Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-167).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 116-129.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A diferenciação da oligodendroglia depende de alterações coordenadas no citoesqueleto e na sua relação com a membrana plasmática, um componente importante para a formação da bainha de mielina. A 23 nucleotídeo cíclico 3 fosfodiesterase (CNPase) está relacionada com a organização do citoesqueleto, sendo uma proteína ancoradoura de microtúbulos na membrana plasmática. In vitro, a CNPase compõe, com a F-actina e os microtúbulos, as estruturas semelhantes a nervuras ou os componentes radiais. A glicoproteína associada a mielina (MAG), também é importante para a formação dos véus de membrana e está associada a CNPase e a tubulina. Além disso, as três proteínas podem ser reguladas pela via de sinalização do AMPc/PKA. Buscando avaliar os efeitos da via do AMPc/PKA na regulação da diferenciação oligodendroglial, culturas de hemisférios cerebrais com 5 dias foram tratadas por 30 min ou 24 h com o inibidor (SQ22356-SQ [1 M]) ou com o ativador (forscolina [10M]) da adenilato ciclase ou com o inibidor da PKA, H-89 [1 M]. A oligodendroglia foi identificada pelo anticorpo anti-CNPase e por sua morfologia. Com 30 min de tratamento com forscolina, as células das culturas tratadas apresentaram prolongamentos maiores e menos véus de membrana quando comparadas às culturas controle. O tratamento com SQ também causou um aumento no tamanho dos prolongamentos e o tratamento com H-89 causou a redução no tamanho dos prolongamentos e nos véus de membrana. Com 24 h, as células tratadas com forscolina apresentaram poucos prolongamentos, já as culturas tratadas com SQ apresentaram um aumento no tamanho do prolongamento e as tratadas com H-89 demonstraram redução no véu de membrana. Observamos também alterações na distribuição da CNPase, tubulina e MAG, a primeira apresentou uma concentração próxima ao núcleo depois dos dois tempos de tratamento com H-89, o mesmo ocorreu com a tubulina. A CNPase adquiriu ainda um padrão puntiforme depois de 24 h de tratamento com ambos os inibidores. A MAG apresentou um aumento na concentração próximo ao núcleo depois de 30 min de tratamento com forscolina e SQ. O tratamento com SQ também reduziu a distribuição da MAG nos véus de membrana. A mesma redução foi observada depois de 24 h de tratamento com H-89. Esses resultados reforçam a participação da via do AMPc/PKA no desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia, incluindo a formação dos prolongamentos, suas ramificações e ainda a formação dos véus de membrana, com prováveis consequências na formação e manutenção da bainha de mielina. / Oligodendroglial differentiation depends on coordinated changes in the cytoskeleton and on its relationship with the plasmatic membrane, a critical site regarding the formation of the myelin sheath. 23cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is related to cytoskeleton modulation, anchoring microtubules to the plasmatic membrane. In vitro, CNPase composes, together with F-actin and microtubules, the vein-like structures or radial components in myelin sheath. Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) is important to membrane vellum formation and is associated with CNPase and tubulin. Besides, the AMPc/PKA pathway can regulate these three proteins. In order to evaluate the effects of the cAMP/PKA pathway modulation on oligodendroglial differentiation, cultures of cerebral hemispheres were treated for 30 min or 24 h with the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 SQ [1 lM] or with its activator forskolin [10 lM], or with the PKA inhibitor H-89 [1 lM]. Oligodendroglia was identified using anti-CNPase antibody as also by morphology. At 30 min, the cells treated with forskolin showed bigger processes and a shorter membrane vellum when compared to control cultures, the treatment with SQ caused an increase in the processes length, the H-89 treatment reduced the processes length and the membrane vellum. At 24 h, cultures treated with forskolin showed few processes when compared to control cultures. Cultures treated with SQ showed an increase in the processes length and after H89 treatment oligodendroglial cells presented a reduction in the membrane vellum. We also observed alterations in the distribution of CNPase, tubulin and MAG, the first showed an increase in the distribution closest to nucleus in both periods of H-89 treatment, the same pattern occurred for tubulin. The CNPase acquired a punctiform pattern after 24 hours of treatment with both inhibitors. The MAG also showed an increase closest to nucleus after 30 minutes of treatment with forskolin and SQ. The SQ treatment also caused a reduction in the protein distribution to membrane vellum. The same reduction is observed after 24 hours of treatment with H-89.These findings reinforce a role for AMPc/PKA pathway in oligodendroglial differentiation including the processes extension and arborization as also the formation of membranar vellum, with possible consequences in the formation and maintenance of myelin sheath.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A diferenciação da oligodendroglia depende de alterações coordenadas no citoesqueleto e na sua relação com a membrana plasmática, um componente importante para a formação da bainha de mielina. A 23 nucleotídeo cíclico 3 fosfodiesterase (CNPase) está relacionada com a organização do citoesqueleto, sendo uma proteína ancoradoura de microtúbulos na membrana plasmática. In vitro, a CNPase compõe, com a F-actina e os microtúbulos, as estruturas semelhantes a nervuras ou os componentes radiais. A glicoproteína associada a mielina (MAG), também é importante para a formação dos véus de membrana e está associada a CNPase e a tubulina. Além disso, as três proteínas podem ser reguladas pela via de sinalização do AMPc/PKA. Buscando avaliar os efeitos da via do AMPc/PKA na regulação da diferenciação oligodendroglial, culturas de hemisférios cerebrais com 5 dias foram tratadas por 30 min ou 24 h com o inibidor (SQ22356-SQ [1 M]) ou com o ativador (forscolina [10M]) da adenilato ciclase ou com o inibidor da PKA, H-89 [1 M]. A oligodendroglia foi identificada pelo anticorpo anti-CNPase e por sua morfologia. Com 30 min de tratamento com forscolina, as células das culturas tratadas apresentaram prolongamentos maiores e menos véus de membrana quando comparadas às culturas controle. O tratamento com SQ também causou um aumento no tamanho dos prolongamentos e o tratamento com H-89 causou a redução no tamanho dos prolongamentos e nos véus de membrana. Com 24 h, as células tratadas com forscolina apresentaram poucos prolongamentos, já as culturas tratadas com SQ apresentaram um aumento no tamanho do prolongamento e as tratadas com H-89 demonstraram redução no véu de membrana. Observamos também alterações na distribuição da CNPase, tubulina e MAG, a primeira apresentou uma concentração próxima ao núcleo depois dos dois tempos de tratamento com H-89, o mesmo ocorreu com a tubulina. A CNPase adquiriu ainda um padrão puntiforme depois de 24 h de tratamento com ambos os inibidores. A MAG apresentou um aumento na concentração próximo ao núcleo depois de 30 min de tratamento com forscolina e SQ. O tratamento com SQ também reduziu a distribuição da MAG nos véus de membrana. A mesma redução foi observada depois de 24 h de tratamento com H-89. Esses resultados reforçam a participação da via do AMPc/PKA no desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia, incluindo a formação dos prolongamentos, suas ramificações e ainda a formação dos véus de membrana, com prováveis consequências na formação e manutenção da bainha de mielina. / Oligodendroglial differentiation depends on coordinated changes in the cytoskeleton and on its relationship with the plasmatic membrane, a critical site regarding the formation of the myelin sheath. 23cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is related to cytoskeleton modulation, anchoring microtubules to the plasmatic membrane. In vitro, CNPase composes, together with F-actin and microtubules, the vein-like structures or radial components in myelin sheath. Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) is important to membrane vellum formation and is associated with CNPase and tubulin. Besides, the AMPc/PKA pathway can regulate these three proteins. In order to evaluate the effects of the cAMP/PKA pathway modulation on oligodendroglial differentiation, cultures of cerebral hemispheres were treated for 30 min or 24 h with the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 SQ [1 lM] or with its activator forskolin [10 lM], or with the PKA inhibitor H-89 [1 lM]. Oligodendroglia was identified using anti-CNPase antibody as also by morphology. At 30 min, the cells treated with forskolin showed bigger processes and a shorter membrane vellum when compared to control cultures, the treatment with SQ caused an increase in the processes length, the H-89 treatment reduced the processes length and the membrane vellum. At 24 h, cultures treated with forskolin showed few processes when compared to control cultures. Cultures treated with SQ showed an increase in the processes length and after H89 treatment oligodendroglial cells presented a reduction in the membrane vellum. We also observed alterations in the distribution of CNPase, tubulin and MAG, the first showed an increase in the distribution closest to nucleus in both periods of H-89 treatment, the same pattern occurred for tubulin. The CNPase acquired a punctiform pattern after 24 hours of treatment with both inhibitors. The MAG also showed an increase closest to nucleus after 30 minutes of treatment with forskolin and SQ. The SQ treatment also caused a reduction in the protein distribution to membrane vellum. The same reduction is observed after 24 hours of treatment with H-89.These findings reinforce a role for AMPc/PKA pathway in oligodendroglial differentiation including the processes extension and arborization as also the formation of membranar vellum, with possible consequences in the formation and maintenance of myelin sheath.

No description available.

Adaptation to osmotic imbalance is crucial for cell survival and many organisms have developed complex mechanisms to counteract the changes induced by aniosmolarity. In mammals, the central nervous system is one of the most vulnerable organs after sudden changes in osmolarity. This is best exemplified by two common clinical disorders, brain edema resulting from acute hyponatremia and brain dehydration after hypernatremia. In clinical practice, hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder and carries a significant mortality and morbidity. However, correction of hyponatremia should be undertaken with great caution as failure to adapt to rapid changes in chronic hyponatremia will cause rapid and fatal demyelination of the central nervous system. This syndrome is called osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) or central pontine myelinolysis. In this work, we investigated the pathophysiology and new diagnostic and treatments tools for osmotic demyelination syndrome. Using a rat model, we demonstrated the efficacy of the neuroprotective agent minocycline in osmotic demyelination syndrome. We also compared treatment with dexamethasone and re-lowering of serum sodium after rapid correction of hyponatremia and we showed that re-lowering of serum sodium is better than administration of dexamethasone. We explored the mechanisms underlying brain demyelination in ODS and demonstrated that the rupture of the blood brain barrier is not necessary for demyelination and that activated microglia does not play a key role in brain demyelination but can potentiate the lesions induced by rapid correction of hyponatremia. We also investigated the role of astrocytes during the development of osmotic demyelination and demonstrated that astrocytes are a major component of the physiopathology of osmotic demyelination. We showed that early and massive astrocyte apoptosis delineates the regions of future myelin damage and found that astrocyte death induces severe upregulation of myelinolytic cytokines and destruction of astrocyte oligodendrocyte junctions with subsequent disruption of panglial syncitium. <p>Finally, as there are currently no markers of demyelination, we investigated the astroglial protein S100B in ODS and found a significant release of S100B during development of ODS, which correlated with astrocyte damage. We also showed that the increase in S100B is prevented by protective treatment of hyponatremia with urea and demonstrated that serum levels of S100B could be used as a prognosis factor in ODS .<p>All together, our work has revealed a central role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of ODS and clarified the importance of blood barrier dysfunction and microglial activation. This work also proposes new diagnostic and treatment tools for ODS. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Hormis leur implication dans les fonctions de reproduction, de développement et du maintien des caractères mâles, les androgènes (principalement la testostérone et la dihydrotestostérone, DHT) sont des hormones stéroïdiennes capables d’influencer plusieurs structures et fonctions du système nerveux. En effet, durant le développement, les androgènes ont un effet masculinisant sur le système nerveux central (SNC) le rendant sexuellement dimorphique. Chez les rongeurs mâles adultes, la substance blanche est plus volumineuse et les oligodendrocytes, cellules myélinisantes du SNC, sont plus nombreux. Cette différence est abolie après castration des mâles ; ce qui suggère l'implication de la testostérone dans le dimorphisme des oligodendrocytes et de la myéline.D’une part, mon travail de thèse visait à démontrer l’implication des androgènes et de leur récepteur (AR) dans l’établissement de ce dimorphisme. Nos résultats confirment l'implication de la testostérone et démontrent que son effet est médié par AR. En effet les corps calleux (CC) des souris mâles adultes ayant un AR non fonctionnel dans l'ensemble de l'organisme (souris Tfm) ou invalidé spécifiquement dans les cellules neurales (souris ARNesCre), présentent 20 à 30% moins d'oligodendrocytes et de surfaces myélinisées que ceux des contrôles. En outre, nos résultats montrent que ce dimorphisme apparait dès le dixième jour postnatal. De manière intéressante, le traitement pharmacologique des souriceaux mâles par un antagoniste du AR (flutamide) et des souriceaux femelles par l’agoniste d'AR (la DHT), pendant les dix premiers jours après la naissance inverse respectivement leurs profils oligodendrocytaires, suggérant un rôle organisationnel d'AR dans la substance blanche.D’autre part, mon sujet consistait à montrer l'importance de la testostérone et du AR dans la réparation de la myéline dans un modèle de démyélinisation de la moelle épinière des souris par injection stéréotaxique de lysolécithine. Nos résultats montrent que le traitement pendant 4 semaines des animaux par la testostérone permet le recrutement des oligodendrocytes et la réparation de la myéline dans les zones lésées. Il est à noter (1) qu’en absence de la testostérone ou d'AR, la réparation de la myéline est inefficace et se fait par des composants de la myéline périphérique et (2)que la présence des astrocytes semble nécessaire pour l’effet remyélinisant de la testostérone. Afin de mieux comprendre le ou les mécanisme(s) d'action(s) de la testostérone et du AR dans les processus de myélinisation et de remyélinisation, nous avons réalisé une étude transcriptomique comparative entre les animaux lésés et traités ou non avec la testostérone pour déterminer les gènes cibles et les voies de signalisations impliquées dans ces processus. Les résultats permettront probablement de définir une nouvelle cible thérapeutique pour les maladies démyélinisantes telle que la sclérose en plaques. / Androgens (mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, DHT) are steroid hormones that are involved in reproduction functions, development and maintenance of male characteristics. They can also influence several structures and functions of the nervous system. Indeed, during development, androgens have a masculinizing effect on the central nervous system (CNS) making it sexually dimorphic. In addition, in adult male rodents,the white matter is larger and presents more oligodendrocytes, myelinating cells of the CNS. This difference is abolished after castration of males ; witch suggests the involvement of testosterone in the dimorphism of oligodendrocytes and myelin.One aim of my thesis was to study the involvement of androgens and their receptor (AR) in the establishment of this dimorphism. Our results confirm that testosterone is involved and demonstrate that its effect is mediated by AR. Indeed, the corpus callosum (CC) of adult male mice having a non-functional AR in the entire body (Tfm mice) or invalidated specifically in neural cells, (ARNesCre mice) have 20 to 30% fewer oligodendrocytes and myelinated area than those of controls. Moreover, our results show that this dimorphism appears early during postnatal life. Interestingly, pharmacological treatment of male pups with an AR antagonist (flutamide) and female ones with an AR agonist (DHT) during the first ten days after the birth reverses their oligodendrocytic profiles. These results suggest an organizational role of the AR in the white matter development.The aim of the second part of my study was to investigate the importance of testosterone and the AR in myelin repair in a rodent model of spinal cord demyelinationby stereotactic injection of lysolecithin. Our results show that a 4 weeks testosterone treatment allows the recruitment of oligodendrocyte and myelin repair. Interestingly, in the absence of testosterone or the AR, myelin repair was ineffeciant and was done by components of peripheral myelin. Moreover, the presence of astrocytes seems necessary for the remyelinating effect of testosterone since myelin repair was confined to astrocyte populated area.An important goal of my work is to better understand the mechanism of action of testosterone and the AR in the process of myelin formation and repair. For this, we performed a comparative transcriptomic study between animals injected or not with LPC than treated or not with testosterone to determine new target genes and signaling pathways involved in these processes. The results will probably define a new therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Statine werden zur Senkung eines hohen Cholesterinspiegels eingesetzt. Aufgrund sich zusätzlich abzeichnender antiinflammatorisch/immunmodulatorischer Effekte werden sie als Therapeutikum bei der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) diskutiert. Bei einer MS-Therapie ist allerdings neben der Immunmodulation auch eine Remyelinisierung zu bedenken, der Statine nicht entgegenstehen sollten. Statine hemmen die HMG-CoA Reduktase, was zur Reduktion von Mevalonat sowie den Folgeprodukten FPP und GGPP führt. Diese Intermediate sind für die Prenylierung und Funktion kleiner G-Proteine, die am Remyelinisierungsprozess beteiligt sind, wichtig. In vitro führte die Behandlung von Schweine-Oligodendrozyten (OL) mit Simvastatin (Sst) zu einer Fortsatzretraktion. Nach 72 h war eine beginnende Apoptose über Aktivierung von Caspase-3 und SAPK/JNK nachweisbar. Eine Störung der Membranassoziation durch fehlendes FPP und GGPP wurde für p21Ras, RhoA und RhoG gezeigt. Über Reduktion des Anteils an p21Ras-GTP kam es unter Sst zur Hemmung des p21Ras-MAPK-Signalweges, was sich in einer verminderten Aktivierung von ERK1/2 bemerkbar machte. Neben der Fortsatzretraktion ging dies mit einer verringerten Synthese von Myelinproteinen einher. Im Gegensatz zu p21Ras und RhoG kam es unter Sst zu einer unerwarteten Zunahme von RhoA-GTP, Rac1-GTP sowie Cdc42-GTP. Über RhoA fand in OL unter Sst eine Aktivierung von ROCK statt. Die in vitro Befunde implizierten einen negativen Sst-Effekt auf die Myelinsynthese durch OL. Eine damit verbundene Relevanz auf die Remyelinisierung in vivo wurde an Mäusen analysiert, die eine durch Cuprizon hervorgerufene Demyelinisierung aufwiesen. Eine nach Absetzen von Cuprizon stattfindende Remyelinisierung wurde durch Behandlung mit Sst deutlich verzögert. Biochemisch fand unter Sst eine Reduktion der exprimierten Myelinproteine MBP, PLP und CNP statt. In Anbetracht der in vitro und in vivo aufgezeigten Daten erscheint ein Langzeit-Einsatz von Sst bei der MS nicht empfehlenswert.