Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Oct. 13, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 9, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Helena Coutinho Franco de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T17:01:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rovani_JulianaCristine_M.pdf: 3138644 bytes, checksum: 95185175ce4721f82feadc47122e6ed0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A transidrogenase de nucleotídeo de nicotinamida mitocondrial (NNT) é a principal fonte geradora de NADPH da organela, o qual é utilizado pelo sistema antioxidante das mitocôndrias. Estudos prévios mostraram que a mutação nessa enzima está associada a alterações do estado redox de mitocôndrias e alterações do metabolismo glicídico e lipídico em animais C57BL6/J provenientes do Jackson Laboratory (B6-J). A síndrome metabólica é caracterizada pela presença de no mínimo três distúrbios cardio-metabólicos associados dentre obesidade visceral, dislipidemia, intolerância à glicose e/ou resistência à insulina e hipertensão. A restrição calórica tem sido indicada para prevenir e tratar estes distúrbios metabólicos. Compostos sintéticos têm sido testados como potenciais miméticos da restrição calórica. O 2,4-dinitrofenol (DNP) é uma droga que aumenta o gasto energético por provocar redução da eficiência da fosforilação oxidativa e aumentar o metabolismo oxidativo. Neste trabalho, demonstramos que camundongos com mutação no gene da NNT (B6-J) apresentaram aumento de adiposidade visceral, aumento do teor de triglicérides hepático, intolerância à glicose, resistência à insulina e hipersecreção de insulina pelas ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas e in vivo, quando comparados aos camundongos que tem a NNT intacta (B6-UNI). Diante destes distúrbios metabólicos, submetemos os animais à restrição alimentar (RA) ou ao tratamento com DNP durante 3 meses. Observamos que os animais B6-J sob RA apresentaram redução da adiposidade, esteatose hepática corrigida, melhora da resistência à insulina e diminuição da secreção de insulina. Por outro lado, o tratamento com DNP nos animais B6-J não modificou o metabolismo lipídico, reduziu a insulinemia de jejum e a secreção de insulina e melhorou a sensibilidade periférica à insulina, mas não alterou a tolerância à glicose. Concluímos que a linhagem portadora da deleção do gene da NNT tem maior predisposição à síndrome metabólica, e que, ambos os tratamentos de RA e DNP corrigiram, pelo menos parcialmente, os distúrbios metabólicos dos animais B6-J, sendo que a RA foi mais efetiva que o DNP / Abstract: The nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) catalyses the production of NADPH, that is consumed by the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymatic system. Previous studies have shown that NNT mutation causes redox abnormalities in mitochondria and alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL6/J mice from The Jackson Laboratory. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by an association of cardio-metabolic disturbances such as visceral obesity, dyslipidemias, glucose intolerance and/or insulin resistance and hypertension. Caloric restriction has been recommended to prevent or treat such metabolic disturbances. Synthetic compounds have been tested as putative mimetic for caloric restriction. The 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) is one of this drugs that increase the metabolic rates due to a reduction in the oxidative phosphorylation efficiency and elevation of oxidative metabolism. In this study we demonstrated that mice that carry a NNT gene mutation (B6-J) exhibit increased visceral adiposity, increased liver triglyceride content, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and insulin hypersecretion, when compared to control mice with functional NNT. In face of these disturbances, mutant B6-J mice were submitted to a food restriction (FR) or treatment with DNP during 3 months. We observed that B6-J mutant mice under FR present a reduction in adiposity and liver steatosis, improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance and normalization of insulin secretion. After DNP treatment, B6-J mice showed no alterations in lipid disturbances but improved insulin resistance and insulin secretion. These findings suggest that 1- the mouse substrain that carries NNT mutation is predisposed to develop metabolic syndrome, 2- both treatments, FR and DNP, correct, at least partially, the metabolic disturbances of B6-J mutant mice, and 3- FR treatment was more effective than DNP / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Depuis leurs indépendances, l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie ont suivi diverses politiques agricoles mais n’ont pas réussi à garantir la sécurité alimentaire. En Algérie, une politique agricole à travers le plan national de développement agricole(PNDA) fut mise en oeuvre a partir de l’année 2000 afin d’essayer d’inverser la tendance. Plusieurs investissements ont été alors réalisés par les agriculteurs et les différents agents économiques algériens dans les différentes filières agricoles stratégiques. Afin de connaître les résultats, nous avons réalisé trois enquêtes sur le terrain avec les agriculteurs afin de pouvoir analyser l’impact des investissements agricoles dans le cadre du PNDA sur l’évolution des techniques agricoles dans les productions laitières au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole de Freha, céréalières au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole de Draa EL Mizan et oléicoles au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole d’Irdjen. Les résultats de la première enquête ont mis en évidence que les bénéficiaires du PNDA ont vu le rendement laitier moyen/vache/jour augmenter de manière significative de 12,75 litres durant la période 19996-1999 à 17,33 litres durant la période 2000-2006. Cela semble être en majeure partie attribuable au choix des races étrangères à haut rendement au détriment des races locales, à l’amélioration génétique des races laitières par l’insémination artificielle qui a évolué significativement, à l’augmentation significative de l’age moyen des génisses à la première saillie qui est passé de 16 à 18 mois et à l’age moyen des génisses au premier vêlage qui est passé de 25 à 27 mois. Les résultats de la deuxième enquête ont montrés que les investissements réalisés dans le cadre du PNDA n’ont pas permis une augmentation significative du rendement en blé dur. En effet, le rendement des cultures de blé dur était de 15 qx/ha durant la période 1996-1999 et de 15,73 qx/ha durant la période 2000-2006. Cela est du aux carences dans l’application des techniques de productions. En effet le choix des semences, la mécanisation, la fertilisation et l’irrigation n’ont pas évolués positivement après le PNDA. Les résultats de la troisième enquête ont montrés également que les investissements réalisés dans le cadre du PNDA n’ont pas permis une augmentation significative du rendement en olives. En effet, le rendement des cultures de l'olivier était de 25,33 kg/arbre durant la période 1996-1999 et de 24,33 kg/arbre durant la période 2000-2006. Cela est du aussi aux carences dans l’application des techniques de productions. En effet le choix des variétés cultivées, la mécanisation, la pratique des différentes tailles, la fertilisation, l’irrigation l’utilisation de pesticides contre les maladies et ravageurs de l’olivier n’ont pas augmentés significativement après le PNDA. / Since their independence, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have followed various agricultural policies but failed to ensure food security. In Algeria, an agricultural policy through the National Agricultural Development Plan (NADP) was implemented from 2000 in an attempt to reverse the trend. Several investments were then made by farmers and various Algerian economic operators in the various strategic agricultural sectors To know the results, we completed three field surveys with farmers in order to analyze the impact of agricultural investment in the NADP on the evolution of agricultural techniques in dairy production in the communes attached to the Farm subdivision Freha, cereal in the municipalities related to agricultural Draa El Mizan subdivision and olive in the communes attached to the subdivision of agricultural Irdjen. The results of the first survey showed that NADP beneficiaries have seen the average milk yield / cow / day significantly increase of 12.75 liters during the period 19996-1999 17.33 liters during the period 2000- 2006. This seems to be largely attributable to the choice of foreign breeds high efficiency at the expense of local breeds, genetic improvement of dairy breeds through artificial insemination has evolved significantly, with the significant increase in the average age of heifers at first breeding, which went from 16 to 18 months and the average age at first calving heifers is increased from 25 to 27 months. The results of the second survey have shown that investments in the NADP did not allow a significant increase in the yield of durum wheat. Indeed, the performance of hard wheat was 15 quintals / ha during the period 1996-1999 and 15.73 quintals / ha in 2000-2006. This is due to deficiencies in the application of production techniques. Indeed the choice of seeds, mechanization, fertilization and irrigation have not evolved positively after the NADP. The results of the third survey also showed that investments in the NADP did not allow a significant increase in the yield of olives. Indeed, the performance of the olive crop was 25.33 kg / tree during the period 1996-1999 and 24.33 kg / tree in 2000-2006. This is due also to deficiencies in the application of production techniques. Indeed the choice of crop varieties, mechanization, the practice of different sizes, fertilization, irrigation, pesticide use against diseases and pests of the olive tree have not significantly increased after the NADP.

EEffffeecctt ooff ddrroouugghhtt oonn tthhee mmeettaabboolliissmm ooff ttaabbaaccccoo ppllaannttss (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Diploma thesis - abstract Lucia Miedzińska, Bc. Work Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Helena Ryšlavá, CSc. Consultant: RNDr. Veronika Doubnerová, PhD. Drought stress is one of the most frequent form of plant stress, which occurs not only under condition of limited water availability, but also under reduced ability to accept water by roots, for example in salted or cold soils. In this thesis the changes in enzyme activities of: NADP-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; NADP-ME), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31; PEPC) and pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1; PPDK) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. W38) after drought were investigated. Enzyme activities in tobacco leaves were significantly increased during 11 days of stress, PEPC 2-fold, PPDK 3,3- fold and NADP-ME 4-fold compared to control plants. The regulation of NADP-ME and PEPC activities were studied on transcriptional level - by the real-time PCR method and on translational level - immunochemically. The expression of NADP-ME protein and transcription of mRNA for chloroplast NADP-ME isoform were increased, but mRNA for cytosolic isoform was not affected. The protein expression of PEPC was slightly increased, transcription of...

Nearly all multicellular organisms show changes in redox balance with aging leading to oxidative damage of macromolecules. This study investigated the role of the [NADP+]/[NADPH] redox couple in aging. This redox couple plays an important role in maintaining tissue redox balance and becomes slightly more oxidized in aged tissues. NADPH is a major source of reducing equivalents for enzymes that detoxify hydrogen peroxide. However, catalase detoxifies hydrogen peroxide independently of NADPH. But catalase is absent from mitochondria, a major source of hydrogen peroxide, where instead glutathione plays the major role in hydrogen peroxide detoxification in an NADPH-dependent manner. Three major cytoplasmic and three major mitochondrial NADPH generating enzymes were knocked down by the RNAi feeding technique in C. elegans, but little to no significant effects on lifespan were observed. The C. elegans genome contains two predicted, yet uncharacterized, NAD kinase (NADK) genes nadk-1 and nadk-2 to synthesize NADP+. Data suggest that NADK-1 is cytoplasmic, while NADK-2 is mitochondrial. NADK activity assays strongly suggested that both NADK-1 and NADK-2 possess NADK activity. Knockdown of NADKs did not affect the rate of body bending in young nematodes. However, knockdown of nadk-2 in nadk-1 mutant worms slightly decreased lifespan. Deficiency of NADKs increased the [NADP+]/[NADPH] and decreased the [NAD+]/[NADH], similar to redox changes that occur with aging. Unexpectedly, nadk-1 or nadk-2 knockdown resulted in decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased survival in young adult nematodes in the presence of juglone, a superoxide generator. The antioxidant response generated upon NADK knockdown required the transcription factors DAF-16/FOXO, SKN-1/Nrf2, and HSF-1 in nadk-2 knockdown nematodes, but only required HSF-1 in nadk-1 knockdown nematodes. NADK-1 or NADK-2 deficiency led to increased catalase activity and a strong trend for increased cytoplasmic catalase-1 (ctl-1) gene expression. Peroxisomal catalase-2 (ctl-2) mutant worms showed increased SOD activity when either NADK gene was knocked down, while ctl-1 mutant worms showed increased glutathione peroxidase or glutathione reductase activities following NADK knockdown. In summary, NADK knockdown oxidizes the [NADP+]/[NADPH] to compromise the antioxidant system, but young nematodes are able to mount a compensatory broad antioxidant response leading to decreased ROS levels.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 197 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / "August 2007" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.