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Concerns about the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment, human health, and wildlife have led to research and promotion of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Recently, an IPM program was introduced in the Albanian olive sector through the USAID-funded global IPM-CRSP project to develop improved olive IPM technologies. This study develops and applies a protocol for integrated economic impact assessment of olive pest management strategies designed by the IPM-CRSP project in Albania. The main components of the integrated approach for economic impact assessment of olive IPM include (i) net return analysis for measuring farm level impacts; (ii) economic surplus modeling for measuring market-level impacts; and (iii) modeling of IPM adoption under output uncertainty. The economic surplus equilibrium displacement model developed for the Albanian olive market with no international trade accounts for IPM research-induced supply shifts, increased demand due to quality improvement, and research-induced spillovers to non-target zones. The main sources of data for performing partial budgeting and economic surplus analysis were: (i) an expert survey; (ii) partial budgets compiled based on a farmer survey and expenditure records from field-level experiments; and (iii) data collected at the market level. The data used to estimate the dichotomous logit model came from a 1999 survey of 200 growers and a survey of 120 growers carried out in 2000 in the Vlora district of Albania. The net return analysis indicates that compared to conventional practices, the proposed olive IPM packages generally promise higher yields, improved quality of olive products, lower pesticide use, and higher net returns to producers. However, adoption of some of the IPM practices implied higher production costs. Based on the simulation results, the Albanian olive industry has the potential to derive a net IPM research benefit between $39 million (assuming that farmers move directly from minimum spraying to IPM) and $52 million (assuming that farmers move from full pesticide program to IPM) over the next 30 years. Farmers' reliance on pesticide use on olives and other crops does not seem to hinder IPM adoption. Grower perceptions and the process of expectation formation significantly influence adoption decisions. Addressing the process of expectation formation and changing these perceptions by educational programs and better access to information will encourage IPM adoption. / Ph. D.

Depuis leurs indépendances, l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie ont suivi diverses politiques agricoles mais n’ont pas réussi à garantir la sécurité alimentaire. En Algérie, une politique agricole à travers le plan national de développement agricole(PNDA) fut mise en oeuvre a partir de l’année 2000 afin d’essayer d’inverser la tendance. Plusieurs investissements ont été alors réalisés par les agriculteurs et les différents agents économiques algériens dans les différentes filières agricoles stratégiques. Afin de connaître les résultats, nous avons réalisé trois enquêtes sur le terrain avec les agriculteurs afin de pouvoir analyser l’impact des investissements agricoles dans le cadre du PNDA sur l’évolution des techniques agricoles dans les productions laitières au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole de Freha, céréalières au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole de Draa EL Mizan et oléicoles au niveau des communes rattachées à la subdivision agricole d’Irdjen. Les résultats de la première enquête ont mis en évidence que les bénéficiaires du PNDA ont vu le rendement laitier moyen/vache/jour augmenter de manière significative de 12,75 litres durant la période 19996-1999 à 17,33 litres durant la période 2000-2006. Cela semble être en majeure partie attribuable au choix des races étrangères à haut rendement au détriment des races locales, à l’amélioration génétique des races laitières par l’insémination artificielle qui a évolué significativement, à l’augmentation significative de l’age moyen des génisses à la première saillie qui est passé de 16 à 18 mois et à l’age moyen des génisses au premier vêlage qui est passé de 25 à 27 mois. Les résultats de la deuxième enquête ont montrés que les investissements réalisés dans le cadre du PNDA n’ont pas permis une augmentation significative du rendement en blé dur. En effet, le rendement des cultures de blé dur était de 15 qx/ha durant la période 1996-1999 et de 15,73 qx/ha durant la période 2000-2006. Cela est du aux carences dans l’application des techniques de productions. En effet le choix des semences, la mécanisation, la fertilisation et l’irrigation n’ont pas évolués positivement après le PNDA. Les résultats de la troisième enquête ont montrés également que les investissements réalisés dans le cadre du PNDA n’ont pas permis une augmentation significative du rendement en olives. En effet, le rendement des cultures de l'olivier était de 25,33 kg/arbre durant la période 1996-1999 et de 24,33 kg/arbre durant la période 2000-2006. Cela est du aussi aux carences dans l’application des techniques de productions. En effet le choix des variétés cultivées, la mécanisation, la pratique des différentes tailles, la fertilisation, l’irrigation l’utilisation de pesticides contre les maladies et ravageurs de l’olivier n’ont pas augmentés significativement après le PNDA. / Since their independence, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have followed various agricultural policies but failed to ensure food security. In Algeria, an agricultural policy through the National Agricultural Development Plan (NADP) was implemented from 2000 in an attempt to reverse the trend. Several investments were then made by farmers and various Algerian economic operators in the various strategic agricultural sectors To know the results, we completed three field surveys with farmers in order to analyze the impact of agricultural investment in the NADP on the evolution of agricultural techniques in dairy production in the communes attached to the Farm subdivision Freha, cereal in the municipalities related to agricultural Draa El Mizan subdivision and olive in the communes attached to the subdivision of agricultural Irdjen. The results of the first survey showed that NADP beneficiaries have seen the average milk yield / cow / day significantly increase of 12.75 liters during the period 19996-1999 17.33 liters during the period 2000- 2006. This seems to be largely attributable to the choice of foreign breeds high efficiency at the expense of local breeds, genetic improvement of dairy breeds through artificial insemination has evolved significantly, with the significant increase in the average age of heifers at first breeding, which went from 16 to 18 months and the average age at first calving heifers is increased from 25 to 27 months. The results of the second survey have shown that investments in the NADP did not allow a significant increase in the yield of durum wheat. Indeed, the performance of hard wheat was 15 quintals / ha during the period 1996-1999 and 15.73 quintals / ha in 2000-2006. This is due to deficiencies in the application of production techniques. Indeed the choice of seeds, mechanization, fertilization and irrigation have not evolved positively after the NADP. The results of the third survey also showed that investments in the NADP did not allow a significant increase in the yield of olives. Indeed, the performance of the olive crop was 25.33 kg / tree during the period 1996-1999 and 24.33 kg / tree in 2000-2006. This is due also to deficiencies in the application of production techniques. Indeed the choice of crop varieties, mechanization, the practice of different sizes, fertilization, irrigation, pesticide use against diseases and pests of the olive tree have not significantly increased after the NADP.

Compte tenu de l’importance du rôle joué par les exploitations oléicoles dans le développement agricole et économique en Tunisie, l’amélioration de leur efficacité doit constituer un pilier des politiques de développement. Dans ce cadre, le présent travail de recherche vise à mesurer la performance des producteurs oléicoles dans la région de Chbika en Tunisie à travers une analyse empirique de leur efficacité technique. Pour y parvenir, un modèle de frontière stochastique de production (avec une technologie de production représentée par une forme fonctionnelle de type translog) a été spécifié, permettant à la fois d’estimer les scores d’efficacité des exploitations et de dégager les facteurs explicatifs de l’inefficacité technique. Des données d’enquêtes collectées auprès d’un échantillon de 70 oléiculteurs en 2017 dans la région de Chbika ont été mises à profit à cet effet. Il se dégage des résultats obtenus que les exploitations retenues sont en dessous de leur frontière de production et sont caractérisés par une inefficacité technique. L’efficacité technique moyenne est de 82 % et qui indique un niveau variant entre 27 % et 92 %. Ces producteurs pourraient augmenter leur efficacité de 18% sans avoir à augmenter leurs volumes d’intrants. Quant à l’analyse des déterminants de l’efficacité, il en découle que les variables telles que l’âge des chefs d’exploitations, le niveau d’instruction, l’accès au crédit et la proportion des arbres productifs sont significatives et influencent positivement le niveau d’efficacité technique des exploitations oléicoles à Chbika, alors que le revenu non agricole et l’accès à la terre réduisent l’efficacité technique de ces exploitations. Ces différents résultats ont été utilisés pour dégager des implications, en termes de mesures de développement, dans une perspective d’amélioration des performances de ces exploitations. Mots clés : Efficacité technique, analyse par frontière stochastique de production, déterminants de l’efficacité, exploitations oléicoles, Chbika (Tunisie). / Considering the important role played by olive producing farms in agricultural and economic development in Tunisia, improving their efficiency must be a pillar of development policies. Within this framework, the present research aims to measure the performance of olive producers in the Chbika region of Tunisia through an empirical analysis of their technical efficiency. To achieve this object, stochastic frontier productionmodel (using a translog functional form to represent the technology) has been specified, allowing both to estimate the efficiency scores of the farms and to identify the factors explaining the technical inefficiency. Survey data collected from a sample of 70 olive producers in the Chbika region in 2017 were used for this purpose. Estimated efficiency measures reveal the existence of technical inefficiencies of production in the sample. The computed average technical efficiency is 82% ranging from a minimum of 27 % to a maximum of 92 %. Estmation results from the technical inefficiency effects model suggest that variables such as the age of olive producers, level of education, access to credit and the share of productive trees are significant and influence positively the level of technical efficiency of olive producing farms in Chbika. However, non-farm income and access to land reduce the technical efficiency of these farms. These factors are to be considered in the orientation of development policy measures with the aim to improve the performance of these farms. Key words: Technical efficiency, stochastic frontier production analysis, efficiency determinants, olive producing farms, Chbika (Tunisia).

La presente tesis consiste en describir los principales factores por los que no se ha podido consolidar la presencia de las aceitunas peruanas de la región Tacna, que corresponden a la partida arancelaria 2005.70.0000 en el mercado mexicano del 2015 al 2019, para lo cual se aplicaron los instrumentos necesarios que permitan entender dicho problema. En este sentido, el capítulo I comprende el contexto del problema de investigación, así como la formulación del problema de investigación y los objetivos de investigación. El capítulo II busca contextualizar la situación de las aceitunas comprendidas en la partida arancelaria 2005.70.0000 a nivel mundial, Latinoamérica y nacional. De la misma manera el capítulo III aborda la metodología de investigación, donde, destacan el tipo de metodología utilizada, la muestra, los segmentos y categorías a investigar. Finalmente, el Capítulo IV, describe, interpreta y analiza trasversalmente la información obtenida por los distintos representantes de las empresas productoras exportadoras, acopiadoras y especialistas entrevistados. Asimismo, en el presente capítulo se detalla las barreras de investigación, brechas de investigación, conclusiones y recomendaciones del estudio. / This dissertation intends to explore the main factors as to why it has not been possible to consolidate the presence of the exportable supply of Peruvian olives from the Tacna region, which correspond to Harmonized System subheading 2005.70.0000, to the Mexican market. This thesis applies the necessary instruments to fully understand this issue. Therefore, Chapter I seeks to contextualize the thesis, as well as focusing on the formulation of the problem while exploring the objectives and questions of the investigation. Subsequently, Chapter II seeks to describe the situation of the olives that are included in Harmonized System subheading 2005.70.0000 worldwide, in Latin America and nationally. Chapter III then addresses the research methodology, with particular emphasis on the types of research used, the samples, and the segments and categories to be investigated. With the aim of understanding the current reality of the process of internationalization of companies exporting olives from the Tacna region. Finally, Chapter IV describes, interprets and analyses cross-sectionally the information gathered through interviews with different representatives of the agricultural export companies, traders and specialists. Additionally, Chapter IV details the research barriers, research gaps, conclusions and recommendations of the thesis. / Tesis

En esta tesis se ha caracterizado a nivel de especie la ecología del proceso de fermentación industrial de las aceitunas de mesa arbequinas. Los resultados muestran que se establece un equilibrio dinámico entre bacterias lácticas y levaduras. También existe inicialmente un importante número de enterobacterias que desaparecen conforme el pH del medio baja. Lactobacillus pentosus, Candida diddensiae y Candida boidinii han sido las principales especies identificadas. También se ha estudiado a escala piloto una fermentación espontánea comprobando como son los propios microorganismos de la fruta los que se desarrollan durante la fermentación. En la fermentación a escala se estudió el efecto de la sal y el grado de madurez de la aceituna observando que una mayor concentración salina favorece la desaparición de las enterobacterias sin afectar al desarrollo de las bacterias lácticas y un grado de madurez mayor favorece el desarrollo de las bacterias lácticas. El seguimiento de distintos cultivos iniciadores mediante el uso de la PCR GTG5 mostró que L. pentosus es la especie más adecuada para ser empleada como inóculo en el caso de las aceitunas arbequinas así como se comprobó las bondades del uso de una levadura como co-inóculo para favorecer la imposición de la bacteria láctica y aportar estabilidad microbiana. Se estudió la presencia de genes de plantaricinas en una colección de aislados de las especies L. paraplantarum, L. pentosus y L. plantarum observando que las tres especies poseen los mismos genes de plantaricinas y que existe una relación entre los genes que posee una cepa y el origen de aislamiento de la misma. Estudios transcripcionales confirmaron la importancia de la plantaricina S en L. pentosus B96 así como la contribución de otros genes de bacteriocinas expresados a su bioactividad total. PhD Thesis Abstract, Albert Hurtado Fernández-AnchuelaTITLE: Study of the microbial population associated to the fermentation process of arbequina cultivar table olives.DIRECTORS: Cristina Reguant y Nicolas Rozès / In this thesis the ecology of the industrial fermentation process of arbequina table olives has been characterized at species level. The results show that it is established a dynamic equilibrium between lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Initially there is also a significant number of Enterobacteriaceae that disappear as medium pH falls. Lactobacillus pentosus, Candida diddensiae and Candida boidinii were the main species identified. It has also been studied a spontaneous fermentation at pilot-scale observing the development of wild microorganisms of the olive fruit during the fermentation. In the laboratory fermentation salt and olive maturity effect were studied, noting that a higher salt concentration favored the disappearance of Enterobacteriaceae without affecting lactic acid bacteria development and a greater maturity favored lactic acid bacteria growing. Different starter cultures were followed by means of GTG5 PCR during controlled fermentations. Results showed L. pentosus as the most suitable species to be used as inoculum in the case of arbequina olives. It was observed too the benefits of using a yeast as co-inoculum to favor the imposition of the lactic bacteria and to provide microbial stability. It was studied the presence of plantaricin genes in a collection of isolates of L. paraplantarum, L. pentosus and L. plantarum. The three species have the same plantaricin genes and it was observed a relationship between the genes a strain posses and its isolation source. Transcriptional studies confirmed the importance of plantaricin S in L. pentosus B96 and the contribution of other bacteriocin genes to the total bioactivity of the strain.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Ecologie et Agrosystèmes : Toulouse, INPT : 2007. / Résumés en français, anglais et arabe. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 196 réf.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivan Pereira Guedes.pdf: 20909247 bytes, checksum: cbb01cb8f30e003dfc2657d7c72848eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-20 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / This dissertation examines the deployment of Protestantism in the state capital, through one of its branches Presbyterianism. The study focuses on the establishment of the Central Presbyterian Church Garden of Olives, where through the literature and documentary focuses in Presbyterianism and its operations in the city of São Paulo. Protestantism is established in Brazil so incipient in the late nineteenth century through the early missionaries who came here with the purpose of establishing its various ramifications generated by the reform movement of the sixteenth century. A set of economic, social and judicial greatly facilitated the Protestant Gospel message found good acceptance among Brazilians, mainly arising between the liberal elite of the republican regime. At the turn of the twentieth century the City of St. Paul plays a predominant role in driving the development guidelines and policies of the country and Protestantism with its progressive message rises this locomotive and enjoy a positive opportunities that are available and establish strong communities in the capital and surroundings. But Presbyterianism shares the same divisive symptom of his peers retired and soon experienced its first internal divisions. In 1903 occurs the first major division, resulting in two denominations: the Presbyterian Church of Brazil and the Independent Presbyterian Church. A few years later, this second term simultaneous experiences two divisions: the Conservative Presbyterian Church and the Christian Church of St. Paul (1942). The Presbyterian Church Garden of Olives is also the result of a process dividing the ecclesiastical history of the United Presbyterian Church of Sao Paulo. In this research takes place there is an effort to explain the reasons and motivations that contributed most to the formation of a Presbyterian church in the city center and its efforts to establish itself. We highlight the charismatic person of Rev. Joseph Borges dos Santos Jr. who initiated, conducted and concluded this process separatist. / A presente dissertação analisa a implantação do protestantismo na capital paulista, através de um de seus ramos o presbiterianismo. O estudo tem como foco central o estabelecimento da Igreja Presbiteriana Jardim das Oliveiras, onde através da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, enfoca-se o presbiterianismo e sua atuação na cidade de São Paulo. O protestantismo estabelece-se no Brasil de forma ainda incipiente no final do século dezenove através dos primeiros missionários que aqui chegaram com o propósito de estabelecerem suas diversas ramificações geradas pelo movimento reformador do século dezesseis. Um conjunto de fatores econômicos, sociais e judiciais facilitou muito para que a mensagem evangélica protestante encontrasse boa aceitação entre os brasileiros, principalmente entre a elite liberal advinda do regime republicano. Na virada para o século vinte a Cidade de São Paulo assume um papel predominante na condução do desenvolvimento e diretrizes políticas do país e o protestantismo com sua mensagem progressista sobe nesta locomotiva e aproveita de forma positiva as oportunidades que lhe são disponibilizadas e estabelece comunidades fortes na capital e aos arredores. Mas o presbiterianismo compartilha do mesmo sintoma divisionista de seus pares reformados e logo experimenta suas primeiras cisões internas. Em 1903 ocorre a primeira grande divisão, dando origem a duas denominações: a Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil e a Igreja Presbiteriana Independente. Poucos anos depois, esta segunda denominação experimenta duas divisões simultâneas: a Igreja Presbiteriana Conservadora e a Igreja Cristã de São Paulo (1942). A Igreja Presbiteriana Jardim das Oliveiras também é resultado de um processo divisório na história eclesiástica da Igreja Presbiteriana Unida de São Paulo. No transcorre desta pesquisa há um esforço para expor as razões e motivações que contribuíram para a formação de mais uma igreja presbiteriana no centro da cidade e seus esforços para se estabelecer. Destaca-se a pessoa carismática do Rev. José Borges dos Santos Jr. que iniciou, conduziu e concluiu este processo separatista.