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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The analysis of pipeline leak tests using DEGADIS model

Chamorro, Alexander. January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 123 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-65).
2

Assessment of Ephemeral Channel Cross-Section Morphology Following Pipeline Construction in Southern Arizona

Miller, Hennessy Felicia, Miller, Hennessy Felicia January 2017 (has links)
Morphologic change of ephemeral stream cross-sections is a natural component of fluvial geomorphology but disruptions to natural erosion and deposition by anthropogenic disturbances has the potential for cascading impacts down the channel corridor. The proximal impact of a natural gas pipeline construction on ephemeral stream cross-section geometry in southern Arizona was evaluated from July 2014 (pre-construction) to July 2016 (two years post construction). Cross-sections at three locations (upstream the pipeline Right-Of-Way (ROW)), through the middle of the ROW, and downstream of the ROW) were measured using Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) and field methods for 16 ephemeral streams. Results of both the LIDAR and field measurements indicated insignificant difference in cross-sectional area change between upstream, across, and downstream-ROW cross-sections [(F 2,64) = 0.341, p = 0.73; (F2,18)= 0.980, p = 0.395]. Sediment generated during pipeline construction appeared to have moved beyond the physical confines of the study site, which limited the assessment of larger-scale geomorphic impacts. Furthermore, the 2014-2016 study period experienced only small (high-recurrence frequency) precipitation events, indicating the absence of large flows capable of significant morphologic change. To further explain differences in cross-section area change between LIDAR datasets, a linear regression model was used to assess the predictive value of nine variables: year of measurement, drainage area, drainage density, basin slope, upstream-, across-, downstream-ROW cross-section locations, percent bare soil in basin, percent mesquite in basin, total precipitation, and number of storms with average precipitation above 25 mm/hour. Though the amount of bare soil in the basin and the second study period (February 2015-July 2016) at least partially explained the changes in cross-section area, the model was not a strong predictor of morphologic change during the 2014-2016 study period. The majority of the variability in cross-sectional area change in the study basins remained unexplained.
3

Avaliação de risco ambiental e o processo de licenciamento : o caso do gasoduto de distribuição gás brasiliano trecho São Carlos - Porto Ferreira / Risk assessment and the process of environmental licensing : the case study of the natural gas pipeline between Sao Carlos and Porto Ferreira

Kirchhoff, Denis 02 June 2004 (has links)
O Licenciamento Ambiental é instrumento que se mostra com estreita ligação com processos de avaliação de impacto ambiental, e somente deve ser concedido após a certeza da conciliação entre a atividade e a qualidade ambiental. No Estado de São Paulo é usado o Relatório Ambiental Preliminar (RAP) como forma de se analisar a viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos. Concluiu-se que o mesmo não serve como elemento no processo de licenciamento de gasodutos, pois não exige a necessidade de estudo de alternativas locacionais, e em sendo assim, seu uso não garante que a atividade analisada demonstre viabilidade ambiental, função fundamental de qualquer Estudo de Impacto Ambiental. O estudo de viabilidade ambiental necessita instrumentos que atribuam confiabilidade ao processo decisório e a Avaliação de Risco Ambiental (ARA) é uma ferramenta importantíssima, pois complementa a avaliação sobre a viabilidade ambiental do empreendimento, e se mostra útil para o Licenciamento Ambiental de atividades. Dessa forma, o principal motivo de escolha desta ferramenta decorre do fato de seu uso servir como instrumento para tomadas de decisões mais racionais e efetivas onde exista possibilidade de danos, o que a torna de suma importância na verificação da viabilidade ambiental de um empreendimento. A ARA foi aplicada ao transporte de gás natural por gasodutos, porque este combustível tem ganhado maior espaço na matriz energética do Brasil, com crescente tendência de expansão. Concluiu-se que a ARA deve ser usada desde o início do processo de licenciamento, já para a obtenção da primeira das licenças que é a LP. Com isso, os riscos são avaliados e usados como critério fundamental para o estudo de localização do traçado do gasoduto. Dessa maneira, os riscos de fatalidades associados a acidentes com gasodutos são reduzidos, garantindo mínimos riscos à população / Environmental Licensing is a tool showing great connection with the environmental impact assessment process, and should only be granted after the conciliation between activity and environmental quality is verified. The State of Sao Paulo has implemented the Preliminary Environmental Report (PER), which is used to evaluate the environmental suitability of activities. As it does not require consideration of all location (siting) and technology alternatives, the use of PER for licensing purposes does not assure under any circumstance that the analyzed activity presents environmental suitability, which is a fundamental role of any environmental impact study. Environmental suitability evaluation needs instruments to increase reliability to decision making, and Risk Assessment (RA) is a very important tool because it complements the analysis about the activity's environmental suitability, making it essential for the Environmental Licensing process. RA was applied to the conveying of natural gas through pipes because the Brazilian natural gas network has been expanding for the last few years. It was concluded that RA should be used from the beginning of the environmental licensing process, adopting associated risks as fundamental criteria for location study of the gas pipe route, which is an essential condition to define the environmental suitability of the proposed activity. This way, fatality risks posed by the gas lines are reduced, assuring minimal risks to the population/environment
4

Avaliação de risco ambiental e o processo de licenciamento : o caso do gasoduto de distribuição gás brasiliano trecho São Carlos - Porto Ferreira / Risk assessment and the process of environmental licensing : the case study of the natural gas pipeline between Sao Carlos and Porto Ferreira

Denis Kirchhoff 02 June 2004 (has links)
O Licenciamento Ambiental é instrumento que se mostra com estreita ligação com processos de avaliação de impacto ambiental, e somente deve ser concedido após a certeza da conciliação entre a atividade e a qualidade ambiental. No Estado de São Paulo é usado o Relatório Ambiental Preliminar (RAP) como forma de se analisar a viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos. Concluiu-se que o mesmo não serve como elemento no processo de licenciamento de gasodutos, pois não exige a necessidade de estudo de alternativas locacionais, e em sendo assim, seu uso não garante que a atividade analisada demonstre viabilidade ambiental, função fundamental de qualquer Estudo de Impacto Ambiental. O estudo de viabilidade ambiental necessita instrumentos que atribuam confiabilidade ao processo decisório e a Avaliação de Risco Ambiental (ARA) é uma ferramenta importantíssima, pois complementa a avaliação sobre a viabilidade ambiental do empreendimento, e se mostra útil para o Licenciamento Ambiental de atividades. Dessa forma, o principal motivo de escolha desta ferramenta decorre do fato de seu uso servir como instrumento para tomadas de decisões mais racionais e efetivas onde exista possibilidade de danos, o que a torna de suma importância na verificação da viabilidade ambiental de um empreendimento. A ARA foi aplicada ao transporte de gás natural por gasodutos, porque este combustível tem ganhado maior espaço na matriz energética do Brasil, com crescente tendência de expansão. Concluiu-se que a ARA deve ser usada desde o início do processo de licenciamento, já para a obtenção da primeira das licenças que é a LP. Com isso, os riscos são avaliados e usados como critério fundamental para o estudo de localização do traçado do gasoduto. Dessa maneira, os riscos de fatalidades associados a acidentes com gasodutos são reduzidos, garantindo mínimos riscos à população / Environmental Licensing is a tool showing great connection with the environmental impact assessment process, and should only be granted after the conciliation between activity and environmental quality is verified. The State of Sao Paulo has implemented the Preliminary Environmental Report (PER), which is used to evaluate the environmental suitability of activities. As it does not require consideration of all location (siting) and technology alternatives, the use of PER for licensing purposes does not assure under any circumstance that the analyzed activity presents environmental suitability, which is a fundamental role of any environmental impact study. Environmental suitability evaluation needs instruments to increase reliability to decision making, and Risk Assessment (RA) is a very important tool because it complements the analysis about the activity's environmental suitability, making it essential for the Environmental Licensing process. RA was applied to the conveying of natural gas through pipes because the Brazilian natural gas network has been expanding for the last few years. It was concluded that RA should be used from the beginning of the environmental licensing process, adopting associated risks as fundamental criteria for location study of the gas pipe route, which is an essential condition to define the environmental suitability of the proposed activity. This way, fatality risks posed by the gas lines are reduced, assuring minimal risks to the population/environment
5

Development of instrumentation for acoustic monitoring

Mehra, Deepak. January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).
6

EROSION FROM A CROSS COUNTRY GAS PIPELINE IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS

Harrison, Bridget Mae 01 December 2011 (has links)
Increasing energy demand, coupled with the recent emphasis on domestic production, has resulted in an increase in natural gas exploration and pipeline construction in the central Appalachian region. Very little is known about the effects of natural gas pipeline construction on sediment production. The goals of this project were to measure erosion and examine the effects of vegetation and precipitation characteristics on erosion on a newly constructed pipeline in the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia. The study explored whether seed rate, slope class, or aspect, influenced erosion. The cross country pipeline was buried beneath the surface on study hillslopes ranging from 30-68% and beneath a less steep segment with slopes ranging from 18-26%. A mixture of native herbaceous-plant seeds and straw mulch were applied following construction. Two different seeding rates were applied to compare vegetative recovery and to determine if increasing the seed rate would decrease erosion. A 1-time seed rate, or the normal Forest Service application rate, and a 3-time seed rate (1-time + twice that rate) were tested. Two aspects (northwest-facing and southeast-facing) and four precipitation variables (30-minute maximum intensity, duration, total rainfall amount, and time since last event) were defined. Sediment concentrations were compared for differences between two slopes, two seed rates, and two aspect classes. Precipitation variables were analyzed to identify those that could explain significant amounts of the variability in erosion from the pipeline. The 1-time seed rate sections produced less sediment than the 3-time seed rate sections, but this was probably more a function of subsurface flow differences associated with the sections seeded with the lighter rate and the water bar construction. Precipitation intensity explained the most variability in erosion. Study sites with gentler slopes produced less sediment than the steeper sections, as expected. As vegetation became established, sediment concentrations decreased for all study sections and reached low and relatively constant levels by approximately the end of August 2009.
7

O relatório ambiental preliminar como instrumento de avaliação da viabilidade ambiental de sistemas de distribuição de gás / The preliminary environmental report as instrument of evaluation of the environmental suitability of natural gas pipelines

Lopes, Thiago Araújo 04 September 2008 (has links)
A avaliação de impactos ambientais (AIA) se tornou uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para análise da viabilidade ambiental de novos empreendimentos e conseqüente subsídio à tomada de decisão nos procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental. Neste sentido, a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo editou a Resolução SMA nº 42/94, instituindo o relatório ambiental preliminar (RAP) como instrumento de licenciamento ambiental simplificado. Este instrumento foi criado com a intenção de agilizar a tramitação do licenciamento das atividades modificadoras do meio ambiente, incluindo algumas das previstas no artigo 2º da Resolução CONAMA nº 01/86 e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir que os objetivos de prevenção e preservação ambiental sejam assegurados. Como forma de analisar a utilização deste instrumento no licenciamento ambiental de sistemas de distribuição de gás no Estado de São Paulo foram elaboradas três diferentes listas de checagem cujos indicadores buscam, respectivamente, aferir quanto ao atendimento dos requisitos legais, identificar a ocorrência de falhas na elaboração de estudos de avaliação de impacto ambiental e analisar a conformidade de estudos de impacto ambiental com as melhores práticas nacionais e internacionais de AIA. Estes indicadores foram aplicados aos RAPs de sistemas de distribuição de gás elaborados nos anos de 2006 e 2007, num total de dois estudos de caso, o RAP do Sistema de Distribuição de Gás Lins/Marília e o RAP do Sistema de Distribuição de Gás Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que para ambos os casos analisados: (i) o RAP elaborado não atende adequadamente os requisitos legais definidos pela Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo; (ii) o número de falhas identificadas nos estudos é bastante significativo, com falhas ocorrendo em 83,5% das questões analisadas para o RAP do Gasoduto Lins/Marília e em 89,5% para o RAP do Gasoduto Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras; (iii) salvo questões pontuais, os estudos de caso analisados estão muito aquém das melhores práticas nacionais e internacionais de AIA, com 76% de resultados insatisfatórios para o RAP do Gasoduto Lins/Marília e 83,5% para o RAP do Gasoduto Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o RAP é um estudo bastante precário para dar subsídio ao licenciamento. É possível identificar uma série de questões de grande relevância para uma adequada tomada de decisão quanto à viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos que não são exigidas para a efetivação do licenciamento ambiental intermediado por RAP. Desta forma, fica explicita a necessidade de uma revisão do sistema de licenciamento ambiental paulista, como forma de induzir estudos mais bem elaborados e com conteúdo mais abrangente, em consonância com as melhores práticas de AIA adotadas em todo o mundo. / The environmental impact assessment (EIA) become a tool widely used to analysis the environmental suitability of new activities and subsidy the decision making process for the expedition of environmental licensing. In this case, the Secretariat of the Environment from the State of São Paulo edited the resolution number 42/94 instituting the preliminary environmental report (PER), like an simplified instrument of environmental licensing. This instrument was created with the intention of accelerate the transaction of the environmental licensing process for activities with potential to modify the environment, including the foreseen ones in the article 2° of the CONAMA Resolution number 01/86 and, at the same time, to guaranty that the goals of the environmental prevention and preservation are assured. As form to analyze the use of this instrument in the environmental licensing of natural gas pipeline in the State of São Paulo, three different checklists had been elaborated to survey, respectively, the attendance of the legal requirements, to identify the occurrence of the nonconformities in the elaboration of studies of environmental impact assessment and analyze the conformity of environmental impact assessment studies with national and the international best practices in EIA. These elaborated indicators had been applied to the RAPs in the years of 2006 and 2007, in a total of two case studies, the PER of Lins/Marília Gas Line and the PER of Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras Gas Line. The gotten results demonstrate that for both the analyzed cases: (I) the elaborated PER do not achieve adequately the legal requirements of the Secretariat of Environment of the State of São Paulo; (II) the number of imperfections identified in the studies are very significant, with imperfections occurring in 83,5% of the analyzed questions for the PER of the Lins/Marília Gas Pipeline and in 89,5% for the PER of the Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras Gas Pipeline; (III) the case studies analyzed are very far from the national and international EIA best practices, with 76% of unsatisfactory results for the PER of Lins/Marília Gas Pipeline and 83.5% for the PER of Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras Gas Pipeline. The gotten results had demonstrated that the PER is a very precarious instrument of licensing. Is possible to identify series of questions from a great relevance for the decision making process who are not effectively achieved. In such a way, it is explicit the necessity of a revision of the São Paulos environmental licensing system, as a way for more accordance with EIA best practices.
8

O relatório ambiental preliminar como instrumento de avaliação da viabilidade ambiental de sistemas de distribuição de gás / The preliminary environmental report as instrument of evaluation of the environmental suitability of natural gas pipelines

Thiago Araújo Lopes 04 September 2008 (has links)
A avaliação de impactos ambientais (AIA) se tornou uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para análise da viabilidade ambiental de novos empreendimentos e conseqüente subsídio à tomada de decisão nos procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental. Neste sentido, a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo editou a Resolução SMA nº 42/94, instituindo o relatório ambiental preliminar (RAP) como instrumento de licenciamento ambiental simplificado. Este instrumento foi criado com a intenção de agilizar a tramitação do licenciamento das atividades modificadoras do meio ambiente, incluindo algumas das previstas no artigo 2º da Resolução CONAMA nº 01/86 e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir que os objetivos de prevenção e preservação ambiental sejam assegurados. Como forma de analisar a utilização deste instrumento no licenciamento ambiental de sistemas de distribuição de gás no Estado de São Paulo foram elaboradas três diferentes listas de checagem cujos indicadores buscam, respectivamente, aferir quanto ao atendimento dos requisitos legais, identificar a ocorrência de falhas na elaboração de estudos de avaliação de impacto ambiental e analisar a conformidade de estudos de impacto ambiental com as melhores práticas nacionais e internacionais de AIA. Estes indicadores foram aplicados aos RAPs de sistemas de distribuição de gás elaborados nos anos de 2006 e 2007, num total de dois estudos de caso, o RAP do Sistema de Distribuição de Gás Lins/Marília e o RAP do Sistema de Distribuição de Gás Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que para ambos os casos analisados: (i) o RAP elaborado não atende adequadamente os requisitos legais definidos pela Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo; (ii) o número de falhas identificadas nos estudos é bastante significativo, com falhas ocorrendo em 83,5% das questões analisadas para o RAP do Gasoduto Lins/Marília e em 89,5% para o RAP do Gasoduto Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras; (iii) salvo questões pontuais, os estudos de caso analisados estão muito aquém das melhores práticas nacionais e internacionais de AIA, com 76% de resultados insatisfatórios para o RAP do Gasoduto Lins/Marília e 83,5% para o RAP do Gasoduto Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o RAP é um estudo bastante precário para dar subsídio ao licenciamento. É possível identificar uma série de questões de grande relevância para uma adequada tomada de decisão quanto à viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos que não são exigidas para a efetivação do licenciamento ambiental intermediado por RAP. Desta forma, fica explicita a necessidade de uma revisão do sistema de licenciamento ambiental paulista, como forma de induzir estudos mais bem elaborados e com conteúdo mais abrangente, em consonância com as melhores práticas de AIA adotadas em todo o mundo. / The environmental impact assessment (EIA) become a tool widely used to analysis the environmental suitability of new activities and subsidy the decision making process for the expedition of environmental licensing. In this case, the Secretariat of the Environment from the State of São Paulo edited the resolution number 42/94 instituting the preliminary environmental report (PER), like an simplified instrument of environmental licensing. This instrument was created with the intention of accelerate the transaction of the environmental licensing process for activities with potential to modify the environment, including the foreseen ones in the article 2° of the CONAMA Resolution number 01/86 and, at the same time, to guaranty that the goals of the environmental prevention and preservation are assured. As form to analyze the use of this instrument in the environmental licensing of natural gas pipeline in the State of São Paulo, three different checklists had been elaborated to survey, respectively, the attendance of the legal requirements, to identify the occurrence of the nonconformities in the elaboration of studies of environmental impact assessment and analyze the conformity of environmental impact assessment studies with national and the international best practices in EIA. These elaborated indicators had been applied to the RAPs in the years of 2006 and 2007, in a total of two case studies, the PER of Lins/Marília Gas Line and the PER of Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras Gas Line. The gotten results demonstrate that for both the analyzed cases: (I) the elaborated PER do not achieve adequately the legal requirements of the Secretariat of Environment of the State of São Paulo; (II) the number of imperfections identified in the studies are very significant, with imperfections occurring in 83,5% of the analyzed questions for the PER of the Lins/Marília Gas Pipeline and in 89,5% for the PER of the Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras Gas Pipeline; (III) the case studies analyzed are very far from the national and international EIA best practices, with 76% of unsatisfactory results for the PER of Lins/Marília Gas Pipeline and 83.5% for the PER of Bauru/Agudos/Pederneiras Gas Pipeline. The gotten results had demonstrated that the PER is a very precarious instrument of licensing. Is possible to identify series of questions from a great relevance for the decision making process who are not effectively achieved. In such a way, it is explicit the necessity of a revision of the São Paulos environmental licensing system, as a way for more accordance with EIA best practices.
9

System Study and CO2 Emissions Analysis of a Waste Energy Recovery System for Natural Gas Letdown Station Application

BABASOLA, ADEGBOYEGA 31 August 2010 (has links)
A CO2 emission analysis and system investigation of a direct fuel cell waste energy recovery and power generation system (DFC-ERG) for pressure letdown stations was undertaken. The hybrid system developed by FuelCell Energy Inc. is an integrated turboexpander and a direct internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell system in a combined circle. At pressure letdown stations, popularly called city gates, the pressure of natural gas transported on long pipelines is reduced by traditional pressure regulating systems. Energy is lost as a result of pressure reduction. Pressure reduction also results in severe cooling of the gas due to the Joule Thompson effect, thus, requiring preheating of the natural gas using traditional gas fired-burners. The thermal energy generated results in the emission of green house gases. The DFC-ERG system is a novel waste energy recovery and green house gas mitigation system that can replace traditional pressure regulating systems on city gates. A DFC-ERG system has been simulated using UniSim Design process simulation software. A case study using data from Utilities Kingston’s city gate at Glenburnie was analysed. The waste energy recovery system was modelled using the design specifications of the FuelCell Energy Inc’s DFC 300 system and turboexpander design characteristics of Cryostar TG120. The Fuel Cell system sizing was based on the required thermal output, electrical power output, available configuration and cost. The predicted performance of the fuel cell system was simulated at a current density of 140mA/cm2, steam to carbon ratio of 3, fuel utilization of 75% and oxygen utilization of 30%. The power output of the turboexpander was found to strongly depend on the high pressure natural gas flowrate, temperature and pressure. The simulated DFC-ERG system was found to reduce CO2 emissions when the electrical power generated by the DFC-ERG system replaced electrical power generated by a coal fired plant. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-31 02:02:11.392
10

Alternativas técnico produtivas para o aproveitamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal / Technical productive alternatives to the use of natural gas in pre-salt layer

Felipe da Silva Antunes 29 September 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As reservas brasileiras de petróleo e gás natural apresentarão um significativo crescimento a partir do desenvolvimento das reservas da camada do pré-sal. Segundo estimativas elaboradas pela EPE e pela EIA, nos próximos vinte anos, haverá um quadro de grande oferta de gás natural no país, com a oferta excedendo a demanda. Como o segmento de transporte do gás natural tem grande importância na formação do custo desse energético, uma tecnologia de transporte menos onerosa irá proporcionar um cenário mais vantajoso para a entrada do gás no mercado. A presente dissertação analisa duas tecnologias disponíveis para escoamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal gasoduto submarino e gás natural liquefeito embarcado e as possibilidades de utilização no mercado interno ou para ser exportado. De acordo com dados da Petrobras, foram utilizadas três rotas para escoar o gás do pré-sal. A metodologia Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi utilizada para analisar qual dos investimentos em transporte é mais viável economicamente. Os resultados mostraram que de acordo com as perspectivas de produção do gás natural no horizonte de tempo analisado as duas tecnologias serão viáveis, com o transporte por gasodutos a alternativa mais viável economicamente. / The Brazilian reserves of oil and natural gas will present a significant growth from the development of the reserves of the pre-salt layer. According to estimates prepared by the EPE and the EIA, the next twenty years, the supply of natural gas will exceed demand. As the transportation sector natural gas has great importance in the formation of the cost of energy, a less costly transport technology will provide a more advantageous to enter the gas market. This dissertation examines two technologies available to transport the gas from the pre-salt layer - offshore pipeline and liquefied natural gas shipped - and the possibilities of using the domestic market or for export. According to data from Petrobras, three routes were used to drain the gas from the pre-salt. The methodology Net Present Value (NPV) was used to analyze which of the investments in transport is more economically viable. The results showed that according to the outlook for natural gas production in the time horizon analyzed the two technologies will be feasible to transport by pipeline economically the most viable alternative.

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