The molecular species of diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol of Madin-Darby canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were analyzed to determine the sources of diradylglycerols generated during cell growth and phorbol ester stimulation. MDCK cells in log phase growth contained higher levels of diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol than confluent cells. Both subclasses of diradylglycerol showed higher levels of saturated and monoenoic species during log phase. Glycerol incorporation into diradylglycerols was increased during growth, consistent with an increase in their synthesis de novo. Stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent activator of protein kinase C, caused an increase in the level of diacylglycerol but not alkylacylglycerol. Log phase MDCK cells showed a greater response to TPA treatment than confluent cells. The molecular species of diacylglycerol generated during stimulation with either TPA or dioctanoylglycerol closely resembled the species of phosphatidylcholine. These results indicate that TPA and synthetic diacylglycerol stimulate endogenous diacylglycerol production through the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, the higher content of diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol in replicating MDCK cells is the result of an increase in their synthesis de novo.

No description available.

O presente trabalho visa contribuir para o esclarecimento da seqüência de eventos intracelulares produzidos pelas PKCs a e e, na modulação do pHi, via NHE1. Os estudos foram realizados em células MDCK e as medidas de pHi efetuadas por microscopia de fluorescência. A expressão das PKCs a e e, bem como do NHE1 foi investigada por western blot, utilizando anticorpos específicos para cada proteína. Os estudos foram realizados na situação controle ou na vigência de PMA ou ANG II, AVP e /ou inibidores específicos para cada receptor hormonal ou isoforma de PKC. Nossos resultados indicam que PMA (10-7 M) estimula a recuperação do pHi, por modular a atividade das PKCs a e e. ANG II e AVP em concentrações fisiológicas estimulam a recuperação do pHi após sobrecarga ácida, concomitante com o aumento da fosforilação da PKC a. Em concentração elevada, ambos hormônios não alteram estes parâmetros. O efeito de ANG II ou de AVP depende da interação de cada hormônio com receptores específicos para modular as vias de sinalização celular envolvidas com o aumento dos níveis de diacilglicerol, cálcio citosólico e AMPc. / The purpose of this work was to investigate the signaling events of PKCs a e e on the NHE1 activity. The effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), angiotensin II (ANG II) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the intracellular pH (pHi) was investigated in MDCK cells by using the fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent probe BCECF/AM. The NHE1 or PKCs a e e expression was examined by western blot and specific antibodies. Our results indicate that PMA (10-7 M) or low concentration of ANG II and AVP induced a significant increase of pH recovery rate and PKC a expression, after intracellular acidification with NH4Cl pulse. ANG II or AVP did not change the PKC a expression. However, in right concentration, both hormones did not change these parameter. In conclusion, the effect of ANG II and AVP on NHE1 activity, depend of specifics membrane receptors and cellular signaling of intracellular calcium, DAG and PKCs a and e.

O presente trabalho visa contribuir para o esclarecimento da seqüência de eventos intracelulares produzidos pelas PKCs a e e, na modulação do pHi, via NHE1. Os estudos foram realizados em células MDCK e as medidas de pHi efetuadas por microscopia de fluorescência. A expressão das PKCs a e e, bem como do NHE1 foi investigada por western blot, utilizando anticorpos específicos para cada proteína. Os estudos foram realizados na situação controle ou na vigência de PMA ou ANG II, AVP e /ou inibidores específicos para cada receptor hormonal ou isoforma de PKC. Nossos resultados indicam que PMA (10-7 M) estimula a recuperação do pHi, por modular a atividade das PKCs a e e. ANG II e AVP em concentrações fisiológicas estimulam a recuperação do pHi após sobrecarga ácida, concomitante com o aumento da fosforilação da PKC a. Em concentração elevada, ambos hormônios não alteram estes parâmetros. O efeito de ANG II ou de AVP depende da interação de cada hormônio com receptores específicos para modular as vias de sinalização celular envolvidas com o aumento dos níveis de diacilglicerol, cálcio citosólico e AMPc. / The purpose of this work was to investigate the signaling events of PKCs a e e on the NHE1 activity. The effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), angiotensin II (ANG II) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the intracellular pH (pHi) was investigated in MDCK cells by using the fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent probe BCECF/AM. The NHE1 or PKCs a e e expression was examined by western blot and specific antibodies. Our results indicate that PMA (10-7 M) or low concentration of ANG II and AVP induced a significant increase of pH recovery rate and PKC a expression, after intracellular acidification with NH4Cl pulse. ANG II or AVP did not change the PKC a expression. However, in right concentration, both hormones did not change these parameter. In conclusion, the effect of ANG II and AVP on NHE1 activity, depend of specifics membrane receptors and cellular signaling of intracellular calcium, DAG and PKCs a and e.

Darbo tikslas. Parinkti tinkamą nevandeninį tirpiklį propolio ekstrakcijai bei ekstrakcijos sąlygas; įvertinti propolio fenolinių junginių atpalaidavimą iš skystų modelinių sistemų biofarmaciniu tyrimu in vitro. Darbo uždaviniai. Parinkti nevandeninius propolio ekstrahentus bei įvertinti jų gebą ekstrahuoti polifenolinius propolio junginius. Nustatyti ekstraktų kokybę lemiančius fizikocheminius rodiklius. Parinkti technologinius parametrus ir ištirti jų įtaką propolio ekstraktų kokybei. Įvertinti ekstraktų su propoliu stabilumą. Atlikti biofarmacinį tyrimą in vitro, siekiant nustatyti propolio fenolinių junginių atpalaidavimą iš skystos modelinės sistemos su tiriamuoju propolio ekstraktu (PE). Tyrimo metodai. Ekstraktai gaminti maceracijos metodu, bendras polifenolinių junginių kiekis (BFK) pagal kumaro rūgšties ekvivalentą (KRE) nustatytas ultravioletiniu (UV) spektrofotometru, taikant Folin-Ciocalteu metodą. Propolio ekstraktuose esančių polifenolinių junginių kiekio atpalaidavimas iš modelinių sistemų vykdytas in vitro metodu naudojant modifikuotas Franc tipo difuzines celes [4]. Rezultatai ir išvados. Tyrimo metu propolio ekstrakcijai parinkti trys nevandeniniai tirpikliai - izopropilo miristatas (IPM arba I), ricinos aliejus (R), etanolis, bei sistemos, sudarytos iš ricinos aliejaus ir izopropilo miristato, sumaišytų masės dalimis – 25R:75I, 50R:50I ir 75R:25I. Nustatytas tiesioginis ryšys tarp propolio koncentracijos ištraukose bei BFK naudojant skirtingus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study is to find out the most appropriate non-aqueous solvent and conditions for the propolis extraction; evaluate how propolis phenolic compounds release from the liquid model systems during the biopharmaceutical research called in vitro. The task of the study is to evaluate the ability of non-aqueous propolis extractions to extract poly-phenolic propolis compounds. Then find out physic-chemical characteristics which determine the quality of extracts. Next examine how selected technological parameters influence the quality of propolis extracts and evaluate the stability of propolis extracts. Conduct the biopharmaceutical research in vitro to determine the release of propolis phenolic compounds with propolis extract (PE) as an object of the study from the liquid model systems. Research methods. Extracts were produced using the maceration method. The ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer and Folin - Ciocalteu method were used to get the total quantity of poly-phenolic compounds (TFK) in accordance to the coumaric acid equivalent (KAE). The release of polyphenol compounds from the model systems in propolis extracts was carried out by in vitro method with modified Franc -type diffusion cells [4]. Results and Findings. The study of propolis extraction included three non-aqueous solvents, such as isopropyl myristate, castor oil and ethanol), as well as, systems made up with castor oil and isopropyl myristate, mixed in such ratios: 25R:75I , 50R:50I and 75R:25I. The... [to full text]

Although synthetic analogs of alkylglycerol (AG), such as dodecylglycerol, possess potent biological activities, their mechanism of action has not been determined. We recently detected substantial amounts of AG in unstimulated MDCK cells (Warne, T.R. and Robinson, M. (1991) Anal. Biochem. 198, 302-307) raising the possibility mediator. In this study, we examined the effects of synthetic AG on the release of arachidonic acid and arachidonate metabolites (AA) from Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in order to characterize its effects on this signalling pathway. Treatment of MDCK with AG potently inhibited the release of AA during subsequent stimulation with TPA. Dodecylglycerol, the most effective of a series of alkylgycerols tested, was active at concentrations as low as 3 μM. The sn-1 and sn-3 forms of AG were found to be equally potent inhibitors. The effects of AG on AA release were not the result of arachidonic acid redistribution among cellular lipids and were independent of the phospholipid source of the released AA. AG did not inhibit the release of AA from MDCK cells when bradykinin was used as a stimulus, indicating selectivity for the effects produced by phorbol esters. These results show that AG can function as a potent and specific inhibitor of TPA-mediated AA release. The ability of AG to regulate this signalling pathway in intact MDCK cells, together with its natural occurrence, suggests a potential bioregulatory role for the endogenous compound as an inhibitor of protein kinase C.

Esta tese de doutorado fundamentou-se na preparação e caracterização de suspensões de nanocápsulas contendo quercetina (QUE) e metoxicinamato de octila (MCO), como componente do núcleo central destes sistemas. As suspensões foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado e foram posteriormente caracterizadas através da determinação dos teores totais de QUE e MCO, das taxas de associação da QUE e do MCO às nanocápsulas, dos diâmetros médios de partículas e polidispersões, dos potenciais zeta e análises morfológicas. Avaliou-se neste estudo, a influência do tipo de tesioativo utilizado (Span 60® ou Epikuron 170®) sobre as características físico-químicas das suspensões de nanocápsulas. As formulações foram estudadas quanto a sua estabilidade frente à radiação UVA, durante um período de exposição de 15 dias. As suspensões apresentaram tamanhos de partícula inferiores a 500 nm e taxas de encapsulação próximas a 90 % para a QUE e MCO. Este teste permitiu verificar que as nanocápsulas são sistemas capazes de proteger parcialmente as substâncias nela associadas contra a fotodegradação. As formulações preparadas com Span 60® foram mais efetivas na proteção contra a fotodegradação tanto da QUE, quanto do MCO, no entanto, evidenciou-se que a presença destas duas substâncias contribuiu para a proteção de ambas. Os testes para avaliação do potencial antioxidante das nanocápsulas contendo QUE e MCO foram conduzidos em células de levedura de Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante um período de 35 h, com coletas em tempos específicos. Os resultados demonstraram que a presença das suspensões de nanocápsulas, contendo ambas as substâncias associadas, foi capaz de minimizar a mortalidade das células de levedura em presença do agente estressor. Além disso, foi possível perceber que este efeito de proteção se manteve ao final das 35 h comprovando a eficiência destes sistemas na liberação lenta de substâncias. As suspensões de nanocápsulas foram associadas a um gel hidrofílico e, após, foram aplicadas sobre a superfície cutânea para avaliação dos perfis de liberação do MCO após 3 e 6 h de incubação. Testes in vitro utilizando células de Franz, foram realizados para avaliar a liberação do MCO a partir das nanocápsulas. Para este experimento utilizou-se acetonitrila como solvente, devido sua capacidade de solubilizar o polímero permitindo estimar a quantidade total de MCO em cada camada da pele. Com a finalidade de avaliar a quantidade de MCO liberado por difusão das nanocápsulas nas diferentes camadas da pele com o passar do tempo (MCO livre) utilizou-se o miristato de isopropila como solvente, pois o mesmo não é capaz de solubilizar o polímero, mas solubiliza o MCO. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que o MCO permanece acumulado nas camadas mais superficiais da pele, sendo a epiderme a principal barreira para a passagem deste filtro pela pele. Após aplicação e transcorrido os tempos de estudo não foi possível recuperar MCO na derme e também no líquido receptor. A utilização do miristato de isopropila permitiu demonstrar que a liberação do MCO foi diferente dependendo das camadas da pele. Setenta e oito por cento de MCO foi liberado após 6 h na superfície cutânea e cerca de 40 % no estrato córneo, sendo que este percentual diminuiu em torno de 20 % nas camadas mais profundas da pele. Os resultados permitiram inferir que a liberação do MCO difere entre a superfície da pele e as demais camadas. / This work has been based on the development and characterization of nanocapsules containing quercetin (QUE) and octyl metoxycinnamate (OMC), used as oil core of these systems. The nanocapsule suspensions were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. The suspensions were characterized in terms of QUE and OMC contents and associated drug (QUE) within the nanoparticles, morphology, pH, mean size and polydispersity, as well as the zeta potentials. The influence of the type of surfactant (Span 60® e Epikuron 170®) on the physicochemical characteristics of suspensions was evaluated. The stability of the different formulations was evaluated under UVA radiation for 15 days. The aim of this test was to evaluate the nanocapsules ability in protecting the loaded substances against the photodegradation. The nanocapsules presented particle sizes lower than 500 nm, negative zeta potential values and QUE and OMC total contents about 90 %. The encapsulation efficiencies for QUE were 100 %. After 15 days, the formulations prepared with Span 60® and QUE/OMC showed more than 80 % of QUE content. The formulation prepared exclusively with QUE showed a content of QUE around 50 %. The totality of OMC degraded in solution, while OMC remained around 15 % stable in the nanocapsules prepared with Span 60® and QUE. After UVA exposure, QUE and OMC concentrations remained higher for the nanocapsules than for the solutions. Furthermore, the nanoencapsulation of QUE and OMC, using Span 60® improved their photostability. The antioxidant properties of the QUE-loaded nanocapsule suspensions were also evaluated and for this test Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were used during 35 h of incubation. QUE and OMC nanocapsule suspensions showed an important in vivo antioxidant activity against the damages caused by a stressor agent that lasted for 35 h. The longer bioactivity of those nanocapsules was probably related to the slowly release of the QUE. The nanocapsule suspensions were incorporated in gel or emulsion (O/W) formulations. OMC release profiles from nanocapsules were evaluated for 3 and 6 h. In vitro measurements using static Franz diffusion cells were performed to examine the release behavior of OMC from the nanocapsules. It was used acetonitrile as solvent because it is capable to dissolve the polymer shell of nanocapsules and the sunscreen. This method gave an estimation of the total amount of OMC (encapsulated and released) in each skin layer. A new skin treatment was used, which preserved the polymer shell of the particles. Isopropyl myristate was chosen as solvent because it is not able to solubilize the polymer but it is capable to solubilize OMC released from nanocapsules. These results demonstrated that the OMC accumulated in the upper skin layers. The viable epidermis seemed to be the limiting barrier for the progression of nanocapsules penetration in the skin. Independently of the skin treatment, the same amount of OMC was recovered in the dermis and no OMC was detected in the receptor compartment indicating the absence of nanocapsules in both compartments. Moreover, the use of isopropyl miristate showed that the OMC release was different depending on the skin level. Whereas 78 % of OMC was released after 6 h at the surface of the skin and around 40 % in the stratum corneum, this percentage decreased to 20 % in the deeper skin layers. It can be thus concluded that the OMC release profile is different between the surface and the viable skin.

Esta tese de doutorado fundamentou-se na preparação e caracterização de suspensões de nanocápsulas contendo quercetina (QUE) e metoxicinamato de octila (MCO), como componente do núcleo central destes sistemas. As suspensões foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado e foram posteriormente caracterizadas através da determinação dos teores totais de QUE e MCO, das taxas de associação da QUE e do MCO às nanocápsulas, dos diâmetros médios de partículas e polidispersões, dos potenciais zeta e análises morfológicas. Avaliou-se neste estudo, a influência do tipo de tesioativo utilizado (Span 60® ou Epikuron 170®) sobre as características físico-químicas das suspensões de nanocápsulas. As formulações foram estudadas quanto a sua estabilidade frente à radiação UVA, durante um período de exposição de 15 dias. As suspensões apresentaram tamanhos de partícula inferiores a 500 nm e taxas de encapsulação próximas a 90 % para a QUE e MCO. Este teste permitiu verificar que as nanocápsulas são sistemas capazes de proteger parcialmente as substâncias nela associadas contra a fotodegradação. As formulações preparadas com Span 60® foram mais efetivas na proteção contra a fotodegradação tanto da QUE, quanto do MCO, no entanto, evidenciou-se que a presença destas duas substâncias contribuiu para a proteção de ambas. Os testes para avaliação do potencial antioxidante das nanocápsulas contendo QUE e MCO foram conduzidos em células de levedura de Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante um período de 35 h, com coletas em tempos específicos. Os resultados demonstraram que a presença das suspensões de nanocápsulas, contendo ambas as substâncias associadas, foi capaz de minimizar a mortalidade das células de levedura em presença do agente estressor. Além disso, foi possível perceber que este efeito de proteção se manteve ao final das 35 h comprovando a eficiência destes sistemas na liberação lenta de substâncias. As suspensões de nanocápsulas foram associadas a um gel hidrofílico e, após, foram aplicadas sobre a superfície cutânea para avaliação dos perfis de liberação do MCO após 3 e 6 h de incubação. Testes in vitro utilizando células de Franz, foram realizados para avaliar a liberação do MCO a partir das nanocápsulas. Para este experimento utilizou-se acetonitrila como solvente, devido sua capacidade de solubilizar o polímero permitindo estimar a quantidade total de MCO em cada camada da pele. Com a finalidade de avaliar a quantidade de MCO liberado por difusão das nanocápsulas nas diferentes camadas da pele com o passar do tempo (MCO livre) utilizou-se o miristato de isopropila como solvente, pois o mesmo não é capaz de solubilizar o polímero, mas solubiliza o MCO. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que o MCO permanece acumulado nas camadas mais superficiais da pele, sendo a epiderme a principal barreira para a passagem deste filtro pela pele. Após aplicação e transcorrido os tempos de estudo não foi possível recuperar MCO na derme e também no líquido receptor. A utilização do miristato de isopropila permitiu demonstrar que a liberação do MCO foi diferente dependendo das camadas da pele. Setenta e oito por cento de MCO foi liberado após 6 h na superfície cutânea e cerca de 40 % no estrato córneo, sendo que este percentual diminuiu em torno de 20 % nas camadas mais profundas da pele. Os resultados permitiram inferir que a liberação do MCO difere entre a superfície da pele e as demais camadas. / This work has been based on the development and characterization of nanocapsules containing quercetin (QUE) and octyl metoxycinnamate (OMC), used as oil core of these systems. The nanocapsule suspensions were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. The suspensions were characterized in terms of QUE and OMC contents and associated drug (QUE) within the nanoparticles, morphology, pH, mean size and polydispersity, as well as the zeta potentials. The influence of the type of surfactant (Span 60® e Epikuron 170®) on the physicochemical characteristics of suspensions was evaluated. The stability of the different formulations was evaluated under UVA radiation for 15 days. The aim of this test was to evaluate the nanocapsules ability in protecting the loaded substances against the photodegradation. The nanocapsules presented particle sizes lower than 500 nm, negative zeta potential values and QUE and OMC total contents about 90 %. The encapsulation efficiencies for QUE were 100 %. After 15 days, the formulations prepared with Span 60® and QUE/OMC showed more than 80 % of QUE content. The formulation prepared exclusively with QUE showed a content of QUE around 50 %. The totality of OMC degraded in solution, while OMC remained around 15 % stable in the nanocapsules prepared with Span 60® and QUE. After UVA exposure, QUE and OMC concentrations remained higher for the nanocapsules than for the solutions. Furthermore, the nanoencapsulation of QUE and OMC, using Span 60® improved their photostability. The antioxidant properties of the QUE-loaded nanocapsule suspensions were also evaluated and for this test Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were used during 35 h of incubation. QUE and OMC nanocapsule suspensions showed an important in vivo antioxidant activity against the damages caused by a stressor agent that lasted for 35 h. The longer bioactivity of those nanocapsules was probably related to the slowly release of the QUE. The nanocapsule suspensions were incorporated in gel or emulsion (O/W) formulations. OMC release profiles from nanocapsules were evaluated for 3 and 6 h. In vitro measurements using static Franz diffusion cells were performed to examine the release behavior of OMC from the nanocapsules. It was used acetonitrile as solvent because it is capable to dissolve the polymer shell of nanocapsules and the sunscreen. This method gave an estimation of the total amount of OMC (encapsulated and released) in each skin layer. A new skin treatment was used, which preserved the polymer shell of the particles. Isopropyl myristate was chosen as solvent because it is not able to solubilize the polymer but it is capable to solubilize OMC released from nanocapsules. These results demonstrated that the OMC accumulated in the upper skin layers. The viable epidermis seemed to be the limiting barrier for the progression of nanocapsules penetration in the skin. Independently of the skin treatment, the same amount of OMC was recovered in the dermis and no OMC was detected in the receptor compartment indicating the absence of nanocapsules in both compartments. Moreover, the use of isopropyl miristate showed that the OMC release was different depending on the skin level. Whereas 78 % of OMC was released after 6 h at the surface of the skin and around 40 % in the stratum corneum, this percentage decreased to 20 % in the deeper skin layers. It can be thus concluded that the OMC release profile is different between the surface and the viable skin.

Esta tese de doutorado fundamentou-se na preparação e caracterização de suspensões de nanocápsulas contendo quercetina (QUE) e metoxicinamato de octila (MCO), como componente do núcleo central destes sistemas. As suspensões foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado e foram posteriormente caracterizadas através da determinação dos teores totais de QUE e MCO, das taxas de associação da QUE e do MCO às nanocápsulas, dos diâmetros médios de partículas e polidispersões, dos potenciais zeta e análises morfológicas. Avaliou-se neste estudo, a influência do tipo de tesioativo utilizado (Span 60® ou Epikuron 170®) sobre as características físico-químicas das suspensões de nanocápsulas. As formulações foram estudadas quanto a sua estabilidade frente à radiação UVA, durante um período de exposição de 15 dias. As suspensões apresentaram tamanhos de partícula inferiores a 500 nm e taxas de encapsulação próximas a 90 % para a QUE e MCO. Este teste permitiu verificar que as nanocápsulas são sistemas capazes de proteger parcialmente as substâncias nela associadas contra a fotodegradação. As formulações preparadas com Span 60® foram mais efetivas na proteção contra a fotodegradação tanto da QUE, quanto do MCO, no entanto, evidenciou-se que a presença destas duas substâncias contribuiu para a proteção de ambas. Os testes para avaliação do potencial antioxidante das nanocápsulas contendo QUE e MCO foram conduzidos em células de levedura de Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante um período de 35 h, com coletas em tempos específicos. Os resultados demonstraram que a presença das suspensões de nanocápsulas, contendo ambas as substâncias associadas, foi capaz de minimizar a mortalidade das células de levedura em presença do agente estressor. Além disso, foi possível perceber que este efeito de proteção se manteve ao final das 35 h comprovando a eficiência destes sistemas na liberação lenta de substâncias. As suspensões de nanocápsulas foram associadas a um gel hidrofílico e, após, foram aplicadas sobre a superfície cutânea para avaliação dos perfis de liberação do MCO após 3 e 6 h de incubação. Testes in vitro utilizando células de Franz, foram realizados para avaliar a liberação do MCO a partir das nanocápsulas. Para este experimento utilizou-se acetonitrila como solvente, devido sua capacidade de solubilizar o polímero permitindo estimar a quantidade total de MCO em cada camada da pele. Com a finalidade de avaliar a quantidade de MCO liberado por difusão das nanocápsulas nas diferentes camadas da pele com o passar do tempo (MCO livre) utilizou-se o miristato de isopropila como solvente, pois o mesmo não é capaz de solubilizar o polímero, mas solubiliza o MCO. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que o MCO permanece acumulado nas camadas mais superficiais da pele, sendo a epiderme a principal barreira para a passagem deste filtro pela pele. Após aplicação e transcorrido os tempos de estudo não foi possível recuperar MCO na derme e também no líquido receptor. A utilização do miristato de isopropila permitiu demonstrar que a liberação do MCO foi diferente dependendo das camadas da pele. Setenta e oito por cento de MCO foi liberado após 6 h na superfície cutânea e cerca de 40 % no estrato córneo, sendo que este percentual diminuiu em torno de 20 % nas camadas mais profundas da pele. Os resultados permitiram inferir que a liberação do MCO difere entre a superfície da pele e as demais camadas. / This work has been based on the development and characterization of nanocapsules containing quercetin (QUE) and octyl metoxycinnamate (OMC), used as oil core of these systems. The nanocapsule suspensions were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. The suspensions were characterized in terms of QUE and OMC contents and associated drug (QUE) within the nanoparticles, morphology, pH, mean size and polydispersity, as well as the zeta potentials. The influence of the type of surfactant (Span 60® e Epikuron 170®) on the physicochemical characteristics of suspensions was evaluated. The stability of the different formulations was evaluated under UVA radiation for 15 days. The aim of this test was to evaluate the nanocapsules ability in protecting the loaded substances against the photodegradation. The nanocapsules presented particle sizes lower than 500 nm, negative zeta potential values and QUE and OMC total contents about 90 %. The encapsulation efficiencies for QUE were 100 %. After 15 days, the formulations prepared with Span 60® and QUE/OMC showed more than 80 % of QUE content. The formulation prepared exclusively with QUE showed a content of QUE around 50 %. The totality of OMC degraded in solution, while OMC remained around 15 % stable in the nanocapsules prepared with Span 60® and QUE. After UVA exposure, QUE and OMC concentrations remained higher for the nanocapsules than for the solutions. Furthermore, the nanoencapsulation of QUE and OMC, using Span 60® improved their photostability. The antioxidant properties of the QUE-loaded nanocapsule suspensions were also evaluated and for this test Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were used during 35 h of incubation. QUE and OMC nanocapsule suspensions showed an important in vivo antioxidant activity against the damages caused by a stressor agent that lasted for 35 h. The longer bioactivity of those nanocapsules was probably related to the slowly release of the QUE. The nanocapsule suspensions were incorporated in gel or emulsion (O/W) formulations. OMC release profiles from nanocapsules were evaluated for 3 and 6 h. In vitro measurements using static Franz diffusion cells were performed to examine the release behavior of OMC from the nanocapsules. It was used acetonitrile as solvent because it is capable to dissolve the polymer shell of nanocapsules and the sunscreen. This method gave an estimation of the total amount of OMC (encapsulated and released) in each skin layer. A new skin treatment was used, which preserved the polymer shell of the particles. Isopropyl myristate was chosen as solvent because it is not able to solubilize the polymer but it is capable to solubilize OMC released from nanocapsules. These results demonstrated that the OMC accumulated in the upper skin layers. The viable epidermis seemed to be the limiting barrier for the progression of nanocapsules penetration in the skin. Independently of the skin treatment, the same amount of OMC was recovered in the dermis and no OMC was detected in the receptor compartment indicating the absence of nanocapsules in both compartments. Moreover, the use of isopropyl miristate showed that the OMC release was different depending on the skin level. Whereas 78 % of OMC was released after 6 h at the surface of the skin and around 40 % in the stratum corneum, this percentage decreased to 20 % in the deeper skin layers. It can be thus concluded that the OMC release profile is different between the surface and the viable skin.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a very slow growing bacterium that is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants and has long been suggested to be associated with complications of Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. Although there is no direct evidence that MAP is the primary etiological agent for CD, most CD patients are found to have MAP in their intestinal tissues. The current control measures for JD in cattle, sheep, and goats have only been minimally effective, and there are only medications to treat the symptoms of mycobacterial infections associated with CD in humans. Along with not being able to cure MAP infections, there is no established laboratory animal model for testing therapeutics. When mice are infected with MAP they develop systemic infection and do not mimic disease observed in ruminants. J774A.1 murine macrophages typically have a very short lifespan of about 4-6 days, however MAP infected cell cultures can survive up to about 10 days. Using a modified protocol of Estrella et al. (2011), we have been able to establish a 45-60 day long-term MAP infected J774A.1 murine macrophage cell culture model. With the addition of retinoic acid (RA), vitamin D (VD), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in combination in cell culture, we were able to screen novel therapeutics before embarking on in vivo testing in animals. This is a significant step forward in Crohn's and Johne's disease treatment research. We are not only able to test various drugs against specific strains of MAP to determine susceptibility, but we are also able to test a wide variety of drugs at the same time, with relatively minimal cost. We have evaluated the efficacy of clarithromycin, azithromycin, isoniazid, amikacin, ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, rifampicin, clofazimine, as well as a combination of clarithromycin, rifampicin, and clofazimine using our MAP infected macrophage cell culture model. We were able to determine the drugs' differential ability to kill intracellular MAP in the early stages of infection, versus chronic stages of infection, and against two different strains of MAP, 43015 and 19698 that affect humans and cattle respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each drug was determined as per NCCLS protocol in vitro, and the drugs were tested at the MIC value, along with one concentration above and below the MIC in our cell culture model. The antimicrobials were found to be effective at different stages of cell culture infection and in different strains of MAP. Some drugs were more effective at early stages of MAP infection, whereas others were more effective in chronic or latent stages of infections. It is important to note that although a drug may be effective at a certain stage of infection, it may not necessarily be effective against all strains of MAP. The most promising results were seen with a combination of clarithromycin, clofazimine, and rifampicin, which was effective at all stages of infection with both strains of MAP tested. This long term cell culture model will provide researchers with important screening tools for evaluating new therapeutics before embarking on costly in vivo testing, and allow the assessment of therapeutics at different stages of MAP infection but also against an array of intracellular pathogens. / Ph. D.