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Defining the Roles of Oncogenic Pik3ca Mutations and Genetic Cooperation in Mouse Models of Breast CancerAdams, Jessica 11 December 2013 (has links)
Most human breast tumors have mutations in the growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3K) pathway. These can occur in genes coding for receptors, adaptor proteins, catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3K, downstream kinases, or antagonistic tumor suppressors. While each genetic change results in elevated PI3K signaling, and all major breast cancer subtypes show pathway activation, the specific mutations involved in any one tumor may play an important role in defining tumor subtype, prognosis and sensitivity to therapy. Here, I describe mouse models of PI3K-induced breast cancer.
First I generated mice that express Pik3ca cDNA under control of the ROSA26 promoter, in a Cre-dependent and therefore tissue specific way. I have generated four strains of knock-in mice: R26-Pik3cawt, R26-Pik3caE545K, R26-Pik3caH1047R, and R26-Pik3caE545K-H1047R, which can be induced to express wild type, helical domain, kinase domain and double mutant forms of mouse p110α, respectively. Mice expressing mutant Pi3kca develop mammary tumors, but the phenotypic spectrum for each mutation is unique. Indeed, many E545K mammary tumors are
ii
vascularized, whereas H1047R tumors are not. Using these models, I have compared downstream signaling properties of E545K and H1047R.
The potential for improved breast cancer treatment lies in combination therapies that target more than one oncogenic pathway. To develop such treatments, we need good mouse models, and an understanding of the oncogenic network. To this end, my Pik3caH1047R model was mated to p53 and PTEN knockout mice, and to mice with active Notch1 signaling. In each case, genetic cooperation was observed and characterized. Oncogenic PI3K cooperated with p53-loss and active Notch1 to decrease survival and alter tumor phenotype in distinct ways. Loss of PTEN cooperated with oncogenic PI3K to alter tumor type, decrease average age at end point, and increase the number of tumors per mouse. Overall, I have shown that Pik3caE545K and Pik3caH1047R are sufficient to induce mammary tumors, and that tumor characteristics differ with these mutations, and with cooperating genetic changes.
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Effect of homozygous lpr and gld mutations on the immune functions and induction of autoimmunityHammond-McKibben, Denise M. 06 June 2008 (has links)
The murine <i>lpr</i> gene encodes for an aberrant form of Fas (CD95), a molecule involved in apoptosis. The mouse <i>gld</i> gene leads to the expression of a defective Fasligand. Mice homozygous for <i>lpr</i> or <i>gld</i> mutations develop severe lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease characterized by the accumulation of unique CD4⁻CD8⁻ (double-negative, DN) T cells. Because of these poor functions in vitro, the nature and significance of DN T cells in the autoimmune disease process is not clear. In the current study we found that <i>lpr</i> DN T cells could mediate spontaneous lysis of certain tumor cells as well as mediate redirected lysis of various tumor targets when stimulated through the CD3/αβTCR complex and certain adhesion molecules, such as, CD44 and gp90<sup>MEL-14</sup>. The DN T cells constitutively transcribed perform, TNF-α and IFN-γ genes. Unlike the DN T cells from <i>lpr</i> mice, similar cells from <i>gld</i> mice failed to exhibit spontaneous cytotoxicity despite expression of similar levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, lpr DN T cells could mediate redirected lysis of Fas⁺ but not Fas⁻ target cells. Together, these studies suggested that lysis of target cells by DN T cells was dependent on the interaction between Fas and Fas-ligand. The fact that <i>lpr</i> DN T cells can be activated via CD44 and gp-90<sup>MEL-14</sup> suggested that these T cells may be able to mediate lysis of endothelial cells which bear the ligand for these adhesion molecules. Further studies revealed that the <i>lpr</i> DN T cells could mediate spontaneous lysis of endothelial cells and that CD44-hyaluronate interactions were important for endothelial cell lysis. Thus, interactions between DN T cells and endothelial cells <i>in vivo</i> may trigger an inflammatory response and contribute to the vasculitis seen in <i>lpr</i> and <i>gld</i> mice.
We also addressed the hypothesis that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be a consequence of destabilization of the idiotypic network. These studies demonstrated that auto- or allo-immunizations involving recognition of class II MHC antigens can trigger an anti-HIV response and such possibilities should be taken into consideration while delineating the pathogenesis of AIDS. / Ph. D.
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Estimation des taux de mutation : implications pour la diversification et l'évolution du phytoplancton eucaryote / Estimation of mutation rates : implications for diversification and evolution of eukaryotic phytoplanktonKrasovec, Marc 19 October 2016 (has links)
Les mutations sont la principale source de diversité sur laquelle agit la sélection pour permettre aux espèces de s'adapter. Les études de l'effet des mutations sur la survie et du taux de mutation sont donc essentielles pour mieux comprendre l'évolution. Par une approche d'expérience d'accumulation de mutations, nous étudions ces deux questions chez cinq modèles d'algues vertes (Ostreococcus tauri, O. mediterraneus, Bathycoccus prasinos, Micromonas pusilla, et Picochlorum RCC4223). Il est mis en évidence une diminution de la fitness au cours du temps en raison des mutations délétères, et une importante interaction génotype-environnement sur l'effet des mutations. Le taux de mutation varie aux échelles intra-génomique et inter-spécifique, avec deux principaux résultats: une augmentation du taux de mutation dans les régions non codantes et une augmentation du taux de mutation avec la taille du génome chez les eucaryotes et en fonction de l'écart à l'équilibre en GC du génome. Aussi, l'assemblage et l'annotation d'une picoalgue du genre Picochlorum permettent d'étudier le rôle des transferts horizontaux de gènes chez les Chlorophytes. / Mutations are the main source of diversity on which selection acts to allow species to adapt. Studies of the effect of mutations on survival and estimation of spontaneous mutation rates are essential to better understand evolution. Using mutation accumulation experimental approach, we investigated the issues of mutation effects and mutation rate in five models of green algae (Ostreococcus tauri, O. mediterraneus, Bathycoccus Prasinos, Micromonas pusilla, and Picochlorum RCC4223). It highlighted a decline in fitness over time because of deleterious mutations, and a significant genotype-environment interaction on the fitness effect of mutations. The mutation rate varies at inter-specific and intra-genomic scales, with two main results: a raise of the mutation rate in non-coding regions in accordance with trancriptional-coupled repair, and an increase of the mutation rate with an increase of the genome size in eukaryotes and the GC content deviation from the equilibrium. Also, a new Picochlorum genome is provided to investigate the role of horizontal gene transfer in the Chlorophyta group.
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Mise au point d'une méthode par pyroséquençage de détection et de quantification des mutations liées à la résistance au boscalide chez Botrytis cinereaGobeil-Richard, Mélanie January 2014 (has links)
Botrytis cinerea Pers., [forme imparfaite du Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel.] est le champignon ascomycète responsable de la pourriture grise (moisissure grise, pourriture de la grappe) chez des centaines de plantes hôtes au niveau mondial. Il est considéré comme un agent pathogène à haut risque de développement de résistance aux fongicides et s’attaque aux fruits, aux légumes mais, aussi aux plantes ornementales. Afin de lutter contre les maladies causées par B. cinerea, plusieurs familles de fongicides de synthèse sont homologuées au Canada. Un des fongicides récemment introduit et fréquemment utilisé est le boscalide. L’utilisation du boscalide combiné à la pression de sélection a mené au développement de la résistance dans les populations de B. cinerea. La génétique des mécanismes de résistance étant de plus en plus documentée, plusieurs mutations responsables de la résistance au boscalide ont été identifiées sur le gène de la sous-unité B de la succinate déshydrogénase (SdhB). Des substitutions d’acides aminés provoqués par des polymorphismes nucléotidiques (SNP) sont associées à cette résistance. Les mutations les plus fréquentes retrouvées chez les individus résistants sont la substitution d’une histidine par une tyrosine (H272Y), par une arginine (H272R), ou par une leucine (H272L) au codon 272 de la sous-unité SdhB. De plus, sur le codon 225, une proline est substituée par une phénylalanine (P225F) et sur le codon 230, une asparagine est substituée par une isoleucine (N230I). Il existe des outils moléculaires pour détecter les mutations H272Y, H272R, H272L, P225F et N230I, mais ils ne permettent pas d’analyses quantitatives et leur précision est limitée. Il devient donc important de développer une méthode efficace permettant de détecter et quantifier simultanément les mutations liées à la résistance au boscalide.
L’objectif du travail était donc de développer un nouvel outil de détection et de quantification des mutations reliées à la résistance au boscalide chez B.cinerea. À l’aide d’une banque d’individus de B.cinerea déjà caractérisés pour la présence des cinq mutations (P225F, N230I, H272L, H272Y et H272R) et caractérisés pour la résistance au boscalide, un nouvel essai de pyroséquençage a été mis au point sur plateforme PyroMark Q24 (Qiagen). L’utilisation du PyroMark Q24 comme outil de détection et de quantification de cinq mutations reliées à la résistance au boscalide a permis de repousser les limites des techniques existantes. La technique est basée sur le séquençage par synthèse générant des données quantitatives avec une précision de 5%. Les résultats ont démontré une relation linéaire (R[indice supérieur 2]=0,99) entre les ratios (0% à 100%) de spores d'individus résistants et sensibles connus et prédit avec le PyroMark Q24. Le pyroséquençage est une technologie prometteuse puisqu’elle favorisera l’étude populationnelle en offrant la possibilité de combiner les échantillons et permettra ainsi d'analyser un grand nombre d’échantillons plus rapidement, avec une meilleure précision que les technologies de détection actuelles. La disponibilité d’informations quantitatives sur la proportion de chacune des mutations présentes dans une population permettra l’amélioration de la compréhension et de la gestion face à la résistance aux fongicides au sein de la communauté agricole.
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Mitochondrial ND Genes: Relevance of Codon Usage to Semen Quality in MenKhan, Sadia Jihan January 2006 (has links)
Studies have discovered higher frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different mitochondrial genes are associated with subnormozoospermia. However, the frequencies of SNPs in ND1 and ND2 are not unknown. The present research was aimed to determine the frequencies of SNPs in ND1 and ND2 genes of the mitochondrial genome in fertile and subfertile men and whether changes in codon usage was associated with fertility phenotypes. Total genomic DNA from 157 semen samples was extracted using the proteinase K/SDS digestion procedure, followed by phenol/chloroform purification and ethanol precipitation. ND1 and ND2 genes were amplified respectively from 80 and 92 DNA samples from different fertility groups. Each PCR product was sequenced to identify mutations. Codon change resulting from a nucleotide substitution was determined by comparison with a reference mtDNA sequence obtained from the NCBI database. The frequency of codon usage in the reference mtDNA was determined by the computer program MEGA version 2.1. Eleven synonymous nucleotide substitutions and two non-synonymous substitutions were found in this study. Four SNPs were previously characterized; all SNPs were homoplasmic. None of the SNPs were likely to affect the function of the proteins on the basis of the hydrophobicity plots or secondary structure predictions. Sixty two percent of synonymous mutations were found to change from a high to a low relative codon usage values; 37% of synonymous mutations changed from a low to a high relative usage value. Chi-square (χ²) test (χ²= 0.067 with 1 d.f.) showed that there was no significant difference at the 5% level between these changes. Thus, change in codon usage was not related to semen quality in men. Further, there were no statistically significant differences in the observed frequencies of SNPs of fertile and subfertile men. However, the sample size was small and this study was only focused on a single NZ Caucasian population. Further study including larger and more diverse population samples may provide further insight into the functional importance of codon usage and its relevance to fertility
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A molecular analysis of Von Willebrand diseaseJenkins, Peter Vincent January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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The HFE gene in haemochromatosis and liver diseaseWallace, Daniel Frederick January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Mutation analysis of the adenomatous polyposis coli geneWells, Dagan January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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The molecular genetics of inosine-dependent germination of Bacillus cereus sporesThackray, Penny January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterisation of the type I IGF receptor binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor 1 using protein engineeringMarsh, Andrew January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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