To allow access to the network at all times a base station has to continuously stay active. While being active, a base station does not usually transmit data constantly. Typically, the base stations either send out lots of data or barely anything at all, yet, the network is actively drawing power the whole time. Succeeding in lowering the power consumed when the data rate is often so low would therefore lead to great benefits, both economically and environmentally, as well as new prospects of innovation in engineering. The process of how to dynamically change from a capacity optimized mode to an energy optimized mode as well as when to do this change is studied in this thesis for LTE. By using methods such as antenna muting and psi-omni coverage, the power consumption can decrease. These solutions however also decreases performance, and has to be activated with great care in mind not to cause any major impact on user performance. The dynamic configuration is dependent on the load of the system, changing to an energy efficient mode when traffic is low and to a capacity optimized mode when the network needs to supply high data rates. Simulations show that most energy savings can be found in rural and urban environments. Dynamic antenna muting achieved, summarizing macro environments, 24.9% energy savings with 95.27% downlink data rates compared to the reference case of using sector mode continuously i.e MIMO. In the same environments, dynamic psi-omni coverage together with antenna muting achieved energy savings of 43.8% with 89.3% downlink data rates compared to typical sector mode. Traffic rates are based on future demands in Europe by 2015, assuming that 20% of the subscribers are downloading 900 MB/h and the other 80% subscribers, at 112.5 MB/h.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:53:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heliton Diego Lau.pdf: 2253651 bytes, checksum: fcff21591beed28ee6f7308bad25eab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The studies and discussions about the community of asexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestites, transgender, queer, intersex and more – ALGBTQI+ – raise questions about the cis-heteronormativy position of/in the society, bringing discussions about the history of the (a)sexualities and identities of gender, aiming to (de)construct the imposed binarism. Through these (de)constructions, conservative sectors of the Brazilian society launch bills in order to (protect) the heteronormativity. The corpus of this paper is based on two bills. The bill 294/2005, authored by alderman Carlos Apolinário, and the bill 1672/2011, authored by congressman Eduardo Cunha. They both justify them by establishing the third Sunday of December as the “Heterosexual Pride Day”. When analyzing the discourse in both justifications, it is possible to notice how the homosexual and heterosexual identities are built in the citizenship dimension. This paper makes, through a discursive bias, a historical course of the (homo)sexualities in some periods and historical civilizations, such as: China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Middle Ages, Modern and Post-modern Ages, as well as in the scientific and social spheres. The theoretical base of this paper is based in authors that discuss the French line of the Speech Analysis, as Courtine (2014), Charaudeau & Maingueneau (2008), Pêcheux (1993, 1995, 1999, 2006, 2012), and authors that discuss this philosophical-linguistic chain in Brazil, highlighted: Brandão (1998, 2004, 2013), Mariani (1988, 1996, 1998), Orlandi (1984, 1993, 1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2012), among others. The subject identity discussion is proposed, based on Bauman (2005), S. Hall (2000, 2006), T. Silva (2000), Woodward (2000), among others, along with the discursive bias in order to discuss the issue of the Other. The methodology used in this paper is based on the evidential paradigm of Ginzburg (1989), the qualitative research, even using quantitative data in some moments of the research, in the light of the Speech Analysis, according to Ferreira (2000). / Os estudos e discussões acerca da comunidade de assexuais, lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis, transgêneros, transexuais, queer, intersexo e mais – ALGBTQI+ – levantam questionamentos a respeito do posicionamento cis-heteronormativo da/na sociedade, trazendo discussões a respeito da história das (a)sexualidades e identidades de gêneros a fim de (des)construir o binarismo imposto. Como resposta a essas (des)construções, setores conservadores da sociedade brasileira lançam projetos de lei a fim de “proteger” a heteronormatividade. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por duas justificativas de dois projetos de lei. O projeto de lei 294/2005, de autoria do vereador Carlos Apolinário, e o projeto de lei 1672/2011, do deputado federal Eduardo Cunha. O objetivo de ambos é estabelecer o terceiro domingo de dezembro como o “Dia do Orgulho Heterossexual”. Ao se analisar as sequências discursivas das justificativas de cada projeto de lei, observa-se como são construídas, através das formações discursivas, as identidades homossexuais e heterossexuais na dimensão da cidadania. Neste trabalho, é feito um percurso histórico acerca da(s) (homo)sexualidade(s) em alguns períodos e civilizações históricas, tais como: China, Egito, Grécia, Roma, Idade Média, Idade Moderna e Pós-Moderna, bem como nas esferas científicas e sociais. Para a sustentação teórica deste trabalho, mobilizaram-se autories que discutem a análise do discurso de linha francesa, como Courtine (2014), Charaudeau & Maingueneau (2008), Pêcheux (1993, 1995, 1999, 2006, 2012) e autories que discutem essa corrente filosófico-linguística no Brasil, em maior destaque: Brandão (1998, 2004, 2013), Mariani (1988, 1996, 1998), Orlandi (1984, 1993, 1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2012), entre outres. A discussão sobre a identidade do sujeito é sustentada em Bauman (2005), S. Hall (2000, 2006), T. Silva (2000), Woodward (2000), entre outres, em diálogo com o viés discursivo, a fim de situar a questão du Outre. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho é a qualitativa, baseada no paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (1989).

Guitarists using effect pedals to alter the way their guitar sounds often face the problem of loud noise when they want their guitars to be completely silent. This can be the result of using a distortion pedal which works well when you’re playing, but not when you have a brief pause. This project focuses on developing a complete prototype of a distortion pedal that has an adjustable mute circuit, also known as a noise gate, built into it. The project pedal consists of some functions which commercially available effect pedals have; 6.3 mm input jack, on and off switch, both a battery connector and a DC-jack, and adjustable knobs for the different effects like drive, tone and volume. The distortion circuit is inspired by the BOSS SD1 SUPER OVERDRIVE pedal and the muting function is constructed with Junction Field Effect Transistors.Two prototypes were constructed; one with hole mounted components, and one with surface mounted components. They both work largely as imagined. When the guitar is played, the desired distorted sound can be heard and adjusted with a drive, tone and volume control. When the guitar is not played, all unwanted noise is completely muted. A sensitivity adjusting knob allows for different signal strengths to be muted.The chosen method for muting the signal introduces a short and faint unwanted noise during the muting process. While it would have been better to eliminate this noise too, the prototype introduces something new and helpful for guitarists using distortion pedals. With more work, this way of integrating a mute circuit in distortion pedals could potentially set a new standard. / Gitarrister som använder effektpedaler för att ändra hur deras gitarr låter stöter ofta på problemet där oönskat brus uppstår när de vill att gitarren ska vara helt tyst. Detta kan vara resultatet av att använda en distortionspedal som fungerar väl när man spelar på gitarren, men inte när man tar en kort paus. Detta projekt fokuserar på att utveckla en fulländad prototyp av en distortionspedal som har en justerbar mutefunktion, också kallad en brusgrind. Pedalen har några funktioner som vanligtvis finns hos de kommersiellt tillgängliga pedalerna; 6.3 mm ingångsoch utgångskontakter, av-/påknapp, strömförsörjning via både ett batteri och vägguttag, och justerbara kontroller för förvrängning, ton och volym. Distortionskretsen är inspirerad av pedalen BOSS SD1 SUPER OVERDRIVE och mute-funktionen använder sig av Junction Field Effect Transistorer.Två prototyper konstruerades; en med hålmonterade komponenter, och en med ytmonterade komponenter. De både prototyperna fungerar i stort sett enligt de uppsatta målen. När gitarren spelas så hörs det önskade förvrängda ljudet som kan justeras med kontrollerna. När gitarren inte spelas dämpas allt oönskat brus till en ohörbar nivå. En känslighetskontroll tillåter olika signalstyrkor att tystas.Den valda metoden för mute-funktionen introducerar ett kort och svagt oönskat ljud som uppstår under själva dämpningsprocessen. Medan detta oljud är något som bör lösas så ger prototypen fortfarande något unikt och hjälpsamt för gitarrister. Med mer arbete skulle detta kunna förbli en ny standard inom distortionspedaler.