I forskningen behandlas valet av teknik för mobil presentation. Uppsatsen lyfter fram faktorer, vilket behöver diskuteras i samband med ett val. De olika teknikerna som diskuteras i uppsatsen är främst responsiv design, webbaserad applikation och nativ applikation. I samband med ett intresse ifrån SLU (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet) används organisationen som exempel i uppsatsen, vilket är tänkt att ge ett förslag på hur informationen i uppsatsen skulle kunna relateras till en verklig situation. Arbetet är byggt på en stor samling av tidigare studier, detta för att stärka den information som presenteras i uppsatsen. Intervjuer med anställda på SLUs IT-avdelning har bidragit med en rik insikt i hur verkligheten skulle kunna se ut inom en organisation som denna. Studien bidrar med att lyfta fram faktorer, vilka är viktiga för valet av teknik och hur detta val skulle kunna diskuteras. Detta användes för att ge en rekommendation till SLU, vilket är ett exempel på hur denna uppsats resultat kan användas.

To meet the demands of 5G and what comes after, telecommunications companies will need to replace their old embedded systems with new technology. One such solution could be to develop cloud-native applications that offer many benefits but are less reliable than embedded systems. Having the different units in the 5G system store their state, or their operational context, in cloud-based databases could reduce downtime in case of failing processes, but various database systems have their advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the choice of implementation must be carefully considered.   This study primarily aims to create a simulator that can measure latency, or the time it takes to write or read dummy data to or from one of two different kinds of databases. Its secondary aim is to produce use cases that mimic situations that a database for state data would need to handle and to collect measurements from them with the help of the simulator.   The simulator was implemented using C++17 and contains a simulator object and separate database clients. The actors representing the units interacting with a 5G network were created by the clients and their state data was stored in either Redis or PostgreSQL databases. Various use cases were designed with the instruction from Ericsson to simulate real-life scenarios and to measure latencies. Quantitative data analysis was performed on the collected data to compare the performances of Redis and PostgreSQL databases in the different use cases.   The study found that Redis on average worked the fastest and that its latency was largely the same regardless of data sizes, while PostgreSQL's latencies, and thus the differences between the databases, varied more depending on the scenario.   The results of the study show that Redis is the one of the two databases that operates more consistently and predictably, which may partly be explained by the fact it is mainly based in the RAM, while PostgreSQL is mainly disk-based.   Future work could involve testing the databases under higher workloads, exploring what would be the impact of running simulations in environments with reduced RAM and not letting Redis use it to its full advantage, and maybe analyzing more latency figures by creating new use cases and running them. Future work can also include an investigation of the effect of Redis database crashes. Moreover, the simulator implementation allows for changing to other types of databases.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Kinetik der Fehlfaltung und Aggregation von Proteinen. Anhand dreier Beispiele, der Phosphoglyceratkinase (PGK) aus Hefe, einer Variante von Barstar und des Prion-Proteins des Syrischen Hamsters (SHaPrP(90-232)) wurde insbesondere die Kinetik der Bildung von Amyloidfibrillen und deren kinetischer Vorläuferstrukturen mittels dynamischer und statischer Lichtstreuung, Circulardichroismus, Infrarotspektroskopie, Elektronenmikroskopie und teilweise analytischer Chromatographie untersucht. Die Kinetiken wurden mit Konzepten der Aggregationstheorie von Kolloiden und der chemischen Kinetik beschrieben. Die Modellierung der Kinetiken weist ausgehend von der monomeren PGK bei pH 2 und 190 mM NaCl auf eine zweistufige Reaktionskaskade, bestehend aus irreversiblen, bimolekularen Elementarschritten hin. Während der ersten Stufe wird ein engverteiltes Ensemble von Oligomeren mit einer mittleren Masse von 10 Monomeren und wesentlichen Anteilen an beta-Faltblattstrukturen gebildet. Die Protofibrillen entstehen durch die Vereinigung der strukturell polaren Oligomere, die durch die erste Reaktionsstufe bereitgestellt werden und als kritische Oligomere bezeichnet werden. Die gefundene Kopplung des Wachstums der intermediären Zustände und die Zunahme der beta-Faltblattstruktur kann innerhalb eines verallgemeinerten Diffusions-Kollisions-Modells interpretiert werden, bei dem die beta-Stränge durch intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen stabilisiert werden. Die Fehlfaltung und Aggregation des SHaPrP(90-232) bei pH 4.2 und 1 M GuHCl und geeigneten Zusätzen an Salz zeigt einen augenscheinlichen Zweizustandsübergang mit hoher Reaktionsordnung ( >2.5) zwischen dem monomeren, alpha-helikalen Ausgangszustand und einem beta-faltblattreichen, ringförmigen Oktamer. Die Progresskurven der Umwandlung der Sekundärstruktur lassen sich mit dem Zeitverlauf einer bimolekularen Reaktion anpassen. Das Oktamer bildet bei hohen eingesetzten Proteinkonzentrationen Multimere. Auf sehr langen Zeitskalen setzt die Bildung von Protofibrillen ein. Das kritische Oktamer stellt die Vorstufe der nachgeschalteten Wachstumsphänomene dar. Unter geeigneten Umgebungsbedingungen kann der nicht-nativ, partiell gefaltete Zustand von Barstar bei niedrigem pH (A-Zustand) in einem zweistufigen Prozess erst in Protofibrillen und anschlie"send in reife Amyloidfibrillen konvertiert werden. Zur Aktivierung der Konversion des oligomeren A-Zustandes (mittlere Masse von 16 Monomeren) sind moderate Ionenstärken ([NaCl]>0) und erhöhte Temperaturen (T>50°C) notwendig. Die Bildung der Protofibrillen ist unabhängig von der eingesetzten Proteinkonzentration. Bei Raumtemperatur und entsprechender Ionenstärke bilden sich amorphe Aggregate. Dagegen führt die Erhöhung der Temperatur in Abwesenheit von Salz zur Dissoziation des oligomeren A-Zustandes. Alle drei Proteine müssen zur Ausbildung protofibrillärer Strukturen und gegebenenfalls reifer Fibrillen oligomere Zustände mit partiell gefalteter Konformation einnehmen. Diese kritischen Oligomere sind langlebige Intermediate, die den Dreh- und Angelpunkt für die Bildung nachgeordneter Strukturen darstellen. Die Bildung von Amyloidfibrillen ist somit ein mehrstufiger hierarchischer Strukturbildungsprozess. Die in der Literatur bekannten Modelle der nukleierten Polymerisierung und der nukleierten Konformationskonversion werden dem höchstens in gewissen Teilaspekten gerecht. Die Annahme einer universellen Kinetik der Amyloidbildung kann im Lichte der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nicht aufrechterhalten werden. Dagegen scheinen die Zustände des kritischen Oligomers und der Protofibrille als Hierarchiestufen der Amyloidbildung generische Bestandteile des Prozesses zu sein. Die Kinetik der Bildung der verschiedenen Hierarchiestufen weist keine nennenswerten Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den drei untersuchten Proteinen auf. / This thesis deals with the kinetics of misfolding and aggregation of proteins. The kinetics of amyloid formation and precursors of three proteins, phosphoglcerate kinase (PGK), a barstar variante and the Syrian hamster Prion protein (SHaPrP(90-232)) were investigated by the use of dynamic and static light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, electron microscopy and in part by analytical chromatography. The kinetics were described with concepts from the theory of colloidal aggregation and chemical kinetics. The modelling of the kinetics starting from the monomeric PGK at pH 2 and 190 mM NaCl points to a two stage reaction cascade built up by irreversible, bimolecuar elementary reaction steps. During the first stage a narrow distributed ensemble of oligomeric states with an average mass of ten monomers and essentially ordered amounts of beta-sheet structure is built up. Protofibrils are formed by coalescence of the structural polar oligomers provided by the first stage which are termed critical oligomers. The found coupling between growth and acquisition of beta-sheet structure is interpreted in terms of a generalized diffusion-collision model, where stabilization takes place by intermolecular interactions. The misfolding and aggregation of SHaPrP(90-232) shows an apparent two-state transition between the initial monomeric, alpha-helical state and an beta-sheet rich, annular octamer with high reaction order (>2.5) at pH 4.2 and 1 M GuHCl with appropriate amounts of salt added. Progress curves monitoring the secondary structure transition can be fitted by the time-course of bimolecular reactions. The octamer forms multimers at high protein concentrations. Formation of protofibrils sets up on very long time-scales. The critical octamer is a precursor for all subsequent growth processes. The non-native, partially folded state of barstar at low pH (A-state) can be converted in a two-stage process first to protofibrils and then to mature amyloid fibrils under appropriate environmental conditions. Conversion of the oligomeric A-state (average mass of 16 monomers) can be activated by elevated temperatures (T>50°C) in the presence of moderate amounts of salt ([NaCl]>0). Formation of protofibrils is independent of protein concentration. Amorphous aggregates are formed at room temperature with sufficient amounts of salt added. In contrast elevated temperatures in absence of salt lead to dissociation of the oligomeric A-state. All three proteins have to populate an oligomeric, partially folded state to form protofibrils and eventually mature fibrils. These critical oligomers are long-lived intermediates which are the pivotal point from which all other structures arise. Formation of amyloid fibrils is a hierarchical assembly process where structures are built up by several stages. Models known from the literature, in particular nucleation polymerization and nucleated conformational conversion, only master partial aspects of amyloid formation. The wide-spread assumption of a universal kinetics of amyloid formation turns out to be unjustified. In contrast, the states of critical oligomer and protofibril seem to be generic parts of the hierarchical assembly process. Comparison of the kinetics of each hierarchical level amoung the three investigated proteins shows no considerable similarities.

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Creating native mobile application on multiple platforms generate a lot of duplicate code. This thesis has evaluated if the code quality attribute modifiability improves when migrating to React Native. One Android and one iOS codebase existed for an application and a third codebase was developed with React Native. The measurements of the codebases were based on the SQMMA-model. The metrics for the model were collected with static analyzers created specifically for this project. The results created consists of graphs that show the modifiability for some specific components over time and graphs that show the stability of the platforms. These graphs show that when measuring code metrics on applications over time it is better to do this on a large codebase that has been developed for some time. When calculating a modifiability value the sum of the metrics and the average value of the metrics between files should be used and it is shown that the React Native platform seems to be more stable than native.

The aim of this thesis is to create a client xDB database, which supports visualization and management of XML documents and schemas. The first part deals with the introduction of XML, XML schemas (DTD, XML Schema, RelaxNG, etc.) and contextual technologies. After that the thesis deals with the problem of the XML persistence and it focuses on mapping techniques necessary for an efficient storage in a relational database. The main part is devoted to the design and implementation of client application XML Admin, which is programmed in Java. The application uses the XML:DB interface to communicate with the xDB database. It supports storing XML documents to a collection and the XPath language for querying them. The final section is devoted to application performance testing and comparison with existing native database eXist.

The first decision in an application development project is choosing the application development platform. Until recently, native application development was the dominant development platform used. The recent increase in popularity of cross-platform development has made this decision to choose between native and cross platform development platforms even more difficult. There is a problem of a lack of guidelines on choosing between native and cross platform development. This lack of guidelines can lead companies to incur costs since application development is a time and money intensive process. The purpose of the thesis is to provide guidelines on when to choose between native application development and cross platform development. This thesis utilized qualitative methods to perform a comparative analysis between native and cross platform development. This analysis was done by building a weather application using native platform development and Flutter, which is the cross-platform development tool we have chosen. We used five comparative criteria to perform the comparative analyses. The results of the thesis are the set of guidelines that are obtained by performing a comparative analysis between native and cross platform development using five comparative criteria. These results will aid people involved in the application development process in making an informed decision of what development platform to use. / Det första beslutet i ett applikationsutvecklingsprojekt är att välja applikationsutvecklingsplattform. Fram tills nyligen var inbyggd applikationsutveckling den dominerande plattformen som användes. Det ökande populariteten för plattformsoberoende utveckling har gjort det ännu svårare att välja mellan inhemska och plattformsoberoende utvecklingsplattformar. Det finns en brist på riktlinjer för att välja mellan inbyggd och plattformsoberoende utveckling. Denna brist på riktlinjer kan leda till kostnader för företag eftersom applikationsutveckling är en tids- och resurskrävande process. Syftet med rapporten är att tillhandahålla riktlinjer för när man ska välja mellan inbyggd applikationsutveckling och plattformsoberoende utveckling. Denna rapport använde kvalitativa metoder för att utföra en jämförande analys mellan inbyggd och plattformsoberoende utveckling. Denna analys utfördes genom att bygga en väderapplikation med inbyggd apputveckling och Flutter, som är det plattformsoberoende utvecklingsverktyget vi har valt. Vi använde fem jämförande kriterier för att utföra de jämförande analyserna. Resultaten av rapporten är den uppsättning riktlinjer som erhålls genom att utföra en jämförande analys mellan nativ apputveckling och tvärplattformsutveckling med hjälp av fem jämförande kriterier. Dessa resultat kommer att hjälpa personer som är involverade i applikationsutvecklingsprocessen att fatta ett välgrundat beslut om vilken utvecklingsplattform de ska använda

There are many ways of implementing an application, and the choices of how to cater to the specific needs of a customer are many. Today, one of the major decisions made when developing an application is whether to implement a native or web-based solution. Each of these alternatives comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The choice between a native application or a web application is highly dependent on the necessity of certain functions. A native application has many valuable functions but lacks features that web applications can provide. A Progressive Web Application (PWA) is a third option that aims to combine the capabilities of both web and native mobile apps. This evaluation focuses specifically on the needs of a booking flow for airlines. In these types of self-service applications, high-quality Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is vital, as the user's experience will dictate each customer's view of and future interaction with the company. This thesis investigates if PWA are capable of achieving the same capabilities as a native application, as well as providing a high-fidelity prototype of a PWA application. This will allow companies to assess if PWA are suitable for this purpose along with what their strengths and weaknesses are. After evaluation, it was concluded that PWA are a viable alternative to native apps in this context, as a prototype was able to emulate the majority of established characteristics of a native app. / Det finns många olika sätt att utveckla en applikation på, hur man anpassar appen till dess användare kan se mycket olika ut från situation till situation. Vid utveckling av olika applikationer för olika företag brukar valet stå mellan nativ och webbapplikationer. Båda dessa har sina unika fördelar och nackdelar och beroende på bransch så kan dessa ha stor påverkan på hur användarna upplever företaget och dess app. Det är därför en essentiell del för företagen att välja den typ av applikation som kommer motsvara användarnas krav. Progressiva Webb Applikationer (PWA) är ett tredje alternativ till de ovan nämnda och ämnar att kombinera fördelarna med båda. Denna evaluering kommer därför titta närmare på alla tre applikations typerna, fördelar och nackdelar och slutligen evaluera om en PWA är ett värdigt alternativ till ett nativt bokningsflöde för flygbolag. I denna kontext är människa-data interaktionen mycket viktig då användarens upplevelse inte bara påverkar dess bild av appen utan även företaget. Denna evaluering kommer därav hjälpa företag inom detta område analysera om en PWA passar deras situation. Samt att tydliggöra dennes fördelar och nackdelar. De områdena som kommer undersökas är åtkomlighet, anslutning, prestanda, funktioner och användarupplevelse. Efter evalueringen, drogs slutsatsen att PWA kan uppnå samma kvalitet som en nativ app inom majoriteten av de undersökta områdena.