Offshore wind in the United States is a rapidly growing industry. The development of both fixed bottom and floating platforms is important for the success of the industry. While monopiles are common substructures in Europe, the Atlantic Coast has a much greater risk for hurricanes. It is necessary to understand how extreme weather events will impact the structures. Meanwhile, floating offshore wind will be key for offshore wind development along the Pacific Coast, Hawaii, and Gulf of Maine. Before these projects can come to fruition, the cost of development must first decrease. A taut mooring system with multiline anchors may be able to reduce costs, specifically when deployed in deep water locations. This thesis considers these concerns for both the fixed bottom and floating wind developments. A parametric study is completed using OpenFAST for a variety of mooring systems. A taut multiline mooring system is designed for water depths ranging from 850 to 2000 meters. Further 850-meter designs explore how changing line properties impact the mooring line and multiline loading. Using these mooring designs, preliminary suction anchors are designed, focusing on the potential savings of decreasing the number of anchor installations from 3 single line anchors per turbine to 1 multiline anchor per turbine. Anchors are designed for a range of soil conditions to observe their impacts on anchor dimensions. For monopile design, four Atlantic Coast wind developments are chosen for design of monopiles at each site, using 50-year and 500-year storm conditions in the design process. These monopiles are designed using primarily hand calculations, with the assistance of OpenFAST to create a hub thrust power curve. The loads are then used to design monopile for a constant diameter and thickness from the transition piece to the mudline. The constant diameter monopiles are compared to a design that was complete for fatigue loading. In general, the fatigue loaded monopiles were required to be much larger, providing capacities larger than the monopiles designed for extreme storm conditions.

Les paramètres S constituent l'une des grandeurs de base de l'électricité-magnétisme dans le domaine radiofréquence. Ils sont normalisés par rapport à une valeur d'impédance dite de référence et sont mesurés à l'aide d'un analyseur de réseau vectoriel (Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)). La précision des paramètres S des composants micro-ondes avec un analyseur de réseau vectoriel (VNA) dépend de l'exactitude du calibrage utilisé pour corriger les erreurs inhérentes au système. Le calibrage consiste à mesurer des dispositifs particuliers plus ou moins bien connus, que l'on appelle étalons, afin de déterminer les erreurs systématiques du système avant la mesure du composant. Les coefficients d'erreurs calculés à partir de l'étalonnage seront utilisés pour caractériser les vrais paramètres S du dispositif. La procédure de calibrage LAR (Line-Attenuator-Reflect), intégrée dans les analyseurs de réseau modernes et qui permet une large bande de mesure avec un nombre limité d'étalons de référence sur wafer, est particulièrement attractive. Par contre, peu d'études sont réalisées pour évaluer sa traçabilité. C'est pourquoi le LNE (Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais) a décidé de mener des études afin d'évaluer la traçabilité et la précision de mesure quand la méthode de calibrage LAR est utilisée. Dans ce contexte, nos travaux de thèse se résument comme suit : 1)Réalisation d'un kit de calibrage sur Wafer pour exécuter à la fois le calibrage LAR et le calibrage Multiline TRL qui constitue le calibrage de référence pour les mesures sur wafer. 2)Proposition d'une méthode originale basée sur un calcul d'erreur pour tenir compte du fait que les impédances d'entrée et de sortie de l'atténuateur étalon sont différentes de 50 Ω. Outre sa précision, l'avantage de cette méthode est qu'elle ne nécessite pas la détermination précise de l'impédance de référence du calibrage LAR. 3)Proposition d'une méthode originale analytique pour déterminer l'impédance d'entrée et de sortie de calibrage et donc l'impédance de référence. 4)Réalisation d'un kit de calibrage large bande pour les utilisateurs, dont l'impédance de référence du calibrage LAR est peut être obtenue par trois moyens :. ● Modélisation électrique de l'atténuateur. ● Modélisation de l'impédance de référence par interpolation polynomiale. ● Mise au point d'une méthode simplifiée : la procédure LAR-L. 5)Analyse des erreurs dans le cas ou le substrat du kit de calibrage est différent du substrat du dispositif à caractériser. Pour déterminer cette capacité, une solution consiste à graver sur le wafer du dispositif sous test une ligne de transmission dont les dimensions doivent être connues, et dont on mesure les paramètres S après calibrage du VNA.

Multiline anchors are a novel way to reduce the cost of arrays of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), but their behavior is not yet fully understood. Through metocean characterization and dynamic simulations, this thesis investigates the effects of wind-wave misalignment on multiline anchor systems. Four coastal U.S. sites are characterized in order to develop IEC design load cases (DLCs) and analyze real-world misaligned conditions. Stonewall Bank, Oregon showed the highest 500-year extreme wave height, at 16.6 m, while Virginia Beach, Virginia showed the highest 500-year wind speed, at 56.8 m/s. Misalignment probability distributions, at all sites, are found to converge towards zero (aligned conditions) and become less variable as wind speed increases. This indicates that high misalignment angles are unlikely at high wind speeds. A simulation parameter study, spanning a range of wave directions, misalignment angles, and DLCs, is run in OpenFAST to explore how misalignment affects multiline anchor loading. The simulated anchor is connected to three IEA 15 MW FOWT models via a taut mooring system. The force on the multiline anchor is calculated by summing the three tension vectors from the mooring lines. The mean direction of this force is found to align closely with the wind; each mean is within 5.5° of the wind direction. Higher misalignment angles cause increases to the amount of directional variation about this mean. The magnitude of the multiline force is also examined. Mean force level is found to be nearly unaffected by misalignment. However, maximum force decreases significantly as misalignment angle increases, dropping as much as 23.3% in extreme conditions. This confirms current anchor design practice, which treats aligned metocean conditions as the peak load an anchor experiences. Standard deviation of multiline force also decreases with misalignment. The operational load case, DLC 1.6, shows a slight trend towards this, but the extreme case, SLC, shows a more pronounced drop of 32.4%. This suggests that anchor cyclic loading analyses could benefit from considering misalignment. Doing so could lead to lower estimates of the cyclic loading amplitudes that anchor designs must withstand, thus leading to smaller, cheaper anchors.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-06T14:53:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX RAMOS BORGES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2012..pdf: 550720 bytes, checksum: cd1d40089c6d522f3d44501f683dc900 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T14:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX RAMOS BORGES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2012..pdf: 550720 bytes, checksum: cd1d40089c6d522f3d44501f683dc900 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12 / Neste trabalho serão estudadas as graduações e identidades polinomiais graduadas da álgebra Un(K) das matrizes triangulares superiores n×n sobre um corpo K, o qual será sempre in nito. Primeiramente, será estudado o caso n = 2, para o qual será mostrado que existe apenas uma graduação não trivial e serão descritos as identidades, as codimensões e os cocaracteres graduados. Para o caso n qualquer, serão estudadas as identidades e codimensões graduadas, considerando-se a Zn-graduação natural de Un(K). Finalmente, será apresentada uma classi cação das graduações de Un(K) por um grupo qualquer. / In this work we study the gradings and the graded polynomial identities of the upper n × n triangular matrices algebra Un(K) over a eld K, which is always in nity. The case n = 2 will be rstly studied, for which will be shown that there is only one nontrivial grading and we shall describe the graded identities, codimensions and cocharacters. For the general n case, we shall study graded identities and codimensions, considering the natural Zn-grading of Un(K). Finally, we will present a classi cation of the gradings of Un(K) by any group.