A series of recent excavations on the 2nd Century AD Antonine frontier forts of the Midland Scottish valley, have produced results which suggest that the army was making its own pottery on an appreciable scale. This was at a time when pottery production was thought to have moved almost exclusively into civilian hands. The possible local ware groups identified by the excavations were largely independent of firm source indicators such as kiln and waster material and the number of available samples was often-small. A program of Neutron Activation and Thin Section petrological analyses was undertaken along with an investigation into Textural Analysis, a facet of the Petrological toolkit. The aim was both to define the site ware groups and a group of specialist vessels thought to be local to Scotland, the Mortaria, and to make statements as to their provenance. Although the Mortaria analysis was limited by problems of sample group size and availability, by improving the objectivity of the statistical handling of the derived data sets and developing methods for the high level study of textural data, the site ware groups were defined successfully at both the "intrall and "inter" site levels. The analyses also furnished interpretations as to the mode and nature of the site production schemes. Through the full analysis of' site Daub samples linked to more traditional provenancing techniques, in all but one case the ware groups could be assigned to the source sites, where contrasting production modes could be identified with military as opposed to civilian production.

A inovação tecnológica desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de empresas, regiões e mesmo de países. Especificamente no estado de São Paulo, estudar os aspectos relevantes a este tema é de suma importância por se tratar do estado mais industrializado e mais importante economicamente no Brasil. Dentro deste contexto, este estudo visa analisar especificamente aspectos ligados à inovação tecnológica nas empresas dos diversos setores de atividade industrial, utilizando para isto ndicadores de inovação tecnológica e de dados empresariais da Pesquisa de Atividade Econômica Paulista (PAEP), realizada pela fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados Estatísticos (SEADE), sobre o período de 1999 a 2001. / The technological innovation performs a fundamental part in the development process of companies, regions and even countries. Specifically in the state of São Paulo, the study of relevant aspects to this theme is of summary importance because it is the most industrialized and economically important in this country. Within of this context, this study aim to analyze specifically some aspects linked to the technological innovation in different sections of industrial activity, using to this, technological innovation indicators and business results obtained by the Paulista Research of Economic Activities (PAEP), that was realized by SEADE foundation over the period of 1999 to 2001.

A dinâmica do mercado e a constante reformulação de produtos alimentícios são contínuas, porém a monitoração das alterações na composição química é escassa. Ao mesmo tempo, as bases de dados de composição de alimentos devem ser continuamente atualizadas. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram realizar a avaliação comparativa do perfil nutricional de grupos de alimentos específicos no período de 2003 e 2013, bem como a sistematização do processo de decisão de produtos prioritários para atualização de bases de dados de composição química de alimentos. Para a realização dos objetivos propostos foi necessário atualizar dados da Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA) e compilar novas informações. O conteúdo de carboidratos, lipídios, proteínas, fibra alimentar (FA) e energia de 259 produtos pertencentes e quatro grupos de alimentos pré-estabelecidos foram estudados para a avaliação comparativa dos produtos com dados de 2003 e 2013. As técnicas de estatísticas multivariadas (agrupamento e componentes principais), variação percentual e a diferença percentual (D%) foram utilizadas. Através da análise de subgrupamento (cluster) os produtos foram divididos por similaridade na composição química e pela análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi possível verificar que o subagrupamento para os cereais e carnes ocorreu, principalmente, pelo conteúdo de proteínas e carboidratos, enquanto que para leites e produtos manufaturados foi devido aos carboidratos e lipídios. Na maioria dos subgrupos foi possível observar diferença significante em pelo menos um componente através do teste t-Student pareado. Essas alterações são compatíveis com o relevante número de produtos que apresentaram redução pela variação percentual de lipídios nos leites (53 %), bem como aumento de FA e lipídios nos cereais (55 %) e carnes (40 %), respectivamente. Para a decisão de alimentos prioritários para atualização foram desenvolvidas etapas para a sistematização. A primeira consistiu em avaliar a adequação da composição química dos produtos através do cálculo da D%, onde os alimentos foram classificados como \"dados compatíveis\" ou \"dados não compatíveis\", gerando a categorização dos produtos em diferentes graus de prioridades de atualização (muito elevada, elevada, média e baixa). Posteriormente, dentro dessas categorias, foi considerada a importância do alimento em relação a sua aquisição, com informações dos produtos e marcas mais compradas pela população. De 330 produtos categorizados 82 são prioritários para atualização. Portanto, as técnicas de estatística empregadas e a variação percentual permitiram avaliar a mudança no conteúdo de componentes tanto de forma individual quanto conjunta com demais nutrientes para os grupos de alimentos selecionados, além de reforçar a necessidade de periódica monitoração no perfil nutricional dos alimentos. Paralelamente, a sistematização criada auxiliou na decisão de alimentos prioritários para atualização, resultando em relevante redução do número de produtos para serem atualizados, sendo um modelo útil para bases de dados. / The market dynamics and the constant reformulation of food products are continuous. At the same time, the food composition databases should be continuously updated. The aims of this work was to perform a comparative evaluation of the nutritional profile of specific food groups in the period from 2003 to 2013, as well as to make the systematization of the decision-making process for priority food products to update the food composition databases. To achieve the proposed aims it was necessary update data from the Brazilian Food Composition Database (TBCA) and compile new information. The content of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber (DF) and energy of 259 products distributed in four groups was studied for comparative evaluation of food products with data from 2003 and 2013. Multivariate statistical techniques (Cluster and Principal Component Analysis), percentage change and calculating of the percentage difference (D%) were used. Through the Cluster Analysis the food products were divided by similarities in food composition and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was evaluated that clusters occurred for cereals and meats groups, mostly, according to the proteins and carbohydrates content, and milks and manufactured foods groups according to carbohydrates and lipids content. In most clusters it was a significant difference was observed in at least in one component accord to paired t- Student test. These changes are compatible with the analysis of percentage change, the relevant number of products that presented a reduction in lipids in milks (53 %), as well as increase in DF and lipids in cereals (55 %) and meats (40 %), respectively. For the decision of the priority food products to update steps were developed for the systematization. The first consists in evaluating the chemical composition of the products through D%, where the products were classified as \"consistent data\" or \"non-consistent data\", thus the food products were categorized with different grades of priority (Very High, High, Medium and Low). After that, between these categories, the food products were evaluated for their importance in relation to their purchase, with product information and most-bought brands. From 330 food 82 were priority to update. Therefore, the joint techniques applied allowed nutrient content change to be assessed both in an individually-based manner as well as in a group for the selected food groups and support the need for periodic monitoring of the nutritional profile of foods. At the same time, the systematization created helped in decision-making of priority food products to update, which resulted in relevant decrease in the number of priority foods to be updated, being a useful model for food composition databases.

Water management and environmental protection is vulnerable to extreme low flows during streamflow droughts. During the last decades, in most rivers of Central Europe summer runoff and low flows have decreased. Discharge projections agree that future decrease in runoff is likely for catchments in Brandenburg, Germany. Depending on the first-order controls on low flows, different adaption measures are expected to be appropriate. Small catchments were analyzed because they are expected to be more vulnerable to a changing climate than larger rivers. They are mainly headwater catchments with smaller ground water storage. Local characteristics are more important at this scale and can increase vulnerability. This thesis mutually evaluates potential adaption measures to sustain minimum runoff in small catchments of Brandenburg, Germany, and similarities of these catchments regarding low flows. The following guiding questions are addressed: (i) Which first-order controls on low flows and related time scales exist? (ii) Which are the differences between small catchments regarding low flow vulnerability? (iii) Which adaption measures to sustain minimum runoff in small catchments of Brandenburg are appropriate considering regional low flow patterns? Potential adaption measures to sustain minimum runoff during periods of low flows can be classified into three categories: (i) increase of groundwater recharge and subsequent baseflow by land use change, land management and artificial ground water recharge, (ii) increase of water storage with regulated outflow by reservoirs, lakes and wetland water management and (iii) regional low flow patterns have to be considered during planning of measures with multiple purposes (urban water management, waste water recycling and inter-basin water transfer). The question remained whether water management of areas with shallow groundwater tables can efficiently sustain minimum runoff. Exemplary, water management scenarios of a ditch irrigated area were evaluated using the model Hydrus-2D. Increasing antecedent water levels and stopping ditch irrigation during periods of low flows increased fluxes from the pasture to the stream, but storage was depleted faster during the summer months due to higher evapotranspiration. Fluxes from this approx. 1 km long pasture with an area of approx. 13 ha ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 ls depending on scenario. This demonstrates that numerous of such small decentralized measures are necessary to sustain minimum runoff in meso-scale catchments. Differences in the low flow risk of catchments and meteorological low flow predictors were analyzed. A principal component analysis was applied on daily discharge of 37 catchments between 1991 and 2006. Flows decreased more in Southeast Brandenburg according to meteorological forcing. Low flow risk was highest in a region east of Berlin because of intersection of a more continental climate and the specific geohydrology. In these catchments, flows decreased faster during summer and the low flow period was prolonged. A non-linear support vector machine regression was applied to iteratively select meteorological predictors for annual 30-day minimum runoff in 16 catchments between 1965 and 2006. The potential evapotranspiration sum of the previous 48 months was the most important predictor (r²=0.28). The potential evapotranspiration of the previous 3 months and the precipitation of the previous 3 months and last year increased model performance (r²=0.49, including all four predictors). Model performance was higher for catchments with low yield and more damped runoff. In catchments with high low flow risk, explanatory power of long term potential evapotranspiration was high. Catchments with a high low flow risk as well as catchments with a considerable decrease in flows in southeast Brandenburg have the highest demand for adaption. Measures increasing groundwater recharge are to be preferred. Catchments with high low flow risk showed relatively deep and decreasing groundwater heads allowing increased groundwater recharge at recharge areas with higher altitude away from the streams. Low flows are expected to stay low or decrease even further because long term potential evapotranspiration was the most important low flow predictor and is projected to increase during climate change. Differences in low flow risk and runoff dynamics between catchments have to be considered for management and planning of measures which do not only have the task to sustain minimum runoff. / Sowohl Gewässermanagement als auch die Gewässerökologie können durch extreme Niedrigwasserereignisse stark betroffen sein. In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sowohl der Abfluss während der Sommermonate als auch die Niedrigwasserabflüsse in den meisten Flüssen Zentraleuropas abgenommen. Projektionen des zukünftigen Abflusses lassen einen weiteren Rückgang der Abflüsse aus Einzugsgebieten Brandenburgs erwarten. Anpassungsmaßnahmen zur Stützung von Niedrigwasserabflüssen müssen den hydrologischen Prozessen gerecht werden. In dieser Arbeit werden Kopfeinzugsgebiete mit kleineren Grundwasserspeichern betrachtet, weil sie anfälliger gegenüber dem Klimawandel erscheinen als größere. Lokale Gegebenheiten können darüber hinaus ihre Vulnerabilität erhöhen. In dieser Arbeit werden Ergebnisse über die ähnlichkeit von kleinen Einzugsgebieten verwendet, um geeignete Anpassungsmaßnahmen zur Stützung von Niedrigwasserabflüssen herauszuarbeiten. Folgende Leitfragen werden bearbeitet: (i) Was sind die maßgeblichen Prozesse und Zeitskalen, die zu Niedrigwasserabflüssen führen? (ii) Wie unterscheiden sich die Einzugsgebiete bezüglich ihrer Vulnerabilität? (iii) Was sind geeignete Anpassungsmaßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung der vorherrschenden Prozesse und ihrer räumlichen Muster? Mögliche Anpassungsmaßnahmen können in drei Kategorien unterteilt werden: (i) Landnutzungsänderungen, änderungen der Feldbewirtschaftung und künstliche Grundwasseranreicherung führen zur Erhöhung der Grundwasserneubildung und somit des Basisabflusses. (ii) Talsperren, Seen, Teiche und ein entsprechendes Wassermanagement in Feuchtgebieten eignen sich zur Wasserspeicherung und regulierten Wasserabgabe. (iii) Maßnahmen bei deren Planung Wissen über Niedrigwasserabflüsse einfließen muss, aber die Stützung von Niedrigwasserabflüssen nicht die einzige Aufgabe ist (Siedlungswassermanagement, Abwassermanagement und Wasserüberleitungen zwischen Einzugsgebieten). Darüber hinaus wurde die Effektivität ufernaher Grundwasseranreicherung durch bestehende Bewässerungsgräben explizit an einem Standort unter Verwendung des Models Hydrus-2D quantifiziert. Hohe Wasserstände in den Gräben und das Unterbrechen der Wassereinleitung führten zu einer Niedrigwasseraufhöhung. Im Sommer wurde der Wasserspeicher wegen der Verdunstung schneller verbraucht. Je nach Szenario betrug die Niedrigwasseraufhöhung, die von der ca. 1 km langen und 13 ha großen Fläche ausging, zwischen 0.3 und 0.7 l/s. Eine Vielzahl solcher dezentraler Maßnahmen wären für eine deutliche Stützung der Niedrigwasserabflüsse in mesoskaligen Einzugsgebieten notwendig. Das Niedrigwasserrisiko sowie meteorologische Niedrigwasserprädiktoren wurden vergleichend analysiert. Der tägliche Abfluss aus 37 Einzugsgebieten zwischen 1991 und 2006 wurde mittels einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse ausgewertet. Der Abfluss in Südost Brandenburg ging klimabedingt stärker zurück. Das Niedrigwasserrisiko war in der Region östlich Berlins als Folge des kontinentaleren Klimas und der lokalen geohydrologischen Verhältnisse am größten. Diese Einzugsgebiete zeigten einen relativ schnellen Abflussrückgang während der Sommermonate und eine längere Niedrigwasserperiode. Darüber hinaus wurde eine nichtlineare Support Vektor Machine Regression zur iterativen Bestimmung der meteorologischen Prädiktoren für den jährlichen Niedrigwasserabfluss im 30-Tage Mittel in 16 Einzugsgebieten zwischen 1965 und 2006 durchgeführt. Die potentielle Verdunstungshöhe der vorhergegangenen 48 Monate war der wichtigste Prädiktor (r²=0.28). Die potentielle Verdunstungshöhe der vorhergegangenen 3 Monate sowie die Niederschlagshöhe der vorhergegangenen 3 Monate und des letzten Jahres verbesserten die Modellgüte zusätzlich (r²=0.49, für alle vier Prädiktoren). Die Modellgüte war höher in Einzugsgebieten mit geringer Abflussspende und gedämpftem Abflussverhalten. In Einzugsgebieten mit hohem Niedrigwasserrisiko war die potentielle Langzeitverdunstung wichtiger, um Niedrigwasserabflüsse zu erklären. In Einzugsgebieten mit hohem Niedrigwasserrisiko östlich von Berlin und deutlichem Abflussrückgang im Südosten Brandenburgs besteht der höchste Anpassungsbedarf. Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Grundwasserneubildung sollten bevorzugt werden. Einzugsgebiete mit hohem Niedrigwasserrisiko haben verhältnismäßig tiefe Grundwasserstände, was eine Erhöhung der Grundwasserneubildung in den höher gelegenen Neubildungsgebieten möglich und sinnvoll macht. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass Niedrigwasserabflüsse weiterhin niedrig bleiben oder sogar weiter fallen werden, da die potentielle Langzeitverdunstung der wichtigste Prädiktor war und Klimamodelle einen weiteren Anstieg dieser projizieren. Des Weiteren sind die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wichtig für die integrierte Planung von Maßnahmen, die nicht ausschließlich die Stützung von Niedrigwasserabflüssen zur Aufgabe haben.

Its recognized that in the organizations the information has become an asset of paramount importance. Analyzing this trend, one realizes that, in the same way, the evolution and dynamics of the threats and security incidents on this asset is an indisputable fact. Moreover, its essential that those responsible for organizational management in the companies strive to monitor the incidents related to the area of Information Technology (IT), acting in a timely manner about these issues, treating them in a proactive and intelligent, way allowing the accurate and rapid decisions, aimed at ensuring continuity of business. This paper presents a tool for incident management related to it service and systems, called SDvPC (Service Desk via Portal Corporativo), which includes a Service Desk to a corporate portal and provides in a centralized way, formal procedures for reporting and scheduling the problems identified by users in an organization. The tool helps to ensure that the weaknesses of the organization are reported in a quickly and simply, as soon as possible, and allows proactive management of incidents in the area of IT to explore the quantification of qualitative data collected in the Service Desk and the grouping of incidents using multivariate analysis. As a result, SDvPC allows the tacit knowledge of the failures, shortcomings and difficulties attached to the IT services and systems in an organizational environment, providing vision and strategic planning on the activities of the support area. / É reconhecido que no cenário atual das organizações a informação tornou-se um ativo de suma importância. Analisando esta tendência, percebe-se que, da mesma forma, a evolução e o dinamismo das ameaças e incidentes de segurança sobre este ativo é um fato incontestável. É fundamental que os responsáveis pela gestão organizacional das empresas envidem esforços para monitorar os incidentes relacionados à área de Tecnologia da Informação (TI), atuando de forma pontual sobre esses problemas, tratando-os de maneira pró-ativa e inteligente, possibilitando assim a tomada de decisões precisas e rápidas, objetivando a garantia de continuidade do negócio. Esta dissertação apresenta uma ferramenta de gestão de incidentes relacionados a serviços e sistemas de TI, denominada SDvPC (Service Desk via Portal Corporativo), que integra um sistema de Service Desk a um Portal Corporativo e disponibiliza, de forma centralizada, procedimentos formais de reporte e escalonamento dos problemas identificados pelos usuários em uma organização. O SDvPC auxilia para que as fragilidades da organização sejam notificadas de maneira ágil e simples, tão logo quanto possível, e permite a gestão próativa de incidentes na área de TI ao explorar a quantificação dos dados qualitativos coletados no Service Desk e o agrupamento dos incidentes através da análise multivariada. Como resultado, esta ferramenta possibilita o conhecimento tácito da falhas, deficiências e dificuldades agregadas aos serviços e sistemas de TI em um ambiente organizacional, possibilitando a visão e o planejamento estratégico sobre as atividades da área de suporte.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-24T13:44:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Kelli Gomes Arandas.pdf: 1335078 bytes, checksum: 3e29f1f5a8d2dd45f3cb6a9ab0bdbb29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T13:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Kelli Gomes Arandas.pdf: 1335078 bytes, checksum: 3e29f1f5a8d2dd45f3cb6a9ab0bdbb29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Goat breed Canindé is characterized as highly adapted animals, a condition acquired due to natural and artificial selection process they have undergone over the century. But the use of breeding exotic breeds in crossing as an alternative for modernization of the production system has become a common practice in recent decades in goats in northeastern Brazil. This fact has contributed to loss of the racial characteristics of native herds, endangering this genetic resource endowed with great variability and historic and social importance. Characterization is an important tool in the conservation process of a breed at risk. The aims of this work is to phenotypically characterize goat breed Canindé, distributed in herds in northeastern Brazil through morphological and morphometric characters and use different techniques of multivariate analysis to assist in the process of breed characterization. The morphometric variables used were head longitude (HL), face longitude (FL), head width (HW), body length (BL), thoracic perimeter (TP), withers height (WH), sacral region height (SRH), rump width (RW), rump longitude (RL) cannon perimeter (CP), ear size (ES) and six zoometric indexes: Body Index (BI), Relative Body Index (RBI) Index for Relation of Chest Perimeter (IRCP), Cephalic Index (CI), Metacarpal-Thoracic Index (MTI), and Transverse-Pelvic Index (TPI). Morphological variables of genetic inheritance used were: presence or absence of horns, beard, earrings, extra nipples, short or long fur. For morphometric characterization and morphological traits were used data of 234 animals (29 males and 205 females) distributed in herds in the states of Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia, northeastern Brazil. For multivariate analyzes, we sampled 150 adult females. Based on morphometric characteristics we observed differences between the herds evaluated in different states. The animals belonging to herds bred in the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte showed the most desirable characteristics for the goat breed Canindé. The morphometric indexes obtained allowed in classifying the animals as dolichocephalic, medium shape, with well-developed legs, chest, and skeleton and good capacity for meat production, having the morphologic pattern breed similar to other native Brazilian breeds and suitable for extensive breeding system. The evaluated animals showed horns, short fur, no earrings, with low rates of extra nipples; being that bearded animals can be observed only in some of the evaluated states. Analyzing factor, it was possible to verify that the variables HL, FL, WH, SRH and BL were those ones that retained the higher percentage of variation; being the most suitable for future studies on morphometric characterization of goat breed Canindé. The canonical analysis has highlighted the importance of morphological variables for phenotypic differentiation, being presence of fur, extra nipples, earring and beard the most important of them. By discriminant analysis, it was possible to classify individuals evaluated according to their locality. Correspondence analysis showed the form of dispersion and clustering of individuals assessed by the state. The study concluded that there is phenotypic diversity of phenotypes within the race in different states of the country, which can be used successfully in a program to conserve the breed. / Os caprinos da raça Canindé caracterizam-se como animais altamente adaptados, condição essa adquirida devido ao processo de seleção natural e artificial a que foram submetidos ao longo do século. Porém a utilização de reprodutores de raças exóticas em cruzamento como alternativa para aumento da produtividade tem se tornado prática comum nas últimas décadas na caprinocultura no Nordeste do Brasil. Este fato tem contribuído para perda das características raciais dos rebanhos locais, pondo em risco esse recurso genético dotado de grande variabilidade e de importância histórica e social. A caracterização é uma importante ferramenta no processo de conservação de uma raça em situação de risco. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: Caracterizar fenotipicamente caprinos da raça Canindé distribuídos em rebanhos no Nordeste do Brasil através de caracteres morfométricos e morfológicos; Utilizar diferentes técnicas de análise multivariada para auxiliar no processo de caracterização da raça. As variáveis morfométricas utilizadas foram: (LCb = longitude da cabeça; LR =largura da cara; LC = largura da cabeça; CC = comprimento do corpo; PT = perímetro torácico; AC = altura da cernelha; ARS = altura da região sacral; LG = largura da garupa; LoG = longitude da garupa; PC = perímetro da canela; TO = tamanho da orelha) e seis índices zoométricos: índice corporal (ICo), índice corporal relativo (ICR), índice de relação do perímetro torácico (IRPT), índice cefálico (ICef), índice metacarpo-torácico (IMT), e índice pélvico-transverso (IPT). As variáveis morfológicas de herança genética utilizadas foram: presença ou ausência de chifre, barba, brincos, politetia, pêlo curto ou longo. Para a caracterização morfométrica e para os traços morfológicos foram utilizados dados de 234 animais (29 machos e 205 fêmeas) distribuídos em rebanhos nos estados de Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Bahia, região Nordeste do Brasil. Para as análises multivariadas foram amostradas 150 fêmeas adultas. Com base nas características morfométricas foi possível verificar diferenças entre os rebanhos avaliados nos diferentes estados da federação. Os animais pertencentes a rebanhos criados nos estados da Paraíba e Rio Grande do Norte apresentaram características mais desejáveis para a raça Canindé. Os índices zoométricos obtidos permitiram classificar os animais como dolicocéfalos, mediolíneos, com pernas, tórax e esqueleto bem desenvolvidos e boa capacidade de produção de carne, tendo a raça padrão morfológico semelhante às demais raças locais brasileiras e adequado ao sistema de criação extensivo. Os animais avaliados apresentam chifres, pelo curto, sem brincos, com baixos índices de politetia, sendo que animais com barbas podem ser observados apenas em alguns dos estados avaliados. Pela análise fatorial foi possível verificar que as variáveis LCb, LR, AC, ARS e CC, foram as que retiveram maior percentagem de variação, sendo pois as mais indicadas para futuros estudos de caracterização morfométrica de caprinos da raça Canindé. A análise canônica permitiu evidenciar a importância das variáveis morfológicas para diferenciação fenotípica, sendo o pelo, politetia, brinco e barba as mais importantes. Pela análise discriminante foi possível classificar os indivíduos avaliados de acordo com sua localidade. A análise de correspondência permitiu verificar a forma de dispersão e agrupamento dos indivíduos avaliados por Estado. O estudo fenotípico permitiu concluir que existe grande diversidade de fenótipos dentro da raça nos diferentes estados da Federação, que pode ser usada com êxito em um programa de conservação da raça.

The monitoring of our planet through image sensors can be used to inspect: deforestation and desertification of forests; the water cycle; urban growth, among others. Among the technologies of remote sensing, PolSAR (Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar) has been highlighting. The PolSAR enables remote sensing in almost all weather conditions. Each resolution cell in the PolSAR image is associated with a complex scattering matrix. One way to characterize the single-look PolSAR data is to use the complex covariance matrix. The covariance matrix is of extreme importance inMultivariate Analysis because it allows measure and evaluate the degree of dependence between the variables that compose the data set. This work presents a multivariate data visualization approach to visualize information contained in complex covariance matrices. The information aboutwhat type of homogeneous region is contained in the PolSAR image to be studied can be obtained by analyzing the data visualization approach provided in this work. For the validation of the approach, we applied our tool in non-simulated PolSAR images based homogeneous samples, i. e., samples that follow a certain of probability distribution. After that, the proposal was applied in three distinct targets, namely: a desertic region, a urban region and an aquatic region. Therefore, the implemented visualization approach in the R permits to discriminate the targets. / O monitoramento do nosso planeta através de sensores imageadores pode ser empregado para inspecionar: desmatamentos e desertificação de florestas; o ciclo da água; crescimento urbano entre outras. Entre as tecnologias de sensoriamento remoto, PolSAR (Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar) vem se destacando. O PolSAR possibilita o sensoriamento remoto em quase todas as condições meteorológicas. Cada célula de resolução na imagem PolSAR está associada a uma matriz de espalhamento complexa. Uma maneira, de caracterizar os dados PolSAR single-look é utilizar a matriz de covariância complexa. A matriz de covariância é de extrema importância em AnáliseMultivariada pois permite mensurar e avaliar o grau de dependência entre as variáveis que compõem o conjunto de dados. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem de visualização de dados multivariados para visualizar informações contidas em matrizes de covariância complexa. As informações sobre que tipo de região homogênea está contida na imagem PolSAR a ser estudada, pode ser obtida analisando a abordagem de visualização de dados fornecida neste trabalho. Para a validação da abordagem, aplicamos a nossa ferramenta em imagens PolSAR - não simuladas – sobre amostras homogêneas, ou seja, amostras que seguem uma determinada família de distribuição de probabilidade. Em seguida, a proposta foi aplicada em três alvos distintos, à saber: região desértica, região urbana e região aquática. Portanto, a abordagem de visualização implementada no R permite discriminar os alvos.

A dinâmica do mercado e a constante reformulação de produtos alimentícios são contínuas, porém a monitoração das alterações na composição química é escassa. Ao mesmo tempo, as bases de dados de composição de alimentos devem ser continuamente atualizadas. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram realizar a avaliação comparativa do perfil nutricional de grupos de alimentos específicos no período de 2003 e 2013, bem como a sistematização do processo de decisão de produtos prioritários para atualização de bases de dados de composição química de alimentos. Para a realização dos objetivos propostos foi necessário atualizar dados da Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA) e compilar novas informações. O conteúdo de carboidratos, lipídios, proteínas, fibra alimentar (FA) e energia de 259 produtos pertencentes e quatro grupos de alimentos pré-estabelecidos foram estudados para a avaliação comparativa dos produtos com dados de 2003 e 2013. As técnicas de estatísticas multivariadas (agrupamento e componentes principais), variação percentual e a diferença percentual (D%) foram utilizadas. Através da análise de subgrupamento (cluster) os produtos foram divididos por similaridade na composição química e pela análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi possível verificar que o subagrupamento para os cereais e carnes ocorreu, principalmente, pelo conteúdo de proteínas e carboidratos, enquanto que para leites e produtos manufaturados foi devido aos carboidratos e lipídios. Na maioria dos subgrupos foi possível observar diferença significante em pelo menos um componente através do teste t-Student pareado. Essas alterações são compatíveis com o relevante número de produtos que apresentaram redução pela variação percentual de lipídios nos leites (53 %), bem como aumento de FA e lipídios nos cereais (55 %) e carnes (40 %), respectivamente. Para a decisão de alimentos prioritários para atualização foram desenvolvidas etapas para a sistematização. A primeira consistiu em avaliar a adequação da composição química dos produtos através do cálculo da D%, onde os alimentos foram classificados como \"dados compatíveis\" ou \"dados não compatíveis\", gerando a categorização dos produtos em diferentes graus de prioridades de atualização (muito elevada, elevada, média e baixa). Posteriormente, dentro dessas categorias, foi considerada a importância do alimento em relação a sua aquisição, com informações dos produtos e marcas mais compradas pela população. De 330 produtos categorizados 82 são prioritários para atualização. Portanto, as técnicas de estatística empregadas e a variação percentual permitiram avaliar a mudança no conteúdo de componentes tanto de forma individual quanto conjunta com demais nutrientes para os grupos de alimentos selecionados, além de reforçar a necessidade de periódica monitoração no perfil nutricional dos alimentos. Paralelamente, a sistematização criada auxiliou na decisão de alimentos prioritários para atualização, resultando em relevante redução do número de produtos para serem atualizados, sendo um modelo útil para bases de dados. / The market dynamics and the constant reformulation of food products are continuous. At the same time, the food composition databases should be continuously updated. The aims of this work was to perform a comparative evaluation of the nutritional profile of specific food groups in the period from 2003 to 2013, as well as to make the systematization of the decision-making process for priority food products to update the food composition databases. To achieve the proposed aims it was necessary update data from the Brazilian Food Composition Database (TBCA) and compile new information. The content of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber (DF) and energy of 259 products distributed in four groups was studied for comparative evaluation of food products with data from 2003 and 2013. Multivariate statistical techniques (Cluster and Principal Component Analysis), percentage change and calculating of the percentage difference (D%) were used. Through the Cluster Analysis the food products were divided by similarities in food composition and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was evaluated that clusters occurred for cereals and meats groups, mostly, according to the proteins and carbohydrates content, and milks and manufactured foods groups according to carbohydrates and lipids content. In most clusters it was a significant difference was observed in at least in one component accord to paired t- Student test. These changes are compatible with the analysis of percentage change, the relevant number of products that presented a reduction in lipids in milks (53 %), as well as increase in DF and lipids in cereals (55 %) and meats (40 %), respectively. For the decision of the priority food products to update steps were developed for the systematization. The first consists in evaluating the chemical composition of the products through D%, where the products were classified as \"consistent data\" or \"non-consistent data\", thus the food products were categorized with different grades of priority (Very High, High, Medium and Low). After that, between these categories, the food products were evaluated for their importance in relation to their purchase, with product information and most-bought brands. From 330 food 82 were priority to update. Therefore, the joint techniques applied allowed nutrient content change to be assessed both in an individually-based manner as well as in a group for the selected food groups and support the need for periodic monitoring of the nutritional profile of foods. At the same time, the systematization created helped in decision-making of priority food products to update, which resulted in relevant decrease in the number of priority foods to be updated, being a useful model for food composition databases.

A inovação tecnológica desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de empresas, regiões e mesmo de países. Especificamente no estado de São Paulo, estudar os aspectos relevantes a este tema é de suma importância por se tratar do estado mais industrializado e mais importante economicamente no Brasil. Dentro deste contexto, este estudo visa analisar especificamente aspectos ligados à inovação tecnológica nas empresas dos diversos setores de atividade industrial, utilizando para isto ndicadores de inovação tecnológica e de dados empresariais da Pesquisa de Atividade Econômica Paulista (PAEP), realizada pela fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados Estatísticos (SEADE), sobre o período de 1999 a 2001. / The technological innovation performs a fundamental part in the development process of companies, regions and even countries. Specifically in the state of São Paulo, the study of relevant aspects to this theme is of summary importance because it is the most industrialized and economically important in this country. Within of this context, this study aim to analyze specifically some aspects linked to the technological innovation in different sections of industrial activity, using to this, technological innovation indicators and business results obtained by the Paulista Research of Economic Activities (PAEP), that was realized by SEADE foundation over the period of 1999 to 2001.

Understanding the biogeography of reef fish assemblages is paramount to reef conservation, management, and conducting appropriate population survey designs. Reef fish assemblages are a multispecies complex of reef-associated fish and are shaped by multiple environmental and biological factors (e.g. temperature, depth, benthic habitat, and topographic relief), which determine the species constituents residing in an area. Assemblages typically change with latitude where the number of families, genera, and/or densities of species specific to warmer climates decrease poleward into colder climate regimes. The Florida Reef Tract (FRT) extends for 595 km from the Dry Tortugas in the south-west to Martin County in the north, crossing a sub-tropical to temperate climate transition. This study investigates the biogeography of reef fish assemblages throughout the FRT to determine if they correspond to previous regional delineations that were primarily based on coastal geomorphology. Multivariate density analyses show that depth, habitat, relief, and region are major factors in determining the assemblages. Four main ecoregions were evident based on depth, benthic habitat, relief and latitudinal region: Dry Tortugas (DT), Florida Keys (FK), Southeast mainland (SE), and Bahamas Fracture Zone (BF). DT split into four biogeographic assemblage regions primarily based on depth, and relief. FK split into five biogeographic assemblage regions with a sixth extending through Broward County primarily based on depth, habitat type, and relief. SE split into four biogeographic assemblage regions primarily based on depth, and region. BF split into three biogeographic assemblage regions primarily based on depth, and region. These sixteen assemblages represent the current composition of reef fish based on four factors. Numerous other factors also affect reef fish assemblages (e.g. past and present fishing pressure, mangrove nursery habitat, and coral death) that were not part of the analysis but are discussed. The final reef fish assemblage regions were associated with previous benthic habitat maps in order to view their spatial extent. Having a map of current biogeographic reef fish assemblages serves as a baseline and allows more accurate management and monitoring of future reef fish populations.