L'objectif global était d'évaluer la diversité génétique d'une collection de variétés de pommes de terre indigènes originaires de l'île de Chiloé, pour caractériser la résistance de ces variétés au mildiou (Phytophthora infestans) et pour en savoir davantage sur l'état de conservation in-situ. Les sujets suivants a été élaboré: a) la conservation in situ de Solanum indigènes à l'île la grande de Chiloé et son impact sur la diversité, b) l'évaluation de la diversité morphologique des pommes de terre indigènes que nous avons recueillis c) l'évaluation de la diversité génétique par marqueurs microsatellites et AFLP, d) la caractérisation du terrain et des résistances in-vitro au mildiou. Sur la base des résultats des enquêtes, nous pouvons conclure que le maintien in situ de la diversité de pommes de terre indigènes n' est pas bien conservé, en raison des forts changes sociaux et économiques sur l'île de Chiloé. Il y a un processus clair de remplacer les variétés indigènes pour les cultivars commerciaux en réponse aux conditions du marché. Les variétés natives sont présents dans 80,5% des fermes de Chiloé, mais la diversité a été considérablement réduite. Les résultats de la diversité morphologique ont montré la formation de groupes sous le nom populaire et des attributs locaux affectés par les agriculteurs eux-mêmes. L'évaluation moléculaire de la collection (SSRs et AFLP) révèle un haut degré de diversité génétique. Les deux marqueurs ont été uniformes dans la classification Solanum fernandezianum comme le génotype plus éloigné. La SSR a permis l'estimation de la teneur des informations polymorphes pour sept loci dont les valeurs se situaient entre 0,63 à 0,89. Les deux types de marqueurs, n'a pas fourni les mêmes groupes parmi les accessions. L'étude SSR basé a montré une faible différenciation entre les pommes de terre indigènes et l'amélioration des variétés cultivées. L'analyse de la diversité sur la base des AFLP n'était pas incompatible avec ce résultat parce que, malgré contenant un seul cultivar (Désirée), le cultivar a été regroupée avec les variétés indigènes. En ce qui concerne la résistance au mildiou, la plupart des accessions sont dans les rangs modérément résistante à modérément sensible. / The overall objective was to assess the genetic diversity of a collection of native potato varieties originating from the island of Chiloe, to characterize the resistance of these varieties to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and to inquire about the status of in-situ conservation. The following specific topics was developed: a) conservation in-situ of native Solanum within the great isle of Chiloe and its impact on diversity, b) evaluation of the morphological diversity of the native potatoes that we have collected c) assessment of genetic diversity of the collection by the mean of microsatellite and AFLP markers, d) characterization of field and in-vitro resistances to late blight. Based on the results of the surveys, we can conclude that in-situ maintenance of native potato diversity i is not well preserved, due to strong social and economic changes on the island of Chiloe. There is a clear process of replacing native varieties for commercial cultivars in response to market conditions. Native varieties are present in 80.5% of the farms of Chiloe, but the diversity of varieties has been significantly reduced. The results morphological diversity showed the formation of groups under the popular name and local attributes assigned by the farmers themselves. Molecular evaluation of the collection (SSRs and AFLP) reveals a high degree of genetic diversity. Both markers were consistent in classifying Solanum fernandezianum as the more distant genotype compared to all the others. The SSRs allowed the estimation of the polymorphic information content for seven loci which values ranged between 0.63 to 0.89. Both types of markers, did not provide the same groupings among the accessions. The SSR-based study showed a low differentiation between native potatoes and improved cultivated varieties. The analysis of diversity based on the AFLP was not inconsistent with this result because despite containing only one cultivar (Desiree), the cultivar was grouped with the native varieties. In relation to resistance to late blight, most accessions of native potato fall into the ranks moderately resistant to moderately susceptible.

A Native Speaker as an EFL Teacher Rodilý mluvčí jako učitel angličtiny Miroslav Ledvinka Abstract Introduction: The principal aim of this thesis is to determine the role and significance of native speaker teachers of English in the teaching process, as well as to define the expectations of their students and employers. The status of native speaker teachers in the Czech Republic is being contrasted to the position of non-native speaker teachers. The core of this study lies in the analytical part which attempts to delimit the characteristics of the implementation of native English-speaker teachers into the Czech education system. Theoretical part: The theoretical chapter presents a concise summary of the theoretical terms and concepts, both historical and contemporary, which are related to the topic of native English-speaker teachers. Apart from the traditional survey of topics discussed in various authoritative publications and journals, the theoretical overview also includes a schematic outline of the historical development of the status of native speaker teachers with respect to the social, political, and economic factors which played a major role in the shaping of native speakers' position in the education process, and society as a whole. In addition, the theoretical chapter traces the contribution of...

Den här studien har studerat hur kändisar använder native advertising i podcast. Det gjordes genom att studera hur podcastprofilerna Alex Schulman och Sigge Eklund i sin podcast “Alex och Sigges podcast” framför sin reklam för nätkasinoföretaget Maria Casino. Vi ville skapa ny teoretisk kunskap kring området då native advertising är ett nytt fenomen, framför allt i podcast. På det teoretiska planet har vi använt oss av de teoretiska begreppen legitimering, kongruens och autenticitet. Som metod användes kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Vi såg att Schulman och Eklund legitimerar spel om pengar för sina lyssnare. Dessutom skapar de kongruens till Maria Casino och försöker verka autentiska kring spel om pengar. Vi diskuterar i slutet av uppsatsen vad för konsekvenser deras marknadsföring, i slutändan, kan få för lyssnarna. / This research has studied how celebrities use native advertising in podcasts. This was achieved by studying how the podcasters Alex Schulman and Sigge Eklund in there podcast “Alex och Sigges podcast” construct their advertisement for the online casino company Maria Casino. We wanted to create new theoretical knowledge about native advertising as it is a new phenomenon, specially in podcasts. In the theoretical field we use the theoretical terms legitimation, congruence and authenticity. As method qualitative content analysis, was used. We saw that Schulman and Eklund legitimize gambling to their listeners. In addition they create congruence to Maria Casino and try to act authentic about gambling. In the end of the paper, we discuss what consequences their advertising can get for the listeners.

This thesis examines the processes of urban Indigenous identity-making at the Victoria Native Friendship Centre (VNFC), and within Greater Victoria, B.C. more broadly. The diverse experiences of VNFC staff and community members are explored in relation to colonial narratives that fix Indigenous identities to ‘traditional’ ancestral spaces (Wilson and Peters 2005). This project contributes to the newly-emerging bodies of anthropological literature that focus on urban Indigenous identity construction and place-making. I carried out 8 semi-structured interviews with 11 Indigenous women (both VNFC staff and community members over the age of 18) and conducted informal participant observation at various locations around the Centre. Representing a range of different backgrounds and life histories, the women brought to light shared experiences of resistance, relationship-building, and finding balance that permeate identity-making at the Friendship Centre and in Greater Victoria. In addition to challenging discourses that assume “Indigenous people simply cannot be Indigenous in the city” (Watson 2010, 269), discussions with these women also highlight the resilience and adaptability of Indigenous identity-making that transcend spatial boundaries. / Graduate / 2017-08-19 / 0326 / 0740 / kneale26@uvic.ca

abstract: Belonging to a tribe or American Indian Indigenous group in the United States, even if one has already been enrolled or accepted into the community, is a lifelong endeavor. Belonging may be achieved by meeting specific criteria during one life stage yet one must continue to behave and act in ways that align with community expectations to maintain a sense of belonging throughout all life stages. This descriptive qualitative case study presents the findings of in-depth interviews, with five individual tribal members, two male and three female participants, ranging in age from 25 to 55, who are college graduates and tribal members. The study aimed to understand the different forms and ideas of belonging for tribal members, how the notion of belonging is understood and achieved over the life course, and how phenotypic arguments, blood quantum, the role of schooling and demonstration of tribal knowledge influences the extent to which belonging is earned and how that can change over time. The study sought to answer the following questions: How do tribal members define “belonging”? How and in what ways do tribal members learn how to become members of the community? And, what can tribal communities and tribal members do to foster a sense of belonging for members who have left to obtain professional or academic training and seek to return to serve the nation? The study focused on participants the Gila River Indian Community, a tribal community in southwest Arizona with approximately 23,000 enrolled members, who completed a higher education degree and sought to return to serve as professionals and/or leaders at their tribal nation. Interviews were conducted off-reservation in the Phoenix metropolitan area within a 30-day window and held during the month of September 2015. Interviews were analyzed using three iterative levels of content analysis. Findings suggest there can be three methods of belonging within Gila River: belonging by cultural practices, belonging by legal definition, and belonging by both cultural and legal definition. However, the three methods of belonging do not automatically equate to being accepted by other tribal members. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Psychology 2018

Les technologies de reconnaissance automatique de la parole sont désormais intégrées dans de nombreux systèmes. La performance des systèmes de reconnaissance vocale pour les locuteurs non natifs continue cependant à souffrir de taux d'erreur élevés, en raison de la différence entre la parole non native et les modèles entraînés. La réalisation d'enregistrements en grande quantité de parole non native est souvent difficile et peu réaliste pour représenter toutes les origines des locuteurs. <br />Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des approches pour adapter les modèles acoustiques et de prononciation sous différentes conditions de ressource pour les locuteurs non natifs. Un travail préliminaire sur l'identification d'accent a également proposé.<br />Ce travail de thèse repose sur le concept de modélisation acoustique translingue qui permet de représenter les locuteurs non natifs dans un espace multilingue sans utiliser (ou en utilisant très peu) de parole non native. Une approche hybride d'interpolation et de fusion est proposée pour l'adaptation des modèles en langue cible en utilisant une collection de modèles acoustiques multilingues. L'approche proposée est également utile pour la modélisation du contexte de prononciation. Si, en revanche, des corpus multilingues sont disponibles, des méthodes d'interpolation peuvent être utilisées pour l'adaptation à la parole non native. Deux d'entre elles sont proposées pour une adaptation supervisée et peuvent être employées avec seulement quelques phrases non natives.<br />En ce qui concerne la modélisation de la prononciation, deux approches existantes (l'une fondée sur la modification du dictionnaire de prononciation, l'autre fondée sur la définition d'un score de prononciation utilisé dans une phase de re-scoring) sont revisitées dans cette thèse et adaptées pour fonctionner sur une quantité de données limitée. Une nouvelle approche de groupement de locuteurs selon leurs habitudes de prononciation, est également présentée : nous l'appelons « analyse de prononciation latente ». Cette approche se révèle également utile pour améliorer le modèle de prononciation pour la reconnaissance automatique de la parole non native.<br />Enfin, une méthode d'identification d'accent est proposée. Elle nécessite une petite quantité de parole non native pour créer les modèles d'accents. Ceci est rendu possible en utilisant la capacité de généralisation des arbres de décision et en utilisant des ressources multilingues pour augmenter la performance du modèle d'accent.

This study considers religion and mimetic violence in the work of four contemporary Canadian Native writers: Maria Campbell, Beatrice Culleton, Thomas King, and Basil Johnston. The mimetic violence examined is both social (the colonial attempt to remake the colonized into a reflection of the dominant culture) and personal (inter-Native conflict in which participants mirror one another in their struggle for a mutually covetted object). In order to investigate the former, I rely on the work of Homi K. Bhabha on colonial mimicry and hybridity; to examine the latter, I employ René Girard’s model of mimetic desire and violence. The principal academic contexts to this work are the study of Native literature and the academic study of religion, including the sub-field of Religion and Literature. After reviewing the relevant literature in these fields, and examining mimetic violence in key texts by the Native authors listed, I make several concluding points. First, I argue that a causal link between colonial violence and inter-Native mimetic violence is evident in the category of Native literature labelled by Thomas King as “polemical.” This includes Campbell’s Halfbreed, Culleton’s In Search of April Raintree, and King’s own Green Grass, Running Water. Second, I find that Johnston’s Moose Meat & Wild Rice and Indian School Days generally take care to separate colonial mimesis from Native mimetic conflict. This work fits King’s “associational” category of Native literature, and the disconnect evident in Johnston’s stories between the two forms of mimesis might stand as a defining feature of this category. Third, I assert that in none of the Native literature examined is religion viewed in a positive, idealist manner that assumes in its “true” manifestation it cannot be the cause of violence, which is the position taken by most religion scholars. I argue that the emphasis the Native texts place on the historic, material actions and effects of Christian individuals and institutions complements similar work being done by a minority of academics in the study of religion. Fourth, I propose possible avenues for the further investigation of mimesis in Native literature, which would use/focus on: metaphor-centred hermeneutical models; trickster figures and theories; and the conception of both Native and colonial identity. Finally, I argue that critics of Native literature have tended to idealize Native cultures, and that inter-Native mimetic violence offers a humanizing corrective to this perspective.

This research investigates and documents the nature of the challenges faced by men upon their release from federal incarceration in the Province of Saskatchewan. Due to the high number of Aboriginal peoples incarcerated in Saskatchewan, this research necessarily investigates the differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ex-prisoners. A qualitative approach is employed in order to understand post-incarceration from the perspectives of those who have experienced what it is like to return to the community after prison and those who work with men making this transition. This thesis fastidiously describes parole board hearings, the difficulties related to integrating into society as perceived by ex-prisoners, and the role of the service providers and agencies in Saskatoon that assist former inmates. It is shown that there are certain difficulties common among ex-prisoners, such as finding employment and housing and accessing appropriate support resources. The particular difficulties of Aboriginal ex-prisoners are highlighted, revealing that the difficulties experienced by all ex-prisoners appear to be amplified for Aboriginal ex-prisoners. Racism and the overall disadvantaged position of Aboriginal peoples in Canada are identified as significant barriers to Aboriginal ex-prisoners attempting to integrate into the community.

Recent studies of labour have clearly established that the capitalist state is very involved in the recruitment, relocation and retention of migrant labour forces. Most of the literature tends to analyze migrant labour within the broader social, political and economic context of expanding capitalism. Consequently, studies tend to focus on how the use of migrant labour is profitable to capitalism because it is cheap and easy to exploit. Such studies, however, neglect the ways in which the state actually intervenes in the labour market in order to facilitate the flow of migrant workers to places of employment. Therefore, this thesis explores the relationship between the migration of labour, the state and the reserve army of labour through an analysis of the Native migrant work force in the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta.<p> Through the use of archival material, which includes various federal and provincial documents, annual reports of the Alberta Sugar Beet Growers' Association, newspapers and other materials, the circumstances underlying state intervention in the economy of the southern sugar beet industry became clear. While analyzing the structure of the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta, it was found that throughout much of the history of the sugar beet industry, farmers received low returns for their beet crops. Moreover, farmers also suffered financially from the high cost of machinery and, more recently, from the increased costs for fertilizer and chemical weed controls.<p> An examination of government documents on the FederalProvincial Agricultural Manpower Committee, whose mandate was to recruit workers and move them to areas of need in agricultural sectors throughout Canada, revealed that the federal part of the committee was represented by officials from the Department of Manpower and Immigration and, beginning in the early 1950s, officials from the Department of Indian Affairs, who represented Indians on reserves.<p> When the working conditions in sugar beet industry were examined, it was found that they were very poor for beet workers. In general, the weeding and hoeing of the sugar beets was difficult and the housing accommodations inadequate. Moreover, because of the low return on their beet crops and the high costs of machinery, fertilizer and weed control, the farmers had to keep the cost of labour as low as possible, which, meant paying low wages to beet workers. Moreover, it was found that throughout much the history of the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta, agricultural workers were unprotected by labour laws, which, was very conducive to reproducing conditions for cheap labour. Consequently, few wanted to work in the beet fields of southern Alberta if other employment could be found.<p> Prior to the 1950s the state recruited immigrant workers and even prisoners of war from internment camps to supply farmers with the needed labour for their beet crops. However, in the early 1950s unskilled immigrant labour could no longer be procured for beet work. It was at this time that the sugar beet industry, through the Federal-Provincial Agricultural Manpower Committee, turned to recruiting Natives, particulary northern Alberta and northern Saskatchewan reserve Indians, to perform their labour requirements. In order to maintain this needed work force, the state helped organize Native migratation to southern Alberta at the start of the beet season and also helped ensure that they stayed there for the duration of the needed period.

This study considers religion and mimetic violence in the work of four contemporary Canadian Native writers: Maria Campbell, Beatrice Culleton, Thomas King, and Basil Johnston. The mimetic violence examined is both social (the colonial attempt to remake the colonized into a reflection of the dominant culture) and personal (inter-Native conflict in which participants mirror one another in their struggle for a mutually covetted object). In order to investigate the former, I rely on the work of Homi K. Bhabha on colonial mimicry and hybridity; to examine the latter, I employ René Girard’s model of mimetic desire and violence. The principal academic contexts to this work are the study of Native literature and the academic study of religion, including the sub-field of Religion and Literature. After reviewing the relevant literature in these fields, and examining mimetic violence in key texts by the Native authors listed, I make several concluding points. First, I argue that a causal link between colonial violence and inter-Native mimetic violence is evident in the category of Native literature labelled by Thomas King as “polemical.” This includes Campbell’s Halfbreed, Culleton’s In Search of April Raintree, and King’s own Green Grass, Running Water. Second, I find that Johnston’s Moose Meat & Wild Rice and Indian School Days generally take care to separate colonial mimesis from Native mimetic conflict. This work fits King’s “associational” category of Native literature, and the disconnect evident in Johnston’s stories between the two forms of mimesis might stand as a defining feature of this category. Third, I assert that in none of the Native literature examined is religion viewed in a positive, idealist manner that assumes in its “true” manifestation it cannot be the cause of violence, which is the position taken by most religion scholars. I argue that the emphasis the Native texts place on the historic, material actions and effects of Christian individuals and institutions complements similar work being done by a minority of academics in the study of religion. Fourth, I propose possible avenues for the further investigation of mimesis in Native literature, which would use/focus on: metaphor-centred hermeneutical models; trickster figures and theories; and the conception of both Native and colonial identity. Finally, I argue that critics of Native literature have tended to idealize Native cultures, and that inter-Native mimetic violence offers a humanizing corrective to this perspective.