This study aims to expose the impact of racial separation policies on the spatial distribution of the population groups in Natal/ KwaZulu, and on Black urbanisation, within a core-periphery framework. Chapter One focuses on global population and urbanisation trends to highlight the difference between First and Third World characteristics, and applies the First and Third World distinction to South Africa. Chapter Two outlines the impact of colonialism, apartheid and separate development on the spatial distribution of the population in South Africa, and especially Natal/KwaZulu. Chapter Three discusses the Friedmann core-periphery model, and the application of the core-periphery model to the Southern African region, as well as the modernisation/dependency debate in terms of its impact on shaping differing perspectives of the relationship between core and peripheral regions a8d perspectives of the urbanisation process. Chapter Four is comprised of an empirical examination of the coreperiphery structure of the Natal/KwaZulu regional economy, and the core-periphery distribution of its population settlement, both between and within such, regions, as well as the geographical distribution of the types of population settlements and the size of the urban population. An assessment of the size and distribution of the population in the Durban Functional Region is also made. Chapter Five draws the main conclusions of the previous Chapters together, critically examines the validity of the Friedmann model in terms of its application to the Southern African and Natal/ KwaZulu regions and discusses the development/underdevelopment relationship between Natal and KwaZulu and its implications for the immediate future. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1989.

The tourism industry has emerged as one of the key economic drivers in Africa and remains as one of the few growth industries in the world. The industry has well-documented, significant socio-economic and environmental impacts, many of which are not positive and result in enduring problems at destinations. This is particularly acute in countries such as South Africa where socio-economic inequities are high and historical patterns of development have resulted in most people being marginal from the tourism sector. The accommodation sector is one of the main players in terms of tourism and benefits the most from this industry. However, very few studies have critically examined this sector in terms of environmental management. It is the lacunae in the research that this study aims to address. The main objectives of the study were to investigate the nature and extent of environmental management in hotels and lodges in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The primary data collection was undertaken via the use of surveys to 60 accommodation managers and 400 hotel guests. In-depth interviews were also undertaken with key tourism industry stakeholders. The main findings of the research indicated that although participants were aware of the detrimental environmental impacts of the accommodation sector, environmental management programs were very much in its infancy. Hotel managers were enthusiastic about environmental management but were unable to implement environmental programs and actions due to a number of challenges and constraints. Environmental issues were also not a high priority for hotel guests in the study. The study concludes that environmental issues in the accommodation sector needs to be re-examined and measures need to be put in place to address the sector’s negative impact on the environment. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

The Jurassic Rooi Rand dolerite dyke swarm was emplaced sub-parallel to the Lebombo Monocline during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup. The dykes extend northwards from the southern Lebombo region in northern KwaZulu-Natal, into central Swaziland, spanning a distance of approximately 200 kilometres with a width between 10 and 22 kilometres. Detailed mapping of a 600m-Iong section on the Pongolo River, established at least eleven phases of intrusion. Each dyke age was systematically sampled and analysed for whole-rock major, trace and rare earth element composition, as well as mineral chemistry. Selected samples were analysed for stable isotopes. In addition to notable intra-dyke chemical variations, there is also a high degree of inter-dyke mineralogical and geochemical variation, each dyke age bearing distinct geochemical characteristics. The apparent geochemical trend is not one of simple fractionation with time. Dyke chemistries are closely linked to magma genesis and magma volumes with time. Evolution of the magmas may be described in terms of varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization, with a small degree of crustal contamination. Major, trace and rare earth element data indicate a lithospheric mantle source for the majority of dyke phases, and an asthenospheric source for only two of the eleven ages. Contrary to this, isotopic data (oxygen and radiogenic) indicate an enriched asthenospheric source for all the dolerites. This suggests that all ages may have originally been derived from the asthenosphere, with the majority of ages being intruded into the lithospheric mantle to later undergo partial melting and fractional crystallization, with some contamination. Previous studies assumed an asthenospheric source with depleted MORB-like rare earth element profiles to be representative for the majority of Rooi Rand dolerites. The Rooi Rand dolerites appear to display a geochemical link with the southern Sabie River Basalt Formation, as well as the Lebombo rhyolites. Magmatic evolution of the dykes was intimately linked to the initial rifting processes of lithospheric stretching and asthenospheric upwelling, which in this case concluded in a classic failed rift situation. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1996.

This research measures and evaluates the impact of the Expanded Public Works Programmes on job creation in the Zululand District in order to guide government in developing a policy that will assist future job creation programmes. The Provincial government has prioritized poverty reduction and job creation as key focus areas in Kwazulu - Natal. This study attempts to determine whether the Expanded Public Works Programme contributes towards job creation and economic growth. The study was limited to the area of the Zululand District Municipality. This research was quantitative in nature in order to meet the objectives of the study which relates to impacts of the Expanded Public Works Programme on job creation. Statistics will be used to justify the conclusions drawn about the percentage increase in employment creation in the area. . The sample was a representative of the population of the area under study. Efforts were made to eliminate any ambiguity in the questionnaires. As training of people on the Expanded Public Works Programme is often conducted in less than six months and as the training is often not accredited, it is concluded that the jobs created by the Expanded Public Works Programme in the Zululand District Municipality are not sustainable. A high percentage of people worked on the Expanded Public Works Programme projects. Although these jobs are not sustainable, they do contribute towards the reduction of unemployment during the construction phase of the project. Most people agree with and support the Expanded Public Works Programme as a successful programme that gives hope for job creationThe output and impact of the Expanded Public Works Programme on skills training, monthly gross household income, daily wage, sustainable jobs and reduction in unemployment is shown to be minimal or not having a very noticeable impact.. Registered institutions under the Department of Education should be used to conduct training on these projects so that the level of training received can be consistent for all people trained / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

This study provides information on the age and growth of two important Iinefish species, Scomberomorus pluriline~tus and Polysteganus undulosus. Age determination for both species was carried out using otoliths and growth was modelled using age- and length-based methods. For the age-based method various growth models were evaluated to determine which growth function best described the age-length data, whilst Shepherd's Length Composition Analysis was used to estimate growth parameters from length-frequency data. Preliminary stock assessments, based on limited catch data, were also attempted for both species. Age estimates for the pelagic migrant S. plurilineatus, derived from reading whole otoliths, ranged from 0 + to 6 + years. As validation by marginal increment analysis was inconclusive because of the seasonal occurrence of this species in KwaZulu-Natal waters, it was assumed that a single opaque band was laid down in the otolith annually. Reproducibility of age estimates evaluated using the average percentage error (APE) technique was good (9.4%). Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were poorly estimated from length-frequency data because multiple maxima were encountered on the fitting surface. However, from the age-length data, growth was adequately modelled by the von Bertalanffy growth equation: L t =9 3 5mmFL (l-e -0. 583yr-1 (t+o. 991yr) ) S. p!urilineatus are fully recruited to the fishery at the age of 1 + year and the ageiv at-50% maturity is 2 + years. Preliminary per-recruit analyses indicated that the spawner biomass of S. plurilineatus is at 50% of its unfished level. Polysteganus undulosus is an endemic, reef-dwelling sparid and large catches weremade earlier in the century. Age determination was carried out using sectioned otoliths collected in 1962 and 1963 before the collapse of the fishery. Age estimates ranged from 3 + to 20 + years. Marginal increment analysis indicated that active deposition of opaque bands occurred during winter but, because of the seasonal occurrence of P. undulosus in KwaZulu-Natal, validation was inconclusive. Reproducibility of the age estimates was low (APE = 18.2%) because of difficulties with band interpretation as a result of stacking on otolith margins in old fish. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters could not be adequately estimated from length frequency data because of the slow growth and longevity of this species. However, from the age-length data, no difference in growth rate between the sexes was observed, and growth for the combined sexes is described by the following logistic equation: L = 942mmTL t 1+e-O.277yr-l(t-S.178yrs) The age at full recruitment was found to be 12 + years and the age-at-50% maturity was 8.8 years. A preliminary stock assessment revealed that the spawner biomass of P. undulosus was already at 25% of its unfished level in the early 1960s. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1996.

The KwaZulu-Natal Bight is influenced by various nutrient inputs from the Thukela River and particular oceanographic features of the shelf such as the St Lucia upwelling cell and the Durban lee eddy that are in turn associated with Agulhas Current behaviour. Little is known about KZN Bight community dynamics of most faunal groups and so knowledge about the ecological functioning of this system as a whole is lacking. To address this, a large multidisciplinary project on the Bight was conducted through the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme. One aim of the programme was to establish whether nutrient inputs have significant impacts on this oligotrophic shelf and if so, how? This study looked at the macrobenthic compartment to examine variations in diversity across the KZN Bight in the midshelf habitat only. Changes in diversity were explained in relation to important habitat and/or process drivers. Replicated biological and sediment samples were collected in and between the three focus areas of high nutrient input along the Bight spanning an area from Durban to just south of the St Lucia Estuary mouth. Samples were collected twice at the same stations, once during a wet period (February 2010) and once during a dry period (August 2010). These periods were selected to represent high and low outflow and thus potentially higher and lower nutrient inputs to the Bight, respectively. Macrobenthos collected by 0.2m2 Van Veen grab were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and resulting data were analysed using combinations of univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. Diversity was described using well-published techniques that related to community Alpha () and Beta (β) diversity and including several newer methods such as Taxonomic Diversity indices (Taxonomic Distinctness (Δ*), Average Taxonomic Distinctness (Δ+), Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness (Λ+)) to determine the taxonomic relatedness of macrobenthic communities within the study area. Midshelf macrobenthic community  and β diversity was highly variable across the shelf with no distinct patterns related to focus area. Diversity values were however similar to values obtained in what are considered highly diverse tropical and high latitude shelves. Diversity was then related to hydrographic parameters measured on the Bight to understand the possible indirect or direct roles the Agulhas Current and Thukela River have in maintaining the macrobenthos. Findings were that diversity was only weakly related to measured environmental variables suggesting far more complex interactions in the biophysical environment of the Bight. This was highlighted by the finding that alpha and beta diversity measures had complimentary relationships as an inverse trend was found between these measures along the KZN Bight. Thus, more detailed systematic studies on the Bight are needed to fully understand the role and supply of nutrients on specific communities and how these pertain to the ecological function of the whole shelf ecosystem. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Aspects of the physical and chemical environment likely to influence phytoplankton productivity were investigated in Lake Midmar, a shallow (mean depth 11.4m), oligotrophic impoundment, over a three year period to evaluate the hypothesis that "the fundamental process regulating the functioning of a shallow lake is vertical mixing." Energy exchange at the lake surface was similar to that reported for other lakes. The principal components of the energy balance (net incoming radiation and latent heat loss) and heat content of the lake varied seasonally. However, day-to-day variation in local weather, particularly the incidence of cloud cover, masked these seasonal trends and contributed to the unusual pattern of almost constant sensible heat loss throughout the year. Consequently, heat storage was highly variable, particularly in early summer (September-December). The combination of day-to-day variation in heat storage, the pattern of heat loss, wind stress and the synergistic interaction between these components together contributed to the observed pattern of weak summer stratification (absence of vertical partitioning into an epi-, meta- and hypolimnion) and efficient heat transfer within the water column. The occurence of low Wedderburn numbers ( W < 1) on several occasions during summer (September - February) resulted in Midmar being classified as a regime 2 lake (sensu Spigel and Imberger,1980) and the thermal structure as discontinuous polymictic (sensu Lewis,1983 a). Under conditions of 'normal' river flow (1980-81) phosphorus associated with river suspended solid loads, even at times of peak loading in late summer, had little immediate influence on the total phosphorus content of the water column or phytoplankton productivity. Internal phosphorus loading, resulting from sediment resuspension and transfer of phosphorus from sediment pore water to the overlying water, was identified as the principal source of bioavailable phosphorus. The wind-induced circulation - sediment interaction also exerted a strong influence on the underwater light climate. Inorganic suspended particulate material was the principal factor regulating the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Red light being the most penetrating component of the PAR spectral range throughout the study period . The hypothesis that 'internal", autochthonous processes and not external, allochthonous processes were responsible for regulating phosphorus dynamics and PAR attenuation" was confirmed during the drought (1982-83). As lake levels decreased the increased interaction between wind- induced circulation and the deeper sediments led to increased PAR attenuation and total phosphorus concentrations in the water column. The range of turbulent conditions arising from variation in the magnitude and frequency of wind- induced circulation created a temporally variable environment characterised by low values of the ratio Z[eu]:Z[m] rapidly changing light levels to which algal cells would be exposed in any day (a result of the turbid, turbulent nature of the environment) and nutrient patchiness (resulting from variation in internal phosphorus loading). The subsequent variation in the physiological state of the phytoplankton at the time of sampling resulted in estimates of ΣA, P[max] and the physiological indices, I[K], P[e] and assimilation number, being very variable from one sampling occasion to the next. This variation in phytoplankton productivity and physiological state at the time of sampling was considered to be responsible for the general absence of any correlation between ΣA, the physiological indices and temperature as well as the observed variation between the real values of ΣA and those predicted using Talling's model. Although the increased wind-induced circulation - deeper sediment interaction during the 1982-83 drought caused changes in the underwater light climate (as increased PAR attenuation and shallower euphotic zones) these changes had little effect on values of I[K], and P[e]. However, from the increase in values of ΣA, phytoplankton standing crops and assimilation numbers recorded in 1982-83 it was concluded that phytoplankton productivity in Lake Midmar was nutrient and not light-limited. The role of vertical mixing as a factor influencing temporal changes in phytoplankton species composition is examined in the general discussion. Two properties of the mixing regime are considered to be important, i.e. the energy associated with a particular mixing event and the frequency of high energy mixing events. The concept of disturbance sensu White and Pickett (1985) was found to be useful in distinguishing 'normal' low energy advective and vertical mixing involving only the surface waters from disturbance, high energy vertical mixing involving most or all of the water column which is capable of modifying existing environmental gradients. Based on the frequency of wind-induced disturbance a continuum can be shown ranging from deep stratified lakes, where disturbance as changes in mixing regime associated with the onset and breakdown of stratification is infrequent, seasonal and predictable from one year to the next, to very shallow lakes, where disturbance as extensive vertical mixing is more frequent, aseasonal and unpredictable. Shallow impoundments, e.g. Lake Midmar, occupy an intermediate position between the two extremes of the continuum. The exact location of a particular shallow lake being determined by site-specific properties of the energy exchange-wind stress interaction and resultant mixing regime. It is considered that the failure to recognise the intrinsic variation between shallow impoundments and the importance of site-specific differences in determining the importance of wind-induced vertical mixing in the functioning of shallow impoundments led to the earlier classification of South African shallow impoundments as warm monomictic systems by Walmsley and Butty (1980). Furthermore, this property of shallow lakes (i .e. the sitespecific differences in the energy exchange-wind stress interaction) probably accounts for the limited success with which general lake models have been applied in shallow lakes. Disturbance has not been recognised as a source of temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the physical and chemical environments of lakes because of the failure of existing models to distinguish between disturbance and perturbation and their roles in initiating changes in phytoplankton species composition. Based on the results of this study a revision of Reynolds's model describing temporal changes in phytoplankton species composition which incorporates both disturbance and perturbation is proposed. The results of this study therefore confirmed the original hypothesis that "the fundamental process regulating the functioning of a shallow lake is vertical mixing" with summer thermal structure, the attenuation of downwelling PAR and phosphorus dynamics all being directly influenced by wind-induced vertical mixing. The resultant temporally variable environment also influenced the physiological state of the phytoplankton and estimates of primary productivity, and is considered to exert a strong indirect influence on phytoplankton seasonal periodicity in this shallow, oligotrophic, turbulent impoundment. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1988.

No description available.

Thesis (B.A.Hons. 1978) from the Department of History, University of Adelaide.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2010