of the number of cycles (lifetime) of the cylinder of the engine depending on the used functioning conditions.

Le travail s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le Pôle Ameublement FCBA et le Laboratoire MSME de l’UPEM. L’objectif était de mettre au point un outil de simulation permettant à FCBA de mener une étude de validation (tenue aux tests normalisés) avant la fabrication du meuble. Ce travail était supporté par les fonds collectifs de la profession ameublement. Il a donné lieu à des développements dans le domaine de l’identification du comportement anisotrope du bois par analyse d’images couplée à la méthode des éléments finis, d’une approche multi-échelle pour identifier le comportement des liens entre éléments de meuble et d’un programme éléments finis utilisant l’approche « poutres » pour réaliser une étude statistique du comportement du meuble prenant en compte la dispersion du comportement du bois. Chaque étape a été validée expérimentalement. La simulation par éléments finis s’est focalisée sur une application « lits superposées en bois massif » pour laquelle un code à base de poutres a été développé dans l’environnement Matlab afin de pouvoir y implanter :• une théorie élastique anisotrope via des poutres de Timoshenko pour prendre en compte l’effet des déformations dues aux faibles rigidités transversales du bois en regard de la rigidité longitudinale ;• des éléments de connexion ponctuels représentant la contribution des composants de quincaillerie (vis, écrou noyé, tourillon…) et les effets locaux 3D aux liaisons entre poutres ;• la possibilité de prendre en compte les incertitudes sur les paramètres matériau d’une poutre à l’autre en fonction de l’orientation des planches, de la densité du bois etc… via une simulation de Monte-Carlo / The work joins within the framework of a collaboration between the Pole Furnishing FCBA and the Laboratory MSME of the UPEM. The objective was to finalize(to work out) a tool of simulation allowing FCBA to lead a study of validation (held the normalized(standardized) tests) before the manufacturing of the piece of furniture

The master thesis deals with design of multi material FDM 3D printer. In the first part, current market situation and possible principles of multi material printing are described. Possible variants of individual construction nodes are described in the next part and then the selected variant is processed into a design solution. The benefit of this thesis is a proposal of solution for the automatic printing head exchange, which is practically not concerned by printer manufacturers.

Advancements in material science and manufacturing techniques are enabling the use of lightweight metal alloys and polymer composites in several combinations and shapes for producing more efficient and lightweight structures for automotive applications without compromising strength, stiffness and/or durability. When evaluating the strength of the structure, the joints are of importance. For multi-material structures adhesives are often the best type of joints. However, traditional finite element methods using stress criteria cannot accurately predict the failure of these adhesive joints under static loading. In this thesis work a strength and fatigue model, formulated using energy release rate theory, is implemented in a post processing tool. Given a finite element model of an adhesive joint and a list of boundary elements and nodes this tool calculates the energy release rates in mode I and mode II, and if the fracture toughness of the adhesive is known, a prescribed mixed-mode failure index is calculated. To evaluate its predictions joint strength results are correlated to experiments. Specimens with combined shear and normal load forms the underlying experimental setup with change in strain rate and adhesive thickness as varying parameters. Methods for implementing the model for a car body structure with multiple adhesive joints is investigated, the tool proves to be scalable, however, the required finite element setup at the adhesive boundaries may not be present in a car body model and thus further work needs to carried out to accommodate irregularities like non-matching mesh in the car body finite element model. This model may be used for assessing the strength and durability of a car body structure comprising different materials joined together using adhesives.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la question de l'assemblage multi-matériaux polymère-acier. Dans un environnement automobile grande série, le rivetage auto-poinçonneur est le procédé d'assemblage proposé qui permet de répondre à la problématique industrielle. Dans un premier temps, la faisabilité de la technique i été étudiée en recherchant l'influence de la vitesse de rivetage et de l'effort serre-flan sur les caractéristiques géométriques du joint riveté et sur la tenue mécanique. Ainsi, il se révèle que l'augmentation de la vitesse de rivetage a un effet favorable: l'effort à la rupture en traction pure augmente de +10% en accord avec l'augmentation de l'ancrage mécanique. Par contre, l'augmentation de l'effort serre-flan a un effet défavorable : l'effort à la rupture en traction pure et en traction-cisaillement diminue de -6.6%. Par la suite, un modèle numérique 2D axisymétrique a été mis au point dans le but de simuler l'opération de rivetage. Les propriétés mécaniques effectives du matériau composite sont estimées par une méthode d'homogénéisation tandis que le comportement mécanique du matériau acier par un modèle élasto-plastique endommageable. Comparée à la coupe transversale issue d'un essai expérimental, la simulation effectuée sous Abaqus 6.10- 1® démontre être capable de correctement prédire la déformée en particulier pour la valeur d'ancrage mécanique. Enfin, un modèle numérique 30 a été développé et permet de simuler des chargements destructifs et asymétriques. L'effort à rupture et les déformées macroscopiques estimées sont en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, grâce notamment à la prise en compte de l'endommagement local de la couche composite. / This thesis work is dealing with the issue of multi-material polymer-steel joining. Within a large-scale automotive environment, self-piercing riveting is the proposed joining technique to tackle the industrial challenge. Firstly, the feasibility of the technique is studied by investigating the influence of the riveting velocity and the sheet holder load on the geometrical characteristics of the riveted joint and the mechanical strength. Thus, it turns out that the increase in riveting velocity has a favorable effect: the joint strength in pure tension mode increases by +10% in agreement with the increase in mechanical anchoring. However, the increase of the sheet holder load has an unfavorable effect: the joint strength in cross tension and in shear modes decreases by -6.6%. Subsequently, an axisymmetrical 20 numerical model has been created enabling the simulation of the riveting operation. The effective mechanical properties of the composite material are estimated by a homogenization method while the mechanical behavior of the steel material is managed through an elastic-plastic model with damage. Compared with a cross section resulting from an experimental test, the simulation carried out under Abaqus 6.10-1® demonstrates being able to correctly predict the deformations, the anchoring value more particularly. Finally, a 30 numerical model has been developed and allows the simulation of destructive and asymmetrical loadings. The joint strength and the macroscopic deformations estimated are in good agreement with the experimental results, especially when taking into account the local damage of the composite laver.

Reliable line production processes and simulation tools play a central role for the structural integration of thermoplastic composites in advanced lightweight constructions. Provided that material- adapted joining technologies are available, they can be applied in heavy-duty multi-material designs (MMD). A load-adapted approach was implemented into the new fully automatic and faulttolerant thermo mechanical flow drill joining (FDJ) concept. With this method it is possible to manufacture reproducible high strength FRP/metal-joints within short cycle times and without use of extra joining elements for the first time. The analysis of FDJ joints requires a simplified model of the joint to enable efficient numerical simulations. The present work introduces a strategy in modeling a finite-element based analogous-approach for FDJ-joints with glass fiber reinforced polypropylene and high-strength steel. Combined with a newly developed section-force related failure criterion, it is possible to predict the fundamental failure behavior in multi-axial stress states. The functionality of the holistic approach is illustrated by a demonstrator that represents a part of a car body-in-white structure. The comparison of simulated and experimentally determined failure loads proves the applicability for several combined load cases.

Computer numerical control (CNC) machining is an integral element to the manufacturing industry for production of components with requirements to meet several outcome conditions. The surface roughness (Ra) of a workpiece is one of the most important outcomes in finish machining processes due to it’s direct impact on the functionality and lifespan of components in their intended applications. Several factors contribute to the creation of Ra in machining including, but not limited to, the machining parameters, properties of the workpiece, tool geometry and wear. Alternative to traditional selection of machining parameters using existing standards and/or expert knowledge, current studies in literature have examined methods to consider these factors for prediction and optimization of machining parameters to minimize Ra. These methods span many approaches including theoretical modelling and simulation, design of experiments, statistical and machine learning methods. Despite the abundance of research in this area, challenges remain regarding the generalizability of models for multiple machining conditions, and lengthy training requirements of methods based solely on machine learning methods. Furthermore, many machine learning methods focus on static cutting parameters rather than consideration of properties of the tool and workpiece, and dynamic factors such as tool wear. The main contribution of this research was to develop a prediction and optimization model framework to minimize Ra for finish turning that combines theoretical and machine learning methods, and can be practically utilized by CNC machine operators for parameter v decision making. The presented research work was divided into four distinct objectives. The first objective of this research focused on analyzing the relationship between the machining parameters and Ra for three different materials with varying properties (AISI 4340, AISI 316, and CGI 450). This was followed by the second objective that targeted the development of an Ra prediction framework that utilized a kinematics-based prediction model with an ensemble gradient boosted regression tree (GBRT) to create a multi-material model with justified results, while strengthening accuracy with the machine learning component. The results demonstrated the multi-material model was able to provide predictions with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.166 μm and attained 70% of testing predictions to fall within limits set by the ASME B46.1-2019 standard. This standard was utilized as an efficient evaluation tool for determining if the prediction accuracy was within an acceptable range. The remaining objectives of this research focused on investigating the relationship between tool wear and Ra through a focused study on AISI 316, followed by application of the prediction model framework as the fitness function for testing of three different metaheuristic optimization algorithms to minimize Ra. The results revealed a significant relationship between tool wear and Ra, which enabled improvement in the prediction framework through the use of the tool’s total cutting distance for an indicator of tool wear as an input into the prediction model. Significant prediction improvement was achieved, demonstrated by metrics including RMSE of 0.108 μm and 87% of predictions were within the ASME B46.1-2019 limits. The improved prediction model was used as the fitness function for comparison performance of genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm vi optimization (PSO), and simulated annealing (SA), under constrained and unconstrained conditions. SA demonstrated superior performance with less than 5% error between the optimal and experimental Ra when constrained to the experimental data set during validation testing. The overall results of this research establish the feasibility of a framework that could be applied in an industrial setting for both prediction of Ra for multiple materials, and supports the determination of parameters for minimizing Ra considering the dynamic nature of tool wear. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / The surface quality produced on a workpiece via computer numerical control (CNC) machining is influenced by many factors, including the machining parameters, characteristics of the workpiece, and the cutting tool’s geometry and wear. When the optimal machining parameters are not used, manufacturing companies may incur unexpected costs associated with scrapped components, as well as time and materials required for re-machining the component. This research focuses on developing a model to indirectly predict surface roughness (Ra) in CNC turning, and to provide operators guidance regarding the optimal machining parameters to ensure the machined surface is within specifications. A multi-material Ra prediction model was produced to allow for use under multiple machining conditions. This was enhanced by comparing three different optimization algorithms to evaluate their suitability with the prediction framework for providing recommendation on the optimal machining parameters, considering an indicator for tool wear as an input factor.