Sammanfattning Den här uppsatsen handlar om musik och språkutveckling bland förskolebarn. Mitt syfte med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka tankar förskolan har om musikens betydelse för språkutvecklingen, tycker de att det främst genom musiken som barnen lär sig språket eller är det genom något helt annat. För att reda på svaren på mina frågor har jag valt att göra intervjuer med fem förskolelärare på två förskolor. Alla de intervjuade tyckte att musiken var ett av de främsta sätten att lära sig språket på i förskolan och nästan alla tyckte att det var för lite med musik i förskolan och att musik är inte enbart bra för språket utan även för faktorer som koordinationen, rytmen, samarbete i grupp. Musik är ett roligt sätt att lära sig språket på, och barnen är omedvetna om att det är språket de tränar när de håller på med musik. Nyckelord: förskolan, förskolelärare, musik, språkutveckling.

<p> For career musicians who underwent a lockout by their managements, such a traumatic disruption was an opportunity for learning to occur about their profession, music performance, and themselves. Using Jarvis&rsquo;s (2004, p. 106) model of adult learning processes, a phenomenological study sought to answer the research question: <i>How did the lived experience of career musicians during a labor lockout change their self-concept as musicians?</i> To arrive at an essence of that experience, quantitative and qualitative data were gathered by using a demographic questionnaire and interviews. The population was identified from published rosters of two acclaimed orchestras that locked out their musicians in the 2012&ndash;13 and 2013&ndash;14 performance seasons. The qualitative data analysis followed Creswell&rsquo;s (2007, p. 159) method to arrive at a description of the &ldquo;essence&rdquo; of lived experience by career musicians during a labor lockout. Results confirmed the lockouts provided &ldquo;disjunctures&rdquo; as catalysts for &ldquo;lifelong education&rdquo; (Jarvis, 2004), even though musicians&rsquo; self-concept were affirmed. As a group, musicians fit Haiven&rsquo;s (2006) matrix of negotiation when performing with a top-down, hierarchical organization, but not when performing in a collaborative organization, bringing musicians into Haiven&rsquo;s (2006) &ldquo;union zone.&rdquo; However, results departed from Haiven&rsquo;s (2006) matrix by indicating career musicians&rsquo; high need for social networks and less dependency on work deployment within collaborative organizations. The essence of musicians&rsquo; experiences during a labor lockout could inform the fields of labor relations, andragogy, music education, music psychology, and organizational change.</p>

<p> This research provides a guide to understanding, preparing, and performing Arnold Schoenberg&rsquo;s last completed opus, &ldquo;De Profundis&rdquo; (Psalm 130) Op. 50B, within the context of the Hebrew chant that inspired it and Schoenberg&rsquo;s other religious works, sketches, archival correspondence, and interviews with conductors. Theoretical and contextual analysis reveals significant discoveries relevant to an informed and accurate performance of the work. &ldquo;De Profundis&rdquo; embodies Schoenberg&rsquo;s mature and most flexible twelve-tone writing at the peak of his spiritual development. Op. 50B is a serial <i>a Cappella</i> composition scored for six-part mixed chorus with great rhythmic and melodic independence in the vocal lines, including soprano and baritone solos and choral <i>Sprechstimme</i>. A composer&rsquo;s final opus is generally regarded as his highest achievement, yet Op. 50, and in particular &ldquo;De Profundis,&rdquo; has received relatively little attention from music theorists or performers. While this research includes the traditional study of the composer and the score, there is also focus on distance learning through digital media and a symbolic interpretation of &ldquo;De Profundis&rdquo; that provides unique opportunities to engage the performer and audience. Through these efforts, others may be encouraged to hear and perform this beautiful work and to explore this unique method of rehearsing.</p>

Denna uppsats försöker ge en djupare förståelse för vad som påverkar och avgör unga tjejers förhållningssätt till den akustiska gitarren, resp. elgitarren. De frågeställningar som ställs är vilka skillnader unga tjejer ser mellan den akustiska- resp. elektrifierade gitarren och vilka faktorer som ligger bakom att så få tjejer spelar elgitarr på den skola som studerats. Uppsatsen bygger dels på tidigare forskning som talar om hur teknologi kulturellt sett betonats som något manligt, hur det ”naturliga” är det kvinnliga, samt de svårigheter som kvinnliga gitarrister kan stöta på i sitt musicerande. Den andra delen av uppsatsen bygger på intervjuer som genomförts med sex tjejer i åk. 9. Tjejerna från dessa intervjuer upplevde att elgitarren lät mera, att det var roligare att spela elgitarr, att den akustiska gitarren var lättare att spela, lät bättre och var mer tillgänglig. De intervjuade tjejerna trodde också att det som gjorde att det var färre tjejer jämfört med killar som spelade elgitarr på skolan berodde på att killarnas musiksmak var mer sammankopplad med elgitarren, att killarna var mer tända på att spela elgitarr, att tjejerna stod tillbaka och lät killarna spela elgitarr och att tjejer var mer för att sjunga.

<p>What is musical improvisation and what can we say of its effect upon musicians, listeners, and the world? This paper explores the relations between Jungian psychology, chaos theory, and pure musical improvisation, positing that the unconscious dynamics of the psyche, as well as the process and content of musical improvisation, are both examples of chaotic dynamical systems. The paper goes on to present the potential implications of such. By drawing upon psychological insights into symbology, the implications of the advancement of chaos theory, and the experiences and thoughts of various musical improvisors, this paper seeks to elucidate and further the study and practice of musical improvisation in the world. </p>

<p> Ulysses Simpson Kay (1917-1995) was an African American composer, conductor, and professor. His compositional output contains more than 135 works that have been performed, recorded, and have earned him several awards, fellowships, and commissions. This document includes a descriptive analysis of three works for flute by Ulysses Kay: <i>Prelude for Unaccompanied Flute, Suite for Flute and Oboe</i>, and <i>Aulos for Solo Flute and Orchestra</i>. </p><p> The purpose of this study is to increase awareness of Kay's flute repertoire, to stimulate more frequent programming, to provide relevant historical information about these works and resolve discrepancies surrounding incorrect data. The discussion will provide flutists and teachers with a descriptive analysis that contains suggestions for performance practice. The procedures used closely examine the musical elements of tonality, pitch, rhythm, timbre, texture and form. This analysis will help flutists understand the historical context in which these works were written, and can assist in developing a clearer interpretation, yielding a more authentic performance. At the conclusion of each discussion, performance notes will provide a summary of technical challenges for the flutist, and recommendations for teachers to facilitate selecting appropriate repertoire for their students. </p><p> This investigation also includes an interview conducted with renowned flutist John Solum, the commissioning artist of the <i>Aulos</i>. Solum worked closely with the composer and has performed all of Kay's works for flute. The interview serves as a source of historical information and performance practice interpretations as told by one of the last living flutists to have worked personally with the composer. As there is very little written material surrounding Kay's compositions for flute, this study will serve to augment the current research concerning African American composers of flute literature.</p>

<p> The purpose of this heuristic study was to explore and describe conservatory-trained violin performance major students' perceptions of their lived experience in violin learning from childhood to the music schools in New York City. The seven participants were undergraduate, graduate-level violin major students selected from the three major music schools in New York City. The primary data was collected via face-to-face audiotaped interviews, which became the narrative data.</p><p> The first question addressed students' perceptions of one-to-one violin instruction regarding expectations and values. The findings suggested that (1) autonomous thinking, boosted confidence, and transcultural learning were invaluable gains from instruction; (2) a reciprocal relationship existed between the amount of new ideas gained and one's performance outcome in lessons, which connoted students' recognition of self-responsibility in determining the quality of lessons; and (3) an ideal teacher encourages independent thinking, provides honest feedback, and respects students' individuality.</p><p> The second question asked students' perceptions toward power relationship and degree of autonomy in decision-making. The findings suggested that (1) interpretive demands seemed to cause a stronger impact to student-autonomy when compared to repertoire and technique-related demands; and (2) students adopted different reactive patterns and conflict management strategies to deal with conflicts and power struggle in the violin studio. </p><p> The third question explored students' perceptions toward the helpfulness of other courses to violin performance. The findings suggested that while all students were adept at independent learning, some students reported music theory/history courses were helpful in empowering interpretive/performance autonomy.</p><p> The last question investigated students' perceptions toward the interrelationships among self, music, violin performance, and culture. The findings suggested that (1) students' self-concept of ability in violin playing might be correlated with degree of autonomy and self-perceived technical competency; (2) the meaning of violin performance was to attain self-fulfillment in two domains: personal and social; and (3) performance autonomy might be circumscribed by socio-cultural expectation and economic condition.</p><p> This study implies that students' continued participation in violin learning might be influenced by economic concern, competitive environment, and self-concept of ability in violin playing. Violin teachers may need to help students maintain a sound professional development.</p>

<p> The purpose of this research is to document the use of chest voice in sound recordings of sopranos from the early 1900s through the twentieth century and to survey the vocal pedagogy informing performance practice of chest voice throughout the twentieth century. The research includes a survey of the chest voice in vocal pedagogy treatises from the seventeenth century through the twentieth century, and the performance practice of singers throughout the twentieth century in regard to the use of chest voice. The research also includes recording practices as they pertain to the different time periods of sound recordings used in this study. Three singers from each recording era are documented in regard to their rise to fame, voice teachers, training, use of chest voice in recordings, and approach to singing. Three arias will be used to trace the use of chest voice throughout the different eras of recorded history to document changes in style and approach to chest voice singing. The arias are "Una voce poco fa" from Rossini's <i>Il Barbiere di Siviglia </i>, "Salce, Salce" from Verdi's <i>Otello</i>, and "Air des bijoux" (The Jewel Song) from Gounod's <i>Faust</i>. The views about the use of chest voice over the past four hundred years inform the modern vocal pedagogue in regard to the changes in methodology, ideology, and practice due to the advances in vocal science and technology used to explore the voice and its function. However, until the beginning of sound recording the only form of documented historical performance lay in the opinions of critics and those who wrote about the performers of their day. In the research of this document the archival recordings provide the impetus for comparing vocal pedagogy instruction with performance practice in the use of chest voice.</p>

<p> Society attaches gender stereotypes to musical instruments, which may influence students&rsquo; selection of an instrument for study. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of model gender on instrument preference of beginning band students during the selection process. I used two research questions to guide the study: 1. Do student instrument preferences prior to an instrument demonstration reflect typical trends in gender stereotypes of instrumental performers? 2. Does the gender of the person modeling the instruments during a demonstration and selection process affect the instrument choice preference of the student? </p><p> Participants (N = 171) from six schools with five instructors from the Northeast were grouped into four treatment groups. First, I designed a questionnaire containing a pretest and posttest. In the pretest, the participant responded with demographic information consisting of grade, sex, and whether or not a parent played an instrument, and if so, which one. Next, participants rated their preference for six band instruments on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 representing no desire to play the instrument and 5 representing a strong desire to play the instrument. After observing the instrument demonstration, the participants rated their preferences for the instruments in the identical format as the pretest. Participants next answered an open-ended question that asked why they most preferred the instrument they did. </p><p> I conducted a pilot study with 23 participants and determined that the research instrument was suitable. Next, I administered the research instrument to four treatment groups. Treatment 1 (n = 76) observed all instruments demonstrated by a female modeler. Treatment 2 (n = 30) observed all instruments demonstrated by a male modeler. Treatment 3 (n = 23) observed all instruments demonstrated by typically associated gender stereotype modelers. Treatment 4 (n = 42) observed all instruments demonstrated by atypically associated gender stereotype modelers. </p><p> I determined the internal reliability of the research instrument with Cronbach&rsquo;s Alpha (? = .68). After determining a mean gain score by subtracting the pretest preference score from the posttest preference score, I performed a series of ANOVA tests. Students preferred instruments along typical gender stereotype lines initially with females preferring flute and males preferring trumpet most. I determined that there was no effect of model gender on instrument preference of beginning band students. While some changes in preference existed from pretest to posttest, especially for trumpet, none of the changes were significant. I determined in the posttest that while males continued to prefer trumpet most, females most preferred trumpet and clarinet equally with flute their next choice. Instruments played by parents followed typical gender stereotype assignments with most mothers playing flute followed by clarinet and most fathers playing percussion followed by trumpet. The majority of participants who responded to the open-ended question (66%) stated that tone was the reason for their instrument preference. By addressing the gender stereotyping of instruments, music educators may lead students to have more successful and satisfying experiences as instrumental performers. </p>

<p> Each chapter of this thesis explores a technique commonly found in post-tonal piano repertoire for students Levels 1-3 (Magrath). Post-tonal techniques evaluated for difficulty are Nonwestern scales, polychords and clusters, polytonality, atonality, serialism, aleatoric music, and experiments in sound. There are some inherent difficulties for beginner pianists in each of these topics that are discussed in detail. The appropriateness of these styles for students is evaluated and elements that are conceptually advanced are altered so that earlier exposure to these techniques is possible. Where there are areas of pedagogical weakness or a lack of material for young pianists, compositions have been supplied in a methodical order, introducing and expanding upon new and creative methods of approaching these techniques.</p>