Optimising the throughput performance for wireless networks is one of the challenging tasks in the objectives of communication engineering, since wireless channels are prone to errors due to path losses, random noise, and fading phenomena. The transmission errors will be worse in a multihop scenario due to its accumulative effects. Network Coding (NC) is an elegant technique to improve the throughput performance of a communication network. There is the fact that the bit error rates over one modulation symbol of 16- and higher order- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme follow a certain pattern. The Scattered Random Network Coding (SRNC) system was proposed in the literature to exploit the error pattern of 16-QAM by using bit-scattering to improve the throughput of multihop network to which is being applied the Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC). This thesis aims to improve further the SRNC system by using Forward Error Correction (FEC) code; the proposed system is called Joint RLNC and FEC with interleaving. The first proposed system (System-I) uses Convolutional Code (CC) FEC. The performances analysis of System-I with various CC rates of 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, and 1/8 was carried out using the developed simulation tools in MATLAB and compared to two benchmark systems: SRNC system (System-II) and RLNC system (System- III). The second proposed system (System-IV) uses Reed-Solomon (RS) FEC code. Performance evaluation of System IV was carried out and compared to three systems; System-I with 1/2 CC rate, System-II, and System-III. All simulations were carried out over three possible channel environments: 1) AWGN channel, 2) a Rayleigh fading channel, and 3) a Rician fading channel, where both fading channels are in series with the AWGN channel. The simulation results show that the proposed system improves the SRNC system. How much improvement gain can be achieved depends on the FEC type used and the channel environment. / Indonesian Government and the University of Bradford

In recent years, Multi-hop Wireless Networks (MHWNs) have experienced an explosion of deployment due to the increasing demand for continuous connectivity regardless of the physical location. Internet predominant transport protocols, i.e. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), face performance degradation in MHWNs because of the high loss and link failure rates. Several solutions have been proposed which are based on network state estimation or use information from MAC layer (called metrics) in a cross-layer manner to better comprehend the network state. The first part of this thesis provides a survey and comprehensive definition of common metrics from Physical, MAC, Network and Transport layers and thus provides a multi-criteria and hierarchical classification. After that, the effectiveness in reflecting network information of MAC metrics is also investigated in a systematic way by simulating various network situations and measuring the MAC metrics. Thus, the good MAC metric for congestion control which is coupled with the network contention level and the medium induced losses will be found out. From the results of the effectiveness study, new rate control schemes for transport protocols are proposed which adapt efficiently the source bit rate depending on the network condition provided by some MAC metrics. Through an extensive set of simulations, the performance of the proposed rate control schemes in MHWNs is investigated thoroughly with several network situations.

近年來興起一個前瞻性無線技術，稱之為無線網狀網路（Wireless Mesh Networks；WMNs） 以所費低廉方式提供無線網路最後一哩存取Internet，同時具備ad hoc網路全部優點。例如自我組織（self-organization）、自我組態（self-configuration）等。而802.11協議已經納入802.11s草案。雖然802.11的實體層支持多元速率，大多數研究為了簡化多假設在單一速率的情況下。但事實上，802.11可以支援的Automatic Rate Fallback (ARF)多元速率演算法；換句話說，由於信號雜訊比和資料錯誤率的不同，資料傳輸速率將自動調整。在這裡，我們假定在WMNs上使用 802.11協定，並且考慮路徑容量，延遲，流量公平及多元速率多跳接的環境。為了設法指出和改善這方面的議題，我們提出了經由改進802.11競爭視窗和加權公平調度機制的跨階層設計。透過一系列的模擬指出問題並找出合適的解決方案。結果顯示，如果增加低速率連結的優先權和考慮流量公平問題，容量及延遲將得到改善。 / A new promising wireless technology has emerged recently, called wireless mesh networks (WMNs). WMNs are an inexpensive way to provide wireless last-mile broadband Internet access and have all the advantages of ad hoc networks, such as self-organization, self-configuration. IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol has been adopted in 802.11s draft. Although IEEE 802.11 physical layer supports multiple rates, most researches assume single rate environment for simplicity. However, in reality, 802.11 adopts automatic rate fallback (ARF) multi-rate algorithm. In other words, the data rate will be automatically adjusted due to its signal-to-noise ratio, or error rate. Here, we assume the fitness of IEEE 802.11 over WMNs, and considering path capacity, delay, flow fairness, in multi-hop multi-rate environments. They all are affected by data rates on the links along the path. In order to address and improve the above issues, we propose a cross layer scheme which is modified by the contention window of IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC and weighted fairness scheduling mechanism. We point out the problem and find out the suitable solution via a series of scenarios simulations. The results show that if increasing the priority of the low data link and taking care about flow fairness problem, the capacity and delay will be improved.

The use of 802.11-based multi-hop wireless mesh networks for Internet access is extensive and growing. The primary advantages of this approach are ease of deployment and lower cost. However, these networks are designed for web and e-mail applications. Highly interactive applications, such as multiplayer online games and VoIP, with their requirements for low delay, present significant challenges to these networks. In particular, the interaction between real-time traffic and TCP traffic tends to result in either a failure of the real-time traffic getting its needed QoS or the TCP traffic unnecessarily experiencing very poor throughput. To solve this problem we place real-time and TCP traffic into separate queues. We then rate-limit TCP traffic based on the average queue size of the local or remote real-time queues. Thus, TCP traffic is permitted to use excess bandwidth as long as it does not interfere with real-time traffic guarantees. We therefore call our scheme Real-time Queue-based Rate and Admission Control, RtQ-RAC. Extensive simulations using the network simulator, ns-2, demonstrate that our approach is effective in providing soft real-time support, while allowing efficient use of the remaining bandwidth for TCP traffic.

The use of 802.11-based multi-hop wireless mesh networks for Internet access is extensive and growing. The primary advantages of this approach are ease of deployment and lower cost. However, these networks are designed for web and e-mail applications. Highly interactive applications, such as multiplayer online games and VoIP, with their requirements for low delay, present significant challenges to these networks. In particular, the interaction between real-time traffic and TCP traffic tends to result in either a failure of the real-time traffic getting its needed QoS or the TCP traffic unnecessarily experiencing very poor throughput. To solve this problem we place real-time and TCP traffic into separate queues. We then rate-limit TCP traffic based on the average queue size of the local or remote real-time queues. Thus, TCP traffic is permitted to use excess bandwidth as long as it does not interfere with real-time traffic guarantees. We therefore call our scheme Real-time Queue-based Rate and Admission Control, RtQ-RAC. Extensive simulations using the network simulator, ns-2, demonstrate that our approach is effective in providing soft real-time support, while allowing efficient use of the remaining bandwidth for TCP traffic.

In a multihop cellular network, mobile terminals have the capability to transmit directly to other mobile terminals enabling them to use other terminals as relays to forward traffic towards the base station. Previous studies of networks consisting of a single cell found that the SINR in a multihop cellular network is slightly lower than in a traditional cellular network. However, multihop cellular networks may have a higher capacity than traditional cellular networks due to their potential for lower intercell interference. For this reason, the effects of intercell interference are investigated in this thesis. Our simulations of a network with many cells show that multihop cellular networks have a higher SINR than traditional cellular networks due to the near elimination of intercell interference. However, multihop cellular networks still suffer from large amounts of interference surrounding the base station because all traffic either emanates or is destined to the base station making it the capacity bottleneck. To resolve this problem, we propose a novel architecture called the autonomous infrastructure multihop cellular network where users can connect their mobile terminals to the backbone network giving them the functionality of an access point. Access points receive traffic from other terminals and send it directly onto the backbone, as would a base station. This reduces the traffic handled by the base station and increases network capacity. Our analysis and simulations show that in autonomous infrastructure multihop cellular networks, the SINR at the base station is higher, the power consumption is lower and the coverage is better than in normal multihop cellular networks. Access points require parameters like their transmission range to be adjusted autonomously to optimal levels. In this thesis, we propose an autonomous pilot power protocol. Our results show that by adjusting a parameter within the protocol, a required coverage level of terminals can be specified and achieved without knowledge of the location or density of mobile terminals. Furthermore, we show that the protocol determines the transmission range that is optimal in terms of SINR and power consumption that achieves the required coverage while effectively eliminating the bottleneck that existed at the base station.

In a multihop cellular network, mobile terminals have the capability to transmit directly to other mobile terminals enabling them to use other terminals as relays to forward traffic towards the base station. Previous studies of networks consisting of a single cell found that the SINR in a multihop cellular network is slightly lower than in a traditional cellular network. However, multihop cellular networks may have a higher capacity than traditional cellular networks due to their potential for lower intercell interference. For this reason, the effects of intercell interference are investigated in this thesis. Our simulations of a network with many cells show that multihop cellular networks have a higher SINR than traditional cellular networks due to the near elimination of intercell interference. However, multihop cellular networks still suffer from large amounts of interference surrounding the base station because all traffic either emanates or is destined to the base station making it the capacity bottleneck. To resolve this problem, we propose a novel architecture called the autonomous infrastructure multihop cellular network where users can connect their mobile terminals to the backbone network giving them the functionality of an access point. Access points receive traffic from other terminals and send it directly onto the backbone, as would a base station. This reduces the traffic handled by the base station and increases network capacity. Our analysis and simulations show that in autonomous infrastructure multihop cellular networks, the SINR at the base station is higher, the power consumption is lower and the coverage is better than in normal multihop cellular networks. Access points require parameters like their transmission range to be adjusted autonomously to optimal levels. In this thesis, we propose an autonomous pilot power protocol. Our results show that by adjusting a parameter within the protocol, a required coverage level of terminals can be specified and achieved without knowledge of the location or density of mobile terminals. Furthermore, we show that the protocol determines the transmission range that is optimal in terms of SINR and power consumption that achieves the required coverage while effectively eliminating the bottleneck that existed at the base station.

Ces dernières années, les réseaux multi-sauts sans fil (MHWNs) ont connu une explosion de déploiement en raison de la demande croissante de connectivité continue indépendamment de l'emplacement physique. Les protocoles de transport Internet prédominantes, c.-à-Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), se trouvent face à la dégradation des performances dans MHWNs en raison de les taux élevés de pertes et de défaillance du lien. Plusieurs solutions ont été proposées qui sont basées sur l'estimation de l'état du réseau ou sur l'utilisation de renseignements de la couche MAC (dénommée métriques) dans une manière d’inter-couche pour mieux comprendre l'état du réseau. La première partie de cette thèse fournit une enquête et la définition complète de métriques communs des couches physique, MAC, réseau et transport et fournit ainsi un multi-critères et la classification hiérarchique. Après cela, l'efficacité dans la réflexion des informations de réseau des métriques de la couche MAC est également étudiée dans une façon systématique en simulant des situations différents de réseau et de mesurer les métriques de la couche MAC. Ainsi, le bonne MAC métrique pour le contrôle de congestion qui est couplé avec le niveau de contention de réseau et les pertes provoquées moyen sera découvert. D'après les résultats de l'étude sur l'efficacité, deux nouveaux systèmes de contrôle de débit pour les protocoles de transport sont proposés qui s'adaptent efficacement le débit de source en fonction de l'état du réseau fournie par certains métriques MAC. Grâce à un vaste ensemble de simulations, les performances des systèmes proposées de contrôle de débit dans MHWNs sont examinées approfondie avec des situations de réseau. / In recent years, Multi-hop Wireless Networks (MHWNs) have experienced an explosion of deployment due to the increasing demand for continuous connectivity regardless of the physical location. Internet predominant transport protocols, i.e. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), face performance degradation in MHWNs because of the high loss and link failure rates. Several solutions have been proposed which are based on network state estimation or use information from MAC layer (called metrics) in a cross-layer manner to better comprehend the network state. The first part of this thesis provides a survey and comprehensive definition of common metrics from Physical, MAC, Network and Transport layers and thus provides a multi-criteria and hierarchical classification. After that, the effectiveness in reflecting network information of MAC metrics is also investigated in a systematic way by simulating various network situations and measuring the MAC metrics. Thus, the good MAC metric for congestion control which is coupled with the network contention level and the medium induced losses will be found out. From the results of the effectiveness study, new rate control schemes for transport protocols are proposed which adapt efficiently the source bit rate depending on the network condition provided by some MAC metrics. Through an extensive set of simulations, the performance of the proposed rate control schemes in MHWNs is investigated thoroughly with several network situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARYNA SILVEIRA CARDOSO.pdf: 2314345 bytes, checksum: 65e604b78ddbbbc8d0efd8e49a70ac86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-16 / This study proposes a strategy to access sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network clumped together in clusters that come together in cells through a hybrid radio topology and / or fiber. In this topology, communication between wireless sensor networks and the repeater is via radio, while the backhaul communication between the base and repeaters will be hybrid and can use radio or fiber. Therefore, the proposal includes a flexible topology, using both radio as fiber in the backhaul and access to sensor nodes via a wireless sensor network. For demonstration of the proposed, tests were done on a channel emulation bench using fiber backhaul between the base and a repeater element. These tests were performed on the 915 MHz band, the FSK varying its transmission rate to assess the coverage area for each rate. As a result curves were obtained showing that for a fixed RSSI, the higher the worse transmission rate is the bit error rate. And the higher the lowest environmental attenuation factor will be the coverage area at all rates tested. Therefore the lower the reception power, the greater the distance between the sensors. Also tests were made in a real environment to evaluate the protocols implemented. It consists in the access of the node sensors of the clusters through multiple hops and reception power measurements of each sensor node and a packet loss rate. Through testing it has verified the operation of the proposal and implemented the flexible topology proposal. / O presente trabalho prop?e uma estrat?gia para acessar n?s sensores de uma rede de sensores sem fio (RSSF) aglutinados em clusters que se unem em c?lulas atrav?s de uma topologia h?brida de r?dio e/ou fibra. Nesta topologia, a comunica??o entre as redes de sensores sem fio e o repetidor ser? via r?dio, enquanto o backhaul de comunica??o entre a base e os repetidores ser? h?brido, podendo utilizar r?dio ou fibra. Portanto, a proposta abrange uma topologia flex?vel, utilizando tanto r?dio quanto fibra no backhaul e acesso aos n?s sensores via uma rede de sensores sem fio. Para demonstrar a proposta foram feitos testes em uma bancada de emula??o de canal utilizando backhaul de fibra entre a base e um elemento repetidor. Estes testes foram realizados na faixa de 915 MHZ, na modula??o FSK variando a sua taxa de transmiss?o, para avaliar a ?rea de cobertura para cada taxa. Como resultados foram obtidas curvas que mostram que para uma RSSI fixa, quanto maior a taxa de transmiss?o pior ser? a taxa de erros de bits (BER). E quanto maior o fator de atenua??o do ambiente menor ser? a ?rea de cobertura da rede em todas as taxas testadas. Logo quanto menor a pot?ncia recep??o, maior a dist?ncia entre os n?s sensores. Tamb?m foram realizados testes em um ambiente real para avaliar os protocolos implementados. Estes testes consistiam no acesso dos n?s sensores dos clusters atrav?s de m?ltiplos saltos e medi??o dos valores de pot?ncia de recep??o de cada n? sensor e sua taxa de perda de pacotes (PER). Atrav?s dos testes realizados foi comprovado o funcionamento da proposta implementada e a topologia flex?vel proposta.

Les réseaux sans fil multisauts présentent un certain nombre d'intérêts car ils n'ont pas besoin d'infrastructure fixe, sont peu coûteux et sont simples d'utilisation. Le mode DCF de IEEE 802.11 est souvent utilisé comme le protocole d'accès au canal pour les nœuds dans ces réseaux. Un avantage de ce protocole est qu'il est facile à implémenter. Pourtant, ses performances dépendent de deux facteurs importants : le partage du canal sans fil et les collisions entre paquets provenant des nœuds cachés. L'évaluation de ces paramètres est donc importante afin d'améliorer la performance de ce protocole. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'évaluation de la bande passante disponible. C'est un paramètre qui est souvent utilisé pour le contrôle d'admission ou pour le routage dans ces réseaux. Dans la littérature, il existe de nombreuses méthodes qui permettent d'estimer la bande passante disponible sur un lien sans fil. Pourtant, ces méthodes ne prennent pas en compte la notion de retransmission qui est définie dans IEEE 802.11 et qui a clairement des impacts sur la bande passante disponible. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle méthode passive, appelée RABE (Retransmission-based Available Bandwidth Estimation). Notre méthode se base principalement sur des informations locales qui peuvent être détectées par chaque nœud du lien. Nous évaluons également la probabilité de collisions non conditionnelle des paquets provenant des nœuds cachés via un modèle analytique. Cette probabilité nous permet d'estimer le nombre moyen de retransmissions qui est ensuite utilisé pour évaluer d'autres paramètres utilisé par RABE. Les simulations réalisées avec le simulateur ns2.33 montrent que notre méthode produit des résultats plus précis que d'autres méthodes existantes / The first part of the thesis is devoted to the evaluation of the available bandwidth. This is a parameter that is often used for admission control in these networks. In the literature, there are many methods for estimating the available bandwidth on a wireless link. However, these methods do not take into account the concept of retransmission which is defined in IEEE 802.11 and have clear impacts on the available bandwidth. We propose therefore a new passive method called RABE (Retransmission-based Available Bandwidth Estimation). Our method is based mainly on local information that can be detected by each node. We also evaluate the unconditional collision probability of packets from hidden nodes via an analytical model. This probability allows us to estimate the average number of retransmissions, which is then used to evaluate other parameters used by RABE. The simulations performed with the simulator ns2.33 show that our method produces more accurate results than other existing solutions. In the second part, we focus on the distribution of idle periods of a node that is often used to evaluate the performance of wireless networks based on IEEE 802.11. The problem is that there are different assumptions for this distribution in literature. We first characterize different types of idle periods in some fundamental scenarios such as the scenario as asymetric hidden stations and the scenario of flow in the middle. We then generalize these types of idle periods for relatively highly loaded networks. The obtained simulation results in ns2.33 are similar to our proposed model. This work also brings out that these distributions are multimodal, unlike what is often assumed in the literature