Sixteen horses with at least one arthritic joint were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=8) was fed a control ration at 1% BW in grain. The treatment group (n=8) was fed an isocaloric diet similar to the control diet with additional n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of two pelleted supplements. Coastal hay was fed free choice, and both groups consumed their respective diet for 90 days. On d 0, 30, 60, and 90 synovial fluid was collected from one arthritic joint on each horse, and blood samples were collected every 15 days. Synovial fluid was analyzed for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1, and white blood cell concentration, and plasma was analyzed for fibrinogen and Prostaglandin E2. Force plate analysis was used to determine changes in weight distribution throughout the trial. Fatty acid analysis revealed the main n3 supplied by the supplements was docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3). Treatment horses consumed 9.3 g docosahexaenoic acid daily, while control horses consumed only 0.42 g daily. A reduction in concentrate intake also allowed treatment horses to consume 25.45 g less of linoleic acid (C18:2n6)per day. Excluding hay, the n6:n3 ratio of the treatment diet was 5:1 compared to the control diet with a ratio of 11:1. Analysis of plasma fatty acid profiles revealed treatment horses experienced an increase in plasma docosahexaenoic acid, along with a decrease in linoleic acid (C18:2n6). Total plasma n6:n3 ratio of treatment horses was 23:1, as opposed to 27:1 in the control horses. Treatment horses had significantly lower synovial fluid white blood cell concentration and plasma Prostaglandin E2 (P < 0.05). A trend towards decreased fibrinogen (P = 0.076) was also seen in the treatment horses. Synovial fluid TNF-α and IL-1 concentrations were not obtained due to problems with the assay kits or procedures. Force plate data from seven horses was analyzed. No significant increase in weight placed on arthritic limbs (P = 0.12) was seen. This data provides further evidence that a decrease in the n6:n3 ratio of the diet and plasma can lead to a decrease in the production of inflammatory compounds in arthritic joints.

Intermolecular energy transfer occurs between Tb(aa)3.3H20 and Ln(aa)3.3H2O complexes (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Ho or Er; aa = acetylacetonate) in n-butanol solution at 293K. Measurement of the decay time of the Tb3+ 5D4level indicates that transfer occurs from this level to excited levels of the Ln3+ ions with bimolecular rate constants within the range 0.5 - 4.9 x 105 dm3 mol s −1. Data from similar measurements on a mixed crystal EuxTb(1-x)(aa)3.3H2O and other considerations indicate that this is a very short range electron-exchange transfer. Similar measurements of the Tb3+ ion phosphorescence yield indicate the presence of a further intermolecular transfer process between a higher excited state of the Tb3+ complex and the added Ln3+ complexes. The Stern-Volmer Quenching constants vary from 11 dm3 mol−1 for Ho and Sm to 110 dm3 mol−1 for Pr. It is concluded that this transfer is unlikely to occur from either the ligand singlet or triplet levels and it is proposed that a higher Tb3+ level such as the 5D3 may be involved in both inter- and intramolecular energy transfer. Intermolecular energy transfer between excited state Tb3+ ions in Tb(aa)3.3H2O and Ln3+ ions in Ln(aa)3.3H2O, where Ln = Eu and Sm, is shown to be markedly solvent dependent. It is proposed that the Tb3+ → Ln3+ energy transfer occurs in mixed metal dimers where the Tb-Ln distance is likely to be ca. 0.4 nm. The solvent dependent behaviour is related to the relative concentrations of monomeric and dimeric species in the various solvents. The rate controlling step in the intermolecular energy transfer is probably that, of monomer-dimer reaction which at 273K is of the order of 105 dm3 mol−1 s−1. The activation energy of this reaction between Tb, Eu and Sm acetylacetonates is estimated to be ca. 23 kJ mol−1. 1H NMR spectra of Lu(aa)3.2H2O in several solvents are reported. The spectral profiles are temperature dependent in benzene and toluene solutions and the multiplicity of ligand methyl resonances is attributed to slow exchange between non-equivalent methyl groups in a dimeric structure. The temperature dependence in acetone solution is consistent with the presence of a monomer-dimer equilibrium with △H° = -28.2 ± 1.5 kJ mol−1 and △S° = -74.5 ± 4.5 J K −1 mol−1. The single ligand-methyland 3-H resonances in the' strongly coordinating solvents dimethyl sulphoxide and pyridine indicate the sole presence of solvated monomers. Previous proposals about the anomalous spectrum of Mg(aa)2 in CDCl3 are also discussed. The extremely low efficiency of the intermolecular enrgy transfer process in europium acetylacetonate compared with the corresponding terbium acetylacetonate is attributed to the presence of a charge-transfer excited state lying below the ligand singlet states. This is supported by the anomalous absorption spectrum of the Eu3+complex and the effects of added anions in other ligand systems. The phosphorescence spectra of the Group I and Group II metal acetylacetonates (Metal = Li, Na, K, Rb, Gs, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) have all been measured in solid Ethanol glass solutions at 77K and found to have profiles similar to that of Al(aa)3. The phosphorescence decays are non-exponential and this behaviour is attributed to the presence of both coordinated and free acetylacetonate anion. Time resolved spectroscopy and other considerations indicate that the energies of the lowest excited ligand singlet and triplet states of the aa− ion are, unlike the triplet state lifetime, little affected by coordination. Solvolysis is reported in ethanol solution which invalidates some previously-reported spectral parameters.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with the least severe form of NAFLD being hepatic steatosis, which is the accumulation of intrahepatic fat. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs) are fatty acids in our diets commonly found in marine animals (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and certain plants (α-linoleic acid [ALA]). Although past studies have examined the consumption of marine sources or plant sources on hepatic steatosis and MetS parameters, individual n3 PUFA have yet to be compared to each other. Thus fa/fa Zucker rats were provided n3 PUFA diets containing ALA, EPA or DHA for 8 weeks relative to a linoleic acid (LA)-rich n6 PUFA diet provided to fa/fa and lean Zucker rats. Comparisons were to baseline fa/fa Zucker rats. It was shown that DHA prevented the progression of hepatic steatosis and was associated with improvements in insulin resistance.

The regulation of morphogenesis by exogenous auxin / cytokinin ratio was investigated in thirty ornamental species and cultivars of Rosaceae and Ericaceae. Shoot explants were cultured in vitro on nutrient medium containing 0 to 20 mg 1-1 indole-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzyladenine (BA), isopentenyladenine (2iP), or kinetin. Shoot, root and callus formation were recorded after four-week incubation periods. Exogenous cytokinin was necessary for shoot formation, and exogenous auxin for root formation, while callus formation occurred in the presence of exogenous auxin or cytokinin. BA induced the formation of many short shoots whereas 2iP induced fewer longer shoots probably due to 2iP oxidation and BA-stimulated ethene synthesis. Four different callus types formed in response to growth regulator applied, growth regulator concentration, light and temperature. Auxin-induced callus and root formation was promoted by darkness whereas cytokinin- promoted callus formation was promoted by light. Elimination of potassium from the medium increased root formation but decreased shoot and callus formation. Low medium pH promoted root and callus formation while a higher pH stimulated shoot formation. The presence of axillary buds and the shoot apex promoted root and callus formation but inhibited shoot formation. Cytokinin-enhanced respiration rate and ethene synthesis was related to caulogenesis, but auxin- promoted respiration rate and ethene synthesis was not correlated with rhizogenesis. Ethephon and ethene promoted simultaneous shoot and root formation but ethene was shown to be unlikely to act as an intermediate in all auxin- and cytokinin-induced differentiation. Repeated subculture of shoots resulted in an initial rise followed by a decline in caulogenesis, a decline in root formation and an increase in callus formation (apparently irreversible decline). Shoot length and leaf size decreased with repeated subculture but increased after auxin, gibberellin, or decreased illumination treatment. Auxin and cytokinin treatment could not override species and cultivar variation in morphogenesis.

Estudos realizados em nosso laboratório encontraram que o aumento do conteúdo corporal de ácidos graxos N3, pela produção endógena via modificação genética, protege camundongos do ganho de peso corporal e obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica. Objetivo: Investigar os mecanismos pelos quais o óleo de peixecontrola o balanço energético de camundongos C57BL6/J e UCP1selvagens e Knockout (KO) protegendo do desenvolvimento da obesidade induzida por dieta, com ênfase nos processos termogênicos dependentes e independentes da UCP1. Materiais e Métodos: Protocolo 1- Camundongos C57BL6/J alimentados por 8 semanas com dieta normal (DN) contendo 10% de lipídeos oriundos do óleo de soja e banha de porco, dieta normal N3 (DNN3) contendo 10% de lipídeos oriundos do óleo de soja e óleo de peixe, dieta hiperlipídica (HFD) contendo 60% de lipídeos oriundos do óleo de soja e banha de porco e dieta hiperlipídica (HFDN3) contendo 60% de lipídeos oriundos do óleo de soja e óleo de peixe foram avaliados para o peso corporal, a eficiência energética, a ingestão alimentar, a calorimetria indireta, a adiposidade, a tolerância à glicose e à insulina, o consumo de oxigênio tecidual e a análise lipidômica do tecido adiposo inguinal (TAI) e marrom (TAM). Protocolo 2- Camundongos selvagens e Knockout para a UCP1 alimentados por 8 semanas com dieta (HFD) e (HFDN3) foram avaliados para o peso corporal, a eficiência energética, a ingestão alimentar, a calorimetria indireta, a adiposidade, a tolerância à glicose, e o consumo de oxigênio tecidual. Resultados: Protocolo 1- Não houve diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, adiposidade, ingestão alimentar, consumo de oxigênio e tolerância à glicose entre camundongos C57BL6/J alimentados com as dietas DN e DNN3. Entretanto, aqueles alimentados com dieta HFDN3, apresentaram reduzido ganho de peso corporal, massa dos tecidos adiposos e eficiência energética quando comparados a camundongos alimentados com dieta HFD. Esses efeitos aconteceram na ausência de alterações significativas na ingestão alimentar medida tanto em gramas quanto em Kcal entre esses grupos. Corroborando a menor eficiência energética, camundongos C57BL6/J alimentados com dieta HFDN3 apresentaram maior consumo de oxigênio e similar atividade locomotora espontânea que camundongos alimentados com dieta HFD. Demonstramos que o consumo de oxigênio do TAI foi maior no grupo HFDN3 quando comparado ao grupo HFD. Por fim, a análise lipidômica do TAI e TAM revelou que a principal modificação ocorreu no enriquecimento dos triacilgliceróis (TAG) desses tecidos, sobretudo um aumento de ácidos graxos altamente insaturados (HUFA) nos TAG de camundongos alimentados com dieta HFDN3. Protocolo 2- Demonstramos que a dieta HFDN3 protege os camundongos UCP1 KO contra o ganho de peso corporal, aumenta o gasto energético e melhora à tolerância à glicose de maneira independente da UCP1. Além disso, observamos que o grupo UCP1 KO HFD aumentou a massa do TAM quando comparado aos outros grupos. Conclusão: A substituição da banha de porco pelo óleo de peixe na dieta aumenta o gasto energético de camundongos reduzindo o ganho de peso corporal e a adiposidade de maneira independente da UCP1. Digno de nota, o enriquecimento dos TAG com HUFA, pode ser um importante fenótipo para respostas observadas no balanço energético do grupo HFDN3 de ambos os protocolos. Acreditamos, em parte, que uma alta mobilização dos HUFA para a beta-oxidação possa estar acontecendo em paralelo com a ativação de vias alternativas de gasto energético. Os mecanismos responsáveis por estas ações serão investigados futuramente. / We have previously shown that diet-induced obesity is prevented by increasing N3 fatty acids content in the body of mice through genetic modification. Aim: In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which the fish oil control the energy balance protecting mice from diet-induced obesity, with emphasis at shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. Materials and Methods: Protocol 1- C57BL6/J mice were fed during 8 weeks with normal diet (DN) containing 10% of lipids from soy oil and lard, normal diet N3 (DNN3) containing 10% of lipids from soy and fish oils, high fat diet (HFD) 60% of lipids from soy oil and lard and high fat diet (HFDN3) containing 60% of lipids from soy and fish oils. The evaluated parameters were body weight, energy efficiency, food intake, indirect calorimetry, adiposity, glucose and insulin tolerance, tissue oxygen consumption and lipidomic analysis of the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Protocol 2- Wild type (WT) and UCP1 knockout (KO) mice were fed during 8 weeks with HFD and HFDN3. In Protocol 2, body weight, energy efficiency, food intake, indirect calorimetry, adiposity, glucose tolerance and tissue oxygen consumption were evaluated. Results: Protocol 1- No significant differences were observed in body weight, adiposity, food intake, oxygen consumption and glucose tolerance between mice fed with DN and DNN3. Mice fed with HFDN3, however, displayed reduced body weight gain, epididimal, inguinal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue masses, and energy efficiency when compared to mice fed with HFD. These effects occurred in the absence of significant alterations in food intake measured in grams and Kcal. Corroborating the decrease in energy efficiency, C57BL6/J mice fed with HFDN3 have increased oxygen consumption, but similar spontaneous locomotor activity when compared to mice fed with HFD. We show that oxygen consumption in the WAT in mice fed with HFDN3 was higher than in mice fed with HFD. Finally, the lipidomics analysis in both WAT and BAT revealed an enrichment of the triacylglycerol (TAG) linked to highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, 46 double bonds) in mice fed with HFDN3. Protocol 2- The HFDN3 protects both WT and UCP1 KO groups from body weight gain, increases energy expenditure, and improves glucose tolerance. Moreover, we observe that UCP1 KO HFD group increased the weight of the TAM relative to the other groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate that replacement of lard by fish oil in the diet of mice increases energy expenditure independently of UCP1, decreasing the gain in body weight and adiposity in both protocols. To account for these findings, a model based on the higher mobilization of TAG linked to HUFA for beta-oxidation (relative to less unsaturated moieties) and activation of alternative mechanisms of energy expenditure are proposed to explain the lean phenotype of mice fed with HFDN3. This and other mechanisms of energy expenditure, however, require further investigations.

The Blended-Wing-Body is a conceptual aircraft design with rear-mounted, over wing engines. Turboelectric distributed propulsion system with boundary layer ingestion has been considered for this aircraft. It uses electricity to transmit power from the core turbine to the fans, therefore dramatically increases bypass ratio to reduce fuel consumption and noise. This dissertation presents methods on designing the TeDP system, evaluating effects of boundary layer ingestion, modelling engine performances, and estimating weights of the electric components. The method is first applied to model a turboshaft-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust only by the propulsors array. Results show that by distributing an array of propulsors that ingest a relatively large mass flow directly produces an 8% fuel burn saving relative to the commercial N+2 aircraft (such as the SAX-40 airplane). Ingesting boundary layer achieves a 7-8% fuel saving with a well-designed intake duct and the improved inlet flow control technologies. However, the value is sensitive to the duct losses and fan inlet distortion. Poor inlet performance can offset or even overwhelm this potential advantage. The total weight of the electric system would be around 5,000-7,000 kg. The large mass penalties further diminish benefits of the superconducting distributed propulsion system. The method is then applied to model a turbofan-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust by both the propulsors array and the core-engines. Results show that splitting the thrust between propulsors and core-engines could have a beneficial effect in fuel savings, when installation effects are neglected. The optimised thrust splitting ratio is between 60-90%, the final value depends on the propulsor intake pressure losses and the TeDP system bypass ratio. Moreover, splitting the thrust can reduce the weight of the electric system with the penalty of the increased core-engine weight. In short, if the power density of the superconducting system were high enough, turboshaft-driven TeDP would be preferable to power the N3-X aircraft.

In this thesis, detailed tsunami numerical modeling study was applied to the selected case studies, Fethiye town (Turkey) and Kiparissia-Zakintos-Pylos (Greece) in Mediterranean, using rupture-specific tsunami sources which can generate tsunamis in Mediterranean. As a first step of the study, the general database of Fethiye and Kiparissia-Zakintos-Pylos were integrated to GIS-based environment to organize, analyze and display reliable data from different sources. Secondly, for each earthquake scenario, the tsunami propagation and coastal amplifications were computed by TUNAMI N3 to evaluate the coastal amplifications of tsunamis and understand the tsunami propagation for the cases. As the final step, a study of inundation areas of probable tsunamis in these regions was performed. Available results were used to understand the effects of tsunamis and assist in developing mitigation strategies. Methods and results were presented and discussed.

The Blended-Wing-Body is a conceptual aircraft design with rear-mounted, over wing engines. Turboelectric distributed propulsion system with boundary layer ingestion has been considered for this aircraft. It uses electricity to transmit power from the core turbine to the fans, therefore dramatically increases bypass ratio to reduce fuel consumption and noise. This dissertation presents methods on designing the TeDP system, evaluating effects of boundary layer ingestion, modelling engine performances, and estimating weights of the electric components. The method is first applied to model a turboshaft-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust only by the propulsors array. Results show that by distributing an array of propulsors that ingest a relatively large mass flow directly produces an 8% fuel burn saving relative to the commercial N+2 aircraft (such as the SAX-40 airplane). Ingesting boundary layer achieves a 7-8% fuel saving with a well-designed intake duct and the improved inlet flow control technologies. However, the value is sensitive to the duct losses and fan inlet distortion. Poor inlet performance can offset or even overwhelm this potential advantage. The total weight of the electric system would be around 5,000-7,000 kg. The large mass penalties further diminish benefits of the superconducting distributed propulsion system. The method is then applied to model a turbofan-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust by both the propulsors array and the core-engines. Results show that splitting the thrust between propulsors and core-engines could have a beneficial effect in fuel savings, when installation effects are neglected. The optimised thrust splitting ratio is between 60-90%, the final value depends on the propulsor intake pressure losses and the TeDP system bypass ratio. Moreover, splitting the thrust can reduce the weight of the electric system with the penalty of the increased core-engine weight. In short, if the power density of the superconducting system were high enough, turboshaft-driven TeDP would be preferable to power the N3-X aircraft

Chapters 46-51 of the book of Jeremiah contain a series of prophecies against foreign nations, and these 'foreign nation oracles’ form the focus of this thesis. The opening chapter contains a discussion of several outstanding problems connected with these oracles, the chief of these being the problem of authenticity. After examination of the major arguments, the conclusion is reached that the contents of chapters 46-51 are not to be attributed to Jeremiah, but to one or more imitators who employed 'Jeremianic' language. Also discussed are the problems of the differing position and order in which the oracles occur in the Septuagint. The major part of the thesis contains a study of the Septuagint and Targum versions of chs. 46-51, and a consideration of the mediaeval Jewish commentators Rashi, Kimchi and Abravanel. The ancient versions are consulted not as aids to the recovery of a better Hebrew text than the Massoretic text, but rather to gain an insight into the techniques employed by the translators, and to pick out and account for those elements of interpretation which each version contains. The contribution of Rashi and Kimchi to the interpretation of the Hebrew text is also considered, and a separate chapter is devoted to the commentary of Isaac Abravanel. His interest in eschatological speculation significantly affects his interpretation of certain foreign nation oracles. The thesis is primarily concerned with the variety of answers to the problems of exegesis which are provided by the various versions and commentators, and through such answers seeks to understand their presuppositions and interpretative approach.

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