Ces dernières années, l’insécurité alimentaire et la pauvreté de la population djiboutienne en particulier rurale ne cessent d’accroitre à cause de la croissance démographique et l’élévation des prix des denrées alimentaires mondiales. De ce fait, le gouvernement djiboutien s’est orienté vers le développement de l’agriculture durable par le biais de la phoeniciculture. Cette dernière s’adapte bien aux conditions pédoclimatiques difficiles de la République de Djibouti. Des introductions massives de palmier dattier ont eu lieu pour restaurer les anciennes palmeraies traditionnelles (polycultures et en étage) et la création ou l’extension des nouvelles palmeraies, orientées vers la monoculture. Cependant, le pays connait des contraintes importantes dans le domaine phytosanitaire : l’absence d’infrastructure, l’insuffisance de savoir-faire et l’inexistence d’études sur les ravageurs de cette culture. Dans un but ultime de protéger et d’augmenter les rendements phoenicicoles djiboutiens, ce présent travail évalue la susceptibilité des palmeraies aux insectes ravageurs et aux ennemis naturels. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une comparaison de l’entomofaune des deux modèles de palmeraies, traditionnelle et nouvelle, a été réalisée à l’aide de pièges composés placés sous la couronne du palmier dattier. L’expérience a été menée du 20 juin au 2 septembre 2018, dans six vergers repartis sur trois sites. Les prélèvements dans ces palmeraies ont montré l’existence d’une diversité d’insectes d’une part, et d’autre, ils ont révélé la présence et l’abondance de ravageurs spécialistes dans les palmeraies monoculturales. Il est ajouté que les ennemis naturels ont été observés en abondance dans les palmeraies traditionnelles mais leur diversité spécifique n’a pas démontré de patron. Enfin, cette étude contribue à la connaissance de la diversité des insectes et l’existence des ravageurs dans les palmeraies djiboutiennes. Ces ravageurs peuvent avoir des impacts sur le rendement suivant le modèle d’habitat de palmeraie, d’où l’intérêt d’élaborer de moyens de lutte adéquats. / In recent years, food insecurity and poverty, especially among the rural populations of Djibouti, have been increasing due to population growth and rising world food prices. As a result, the government of Djibouti seeks to develop sustainable agriculture through date farming. The cultivation of date palms adapts well to the difficult pedoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Djibouti. Massive introductions of date palm have taken place in recent years to restore the older traditional palm groves (polycultures) and to create and/or extend new palm groves oriented towards monoculture. However, the country faces major phytosanitary challenges: poor infrastructure, insufficient knowledge, a lack of research on the pests of this crop. With the ultimate aim of protecting and increasing Djibouti's date yields, this present work seeks to assess the susceptibility of palm groves to insect pests. To achieve this objective, a comparison of the insect fauna of the two types of palm groves was carried out using composite traps placed within the crown of the date palm. The experiment was carried out from 20 June to 2 September 2018, in six orchards on three sites. The samples documented the existence and diversity of insects in these palm groves, as well as the presence and abundance of specialist date palm pests in monocultural palm groves. Natural enemies were also particularly abundant in the traditional palm groves, but species-level diversity did not show any correlations with the type of palm grove. This study contributes to the knowledge of insect diversity and potential pest species in the palm groves of Djibouti. These pests can have an important impact on date yields depending on the type of palm grove and this study thus underlines the need to develop adequate means of pest control.

Dans le contexte politique (réduction 50% de l’utilisation des pesticides à échéance de 2018 -Plan Ecophyto) et social actuel (mise en place de modes de production plus respectueux pour l'environnement), la sévérité des dommages causés par le puceron cendré du pommier, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera : Aphididae), surtout en agriculture biologique, rend nécessaire la mise au point de solutions alternatives s’appuyant sur le rôle des ennemis naturels. Nous avons donc essayé d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur la connaissance des relations entre le puceron cendré et ses ennemis naturels et sur les conditions à même de favoriser leur action. Des suivis hebdomadaires des arthropodes présents sur les rameaux infestés par D. plantaginea, ont mis en évidence l’effet négatif des auxiliaires sur les populations de D. plantaginea, sans pour autant atteindre une véritable régulation à même d’éviter les dégâts économiques. Nous avons également montré l’action favorisante des fourmis sur la dynamique du puceron cendré et négative sur celle des auxiliaires. Nous avons pu identifier trois groupes d’auxiliaires dominants avec une arrivée séquentielle marquée : les syrphes, dont l’installation coïncide avec le début de l’infestation de D. plantaginea, puis les coccinelles et les forficules qui arrivent plus tardivement. Pour que les auxiliaires jouent un rôle plus important contre D. plantaginea, il faut d’autres pratiques permettant d’abaisser significativement le nombre de traitements pesticides. Une innovation très récente permet la réduction drastique des traitements insecticides : les filets Alt’Carpo. Malgré son influence négative sur l’abondance et la richesse du cortège des auxiliaires présents dans les colonies de D. plantaginea, surtout les coccinelles, cette technique freine le développement des populations de D. plantaginea à l’échelle du rameau ou de l’arbre lorsque les filets sont fermés après la floraison (en conformité avec les préconisations contre le carpocapse). Cependant, la réduction des populations de D. plantaginea sous les filets requiert la présence d’au moins un stade actif d’auxiliaire par rameau, ce qui interroge sur la réalité de la régulation de ce ravageur par le simple usage des filets. Sur la base de leur précocité, pour Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera : Syrphidae) et de leur abondance dans les colonies de D. plantaginea, pour Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera : Forficulidae) et E. balteatus, ces deux espèces apparaissent comme de bons candidats pour la régulation de D. plantaginea. Nos études en conditions contrôlées ont démontré leur potentiel régulateur sur D. plantaginea, en particulier aux stades les plus âgés. L’efficacité optimale intervient à 20°C pour les deux prédateurs, pour lesquels nous n’observons par ailleurs pas d’interaction négative lorsqu’ils sont associés en présence de fortes densités de D. plantaginea. Sur la base de ces résultats de laboratoire nous avons analysé les possibilités de lâchers printaniers de ces deux prédateurs sur de jeunes colonies de D. plantaginea. Dans nos conditions expérimentales en vergers de pommiers, des lâchers précoces de larves du 3ème stade de F. auricularia n’ont pas permis de limiter les populations de D. plantaginea, confirmant la difficulté des lâchers de prédateurs en cultures de plein champ. De la même manière, des lâchers précoces d’E. balteatus pourtant réalisés sous filets Alt’Carpo restent sans effet sur l’infestation par D. plantaginea. Cette thèse, en s’appuyant sur des essais en conditions contrôlées, semi contrôlées et de plein champ, constitue une étape dans un processus d’élaboration d’un modèle dynamique du développement de D. plantaginea à l’échelle du rameau, prenant en compte le rôle des fourmis et des auxiliaires et l’influence des pratiques de protection (par exemple, les filets Alt’Carpo et les lâchers d’auxiliaires). Elle confirme, si besoin en était, la complexité des phénomènes de régulation, des pucerons en particulier, et la nécessité d’études complémentaires pour définir les conditions d’application de la lutte biologique contre D. plantaginea / In the current political and social context (reduced use of pesticides), there is a need for the development of alternative solutions to control the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera : Aphididae), especially in organic farming. One of these alternatives is the increased and improved use of natural enemies against this pest. In this thesis, we provided some elements of responses regarding this problem in term of research study and technical application. Based on weekly observations of arthropods in marked shoots infested by D. plantaginea, we demonstrated the negative effects of the natural enemies on the development of D. plantaginea but this effect was unsufficient to provide an effective regulation avoiding economic damages. We also showed the possible and positive influence of ant presence on the infestation dynamics and thei rnegative effect on natural enemies. Among the natural enemy groups, three were the most abundant and appeared in a temporary sequence : syrphids arrived first, at the beginning of the infestation,followed by coccinellids and earwigs that arrived later.To enhance the role of the natural enemies against D. plantaginea, we also need other practices that enable to reduce significantly the number of pesticide applied. This is the case of a very recent innovation : the Alt'Carpo nets. Despite its negative influence on the abundance and richness of the natural enemies, especially the coccinellids, present in the colonies of D. plantaginea, there was a negative influence of these nets on the development of D. plantaginea populations (both at the shootand tree levels) especially when the nets were closed in mid-April (coinciding with classical netting trees for controlling populations of codling moth). We additionally showed that the highest reductionin D. plantaginea population was observed in the presence of at least one active natural enemy in the marked shoot. This gives support to the combination of these methods of control, one biological and the other physical, to regulate D. plantaginea populations. Based on their precocity for Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera : Syrphidae) and their abundance for both Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera : Forficulidae) and E.balteatus observed under field conditions, the syrphids and earwigs appear as good candidates for controlling the D. plantaginea populations. We first demonstrated under laboratory conditions using detached plantain leaves in Petri dishes conditions the potency of these two predators, especially a tolder stages, against D plantaginea. The optimal predation occurred at 20°C for both predators. Using young apple trees, we further studied the possible interactions between these predators and showed a small and positive interaction when the D. plantaginea density was not limiting. But at low densities of aphids, the results suggested a possible negative interaction (a sign of intraguild predation) between these two predators. These results from laboratory studies have led us to study the augmentative release of these two predators, under field conditions, in early spring for controlling D. plantaginea populations. The releases of F. auricularia (third instar nymph) did not result in lower D. plantaginea populations. This confirmed the difficulty of successful releases of natural enemies under theconditions of open orchards, and demonstrated the need for improving or creating conditions that canpromote the success of the released natural enemies. However, despite closed conditions, the early release of E. balteatus under Alt'Carpo nets was also not efficient against D. plantaginea.This thesis, through several studies under different conditions (controlled, semi-field and field), represented an important first step that should ideally lead to the development of a dynamic model of the development of D. plantaginea at the shoot level, taking into account the presence of ants and therole of natural enemies and the influence of some agricultural practices (for example Alt'Carpo nets and natural enemy releases). Further studies are also needed to validate our results (effects of Alt'Carpo nets) and to optimise the releases of natural enemies

Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo / Banca: Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá / Resumo: Os psilídeos são um grupo de pragas amplamente distribuídas, causando perdas consideráveis em sistemas agrícolas e florestais. A recente descoberta da ocorrência do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), no Brasil tornou-se um problema de grande importância, por ser específico de Eucalyptus. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Portanto, para o monitoramento adequado de ambas espécies é necessário um método eficiente de amostragem. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem, utilizando armadilhas amarelas e coleta de folhas para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), proporção sexual, e correlacionar os métodos de amostragem com ambas populações. A determinação da distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, proporção sexual e correlação dos métodos de amostragem (53 armadilhas amarelas e 53 ramos/avaliação) foi realizada em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 10 avaliações, entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possue correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, independente do método de amostragem; não foi constatado correlação entre ambas espécies e a precipitação pluviométrica, as armadilhas adesivas amarelas são viáveis como método de amostragem e a proporção sexual (macho : fêmea) foi baixa para populações de G. brimblecombei e alta para populações de P. bliteus, sendo coletados mais fêmeas que machos para ambas espécies, no período avaliado. / Abstract: Psyllids are a widespread group of pests, causing severe damage on agricultural and forestry systems. The recent discovery about occurrence of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil is nowadays a great problem in Eucalyptus forests, mainly in E. camaldulensis. The psyllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is this pest main biological control agent. Thus, the adequate monitoring of both species by a efficient sampling method would facilitate a future decision making. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus populations in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation by two sampling methods, using yellow traps and foliage samples to determinate their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall) and sexual rate and to correlate sampling methods with both populations. The study of the populational fluctuation, the sexual rate, the spatial distribution and correlation sampling methods (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in a 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), between January and June, 2005 (10 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed special aggregated distribution, inversely proportional correlation subject to temperature. However between sampling methods, there was no correlation between both species with the rainfall, yellow stick traps were useful as sampling methods, sexual rate (male:female) is low to G. brimblecombei populations and high to P. bliteus populations, have been collected more female than male to both species in the evaluated period. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1034963 bytes, checksum: 2f8ddfdc0ab599a1ee63766057899a95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-22 / Worldwide sugar cane plantations suffer the pest attack A major pest is the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). A striking feature of D. saccharalis is the penetration on the stalk, feeding on the tissues; affecting the developmet point, resulting in a condition known as "dead heart" due to the presence of the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum The plants can protect itself from herbivores attack by a combination of constitutive and/or inducible defenses that reduces the performance of herbivores, interrupting the spread of the damage. Accordingly, plants respond to feeding herbivorous arthropods producing a series of secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are known to attract natural enemies. Natural enemies such as parasitoids, are able to exploit these volatiles to locate their prey, for exemple, using feeding chemical signals. Thus, behavioral studies are important for understanding the interactions that occur between organisms in a food Web. As the knowledge of the chemical compounds that mediate the location of plants infested with herbivores by natural enemies, to have a better understanding of insect-plant interaction influencing the third trophic level. Given this, in this study was investigated the responses of cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to volatile plant sugar cane rustic and current (Archi, White pararia and RB867515) unscathed and infested by D. saccharalis. In the chapter 1 was investigated the preferences of C. flavipes to the set of plants induced to herbivory and plants unharmed in laboratory and semi-field conditions. The results show that the parasitic wasp provides different responses, in the laboratory showed choice for infested specie and semi-infested field conditions show no preference, but present parasitism in the host. In the second chapter we identify the volatile compounds emitted by plants infested with D. Saccharalis and undamaged plants of sugarcane. To access this result was used for GC-MS for the identiñcation of compounds, showing that when compared uninjured plants with infested plants were found and identified a larger quantity of volatile components in the infested plants, especially on the species Archi and White pararia, the profile of volatile of the specie RB867515 is very similar between infested and unharmed sugar cane plants. The results obtained through the identification of these volatile compounds may explain the outputs obtained in the chapter 1, which may mediate the foraging behavior of C. flavipes. In general it can be concluded that this wasp showed parasitism, independently of the complex plant-herbivore, reducing infestation and damage by D. saccharalis in sugarcane plants. / Em todo o mundo plantações de cana de açúcar sofrem o ataque de pragas. Uma das principais pragas é a broca da cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), uma caraterística marcante de D. saccharalis é a penetração no colmo, onde se alimenta do tecido afetando o ponto de desenvolvimento, produzindo o chamado "coração morto" devido à presença do fungo Colletotrichum falcatum. As plantas se protegem contra o ataque dos herbívoros através da combinação de defensas constitutivas e/ou induzidas que reduzem o desempenho dos herbívoros, interrompendo a propagação do dano. Consequentemente, as plantas respondem à alimentação de herbívoros artrópodes produzindo uma série de compostos secundários, incluindo os compostos voláteis orgânicos (VOCs), os quais são conhecidos por atrair os inimigos naturais. Os inimigos naturais como parasitoides, são capazes de explorar esses voláteis para localizar seus hospedeiros, como por exemplo, usando os sinais químicos da alimentação. Dessa forma, estudos de comportamento para fontes de odores são importantes para o entendimento das interações que ocorrem entre os organismos em uma teia alimentar. Assim como o conhecimento dos compostos químicos que meiam a localização de plantas infestadas com herbívoros pelos inimigos naturais, para ter uma melhor compreensão da interação inseto-planta influenciando o terceiro nível trófico. Diante isto, este trabalho investigou as respostas de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenóptera: Braconidae) aos voláteis de plantas de cana de açúcar rústicas e atual (Archi, White pararia e RB867515), ilesas e infestadas por D. saccharalis. No capítulo 1 foram investigadas as preferências de C. flavipes ao conjunto de plantas induzidas a herbivoria e plantas ilesas tanto em laboratório quanto em condições de semi-campo. Os resultados mostram que a vespa parasítica apresenta diferentes respostas, sendo que em laboratório mostra escolha por espécies infestadas quanto em semi-campo não mostra preferência, no entanto apresentando parasitismo no hospedeiro. No segundo capítulo identificamos os compostos voláteis emitidos por plantas infestadas com D. saccharalis e plantas ilesas de cana de açúcar. Para acessar a esse resultado foi utilizado o GC-MS para a identificação dos compostos, mostrando que quando comparamos plantas ilesas com plantas infestadas foram encontrados e identificados uma quantidade superior de compostos voláteis nas plantas infestadas, principalmente das espécies Archi e White pararia, já que o perfil de voláteis da espécie RB867515 é bastante similar quando ilesa e infestada. Os resultados obtidos através da identificação destes compostos voláteis podem explicar as respostas obtidas no capítulo 1, os quais podem mediar no comportamento de forrageamento de C. flavipes. Em linhas gerais, pode-se concluir que esta vespa apresenta parasitismo independente do complexo planta-herbívoro, reduzindo a infestação e o dano por parte de D. saccharalis em plantas de cana de açúcar.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreirafilho_pj_me_fca.pdf: 738586 bytes, checksum: 866f186ef0a9be94a392e155c2cf52e2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Privada / Os psilídeos são um grupo de pragas amplamente distribuídas, causando perdas consideráveis em sistemas agrícolas e florestais. A recente descoberta da ocorrência do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), no Brasil tornou-se um problema de grande importância, por ser específico de Eucalyptus. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Portanto, para o monitoramento adequado de ambas espécies é necessário um método eficiente de amostragem. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem, utilizando armadilhas amarelas e coleta de folhas para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), proporção sexual, e correlacionar os métodos de amostragem com ambas populações. A determinação da distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, proporção sexual e correlação dos métodos de amostragem (53 armadilhas amarelas e 53 ramos/avaliação) foi realizada em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 10 avaliações, entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possue correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, independente do método de amostragem; não foi constatado correlação entre ambas espécies e a precipitação pluviométrica, as armadilhas adesivas amarelas são viáveis como método de amostragem e a proporção sexual (macho : fêmea) foi baixa para populações de G. brimblecombei e alta para populações de P. bliteus, sendo coletados mais fêmeas que machos para ambas espécies, no período avaliado. / Psyllids are a widespread group of pests, causing severe damage on agricultural and forestry systems. The recent discovery about occurrence of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil is nowadays a great problem in Eucalyptus forests, mainly in E. camaldulensis. The psyllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is this pest main biological control agent. Thus, the adequate monitoring of both species by a efficient sampling method would facilitate a future decision making. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus populations in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation by two sampling methods, using yellow traps and foliage samples to determinate their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall) and sexual rate and to correlate sampling methods with both populations. The study of the populational fluctuation, the sexual rate, the spatial distribution and correlation sampling methods (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in a 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), between January and June, 2005 (10 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed special aggregated distribution, inversely proportional correlation subject to temperature. However between sampling methods, there was no correlation between both species with the rainfall, yellow stick traps were useful as sampling methods, sexual rate (male:female) is low to G. brimblecombei populations and high to P. bliteus populations, have been collected more female than male to both species in the evaluated period.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Getulio_ Jorge_Stefanello Junior.pdf: 895486 bytes, checksum: 78fe24852bbdb8415d617c67dc1a9b39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / The selectivity of 64 pesticides registered to the culture were assessed to Trichogramma pretiosum Riley , 1879................... / Avalio-se a seletividade de 64 agrotoxicos registrados para a cultura do milho a Trichogramma pretiosum , 1879.............

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal