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Στην παρούσα εργασία διερευνώνται οι νοητικές παραστάσεις μαθητών Στ΄ Δημοτικού σχετικά με το μηχανισμό της όρασης σε κατάσταση φυσικού, τεχνητού φωτισμού και νύχτας και ελέγχεται η συνέπεια των παραστάσεων συναρτήσει των τριών καταστάσεων φωτισμού αλλά και του τρόπου έκφρασης των απαντήσεων (προφορικός λόγος- τρισδιάστατος κόσμος, γραπτή απεικόνιση- δισδιάστατος κόσμος). Μελετάται επίσης η επίδραση που ενδεχομένως ασκεί η Παραδοσιακή διδασκαλία του μάθηματος της όρασης, στα σχήματα για την όραση που εμφανίζουν οι μαθητές. Για το σκοπό αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε πρώτη φάση οι ατομικές συνεντεύξεις του προ-τεστ, ακολούθησε η Παραδοσιακή διδασκαλία και σε τρίτη φάση πραγματοποιήθηκαν οι ατομικές συνεντεύξεις του μετά-τεστ. Βάσει αποτελεσμάτων, υιοθετούνται κυρίως τα σχήματα για την όραση που συναντώνται στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, με προτίμηση στο σχήματα "Λουτρό Φωτός" και "Φωτισμός του Αντικειμένου". Οι απαντήσεις τους εμφανίζουν ασυνέπεια και για τις τρεις καταστάσεις φωτισμού, στον τρισδιάστατο και δισδιάστατο κόσμο, ενώ προκύπτει ότι η Παραδοσιακή διδασκαλία παράγει ανομοιογενή αποτελέσματα και δε δημιουργεί συνθήκες γνωστικής προόδου. / This thesis studies the mental representations of 11 year old Greek students, concerning the mechanism of vision at natural and artificial lighting as well as at night. Additionally, we want to examine whether these representations are solid based on the three different states of lighting as well as on the way the answers are expressed (oral speech – three-dimensional world, sketches – two-dimensional world), and to investigate the possible effect of a Traditional course about vision, on pupils’ vision schemes. The study is combined of three phases: personal pre-test interviews with each student, Traditional course on vision mechanism and personal post-test interviews with the same subjects. The results show that 11 year old pupils employ the majority of the vision schemes that are seen on international bibliography, however the tend to use more the ones of “Sea of Light” and “Lighting an object”. The answers indicate that the schemes employed are not solid, neither throughout the different states of lighting, nor in the three-dimensional and two-dimensional world. Traditional teaching gives non-homogeneous results, thus does not contribute to mental progress.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-12T12:20:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5227373 bytes, checksum: 571f1e5ec7b6f117d7271856ad1e898b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T12:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5227373 bytes, checksum: 571f1e5ec7b6f117d7271856ad1e898b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-24 / Educational issues have triggered much discussion in Brazil, where it has been put in question the quality of student performance, especially in public educational settings. In this research the issues related to visual comfort will be studied in order to characterize the performance of complementary natural and artificial lighting, aiming to evaluate the quantitative aspects (autonomy of natural light, daylight factor and static luminance), qualitative (uniformity and light output) identify factors that may contribute to or interfere with the lighting performance and assess the potential for reducing energy consumption in light of the availability of natural light in the classrooms of the Federal University of Paraiba Technology Center. The method adopted for the analysis of natural light behavior was the computer simulation, in which dynamic parameters analyzed were: Daylight factor and autonomy of natural light and the illuminance of artificial light as static parameter. From this, the surroundings were divided into zones of different levels of illumination, so that it was possible to identify where there is greatest need for additional artificial lighting use. To quantify the reduction potencial of the power consumption of the systems in relation to the proposed from the availability of light each environment studied were simulated in Daysim. Concluding that in all classrooms studied natural light does not have enough autonomy to achieve the illuminance levels recommended by the standard for educational environments, thus requiring an electrical lighting system that complements the light deficit, ie a system integrated natural light and artificial supplement. / As questões educacionais têm desencadeado muitas discussões no Brasil, onde tem sido colocada em pauta a qualidade do desempenho dos alunos, principalmente em ambientes educacionais públicos. Nesta pesquisa serão estudadas as questões relacionadas ao conforto visual, objetivando caracterizar o desempenho da iluminação natural e artificial complementar, visando avaliar os aspectos quantitativos (autonomia da luz natural, fator de luz do dia e luminância estática), qualitativos (uniformidade e eficiência luminosa), identificar fatores que possam contribuir ou interferir no desempenho da iluminação e avaliar o potencial de redução do consumo de energia em iluminar a partir da disponibilidade da luz natural nas salas de aula do Centro de Tecnologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. O método adotado para a análise do comportamento da luz natural foi a simulação computacional, em que os parâmetros dinâmicos analisados foram:fator de luz do dia e autonomia da luz natural e a iluminância da luz artificial como parâmetro estático. A partir disso, os ambientes foram divididos em zonas de diferentes níveis de iluminação, de forma que fosse possível identificar onde há maior necessidade de uso de iluminação artificial suplementar. Para quantificar o potencial de redução do consumo de energia dos sistemas existentes em relação aos propostos a partir da disponibilidade de luz de cada ambiente estudado foram feitas simulações no Daysim. Concluindo que em todas as salas de aula estudadas a luz natural não possui autonomia suficiente para alcançar os níveis de iluminância recomendado pela norma para ambientes de ensino, necessitando assim de um sistema de iluminação elétrica que complemente o déficit de luz, ou seja, um sistema integrado de luz natural e artificial complementar.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreiaGUC.pdf: 1834975 bytes, checksum: 1effaee6a8718fe16de0859883ac37b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objective of this study is to assess the natural light of the classrooms sectors, at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. It was applied the Post-Occupation Evaluation technique, by using questionnaires and brightness levels measurements inside the classrooms. In order to check the users satisfaction degree, it was initially done a general approach on the related aspects to natural light: their characteristics, availability, sources, opening systems and evaluating tools. It was also determined the necessary brightness levels for the activities development in the classroom and the Post-Occupation Evaluation technique used in the search analyses. Then, it was made the UFRN Campus` characterization; the models` definition which formed the data collection basis; the detailing of the procedures used in the research, the processing description and the data analysis. Subsequently, the results that clarify the issues raised were shown through quantitative and / or qualitative data analyses. This research notes a high level of satisfaction by the users, despite some problems such as the reflections occurrence on the board, the lack of uniformity and, occasionally, the brightness low levels / O objetivo deste trabalho ? avaliar a ilumina??o natural dos setores de aulas te?ricas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, utilizando a metodologia da Avalia??o P?s-Ocupa??o, com aplica??o de question?rios e medi??es dos n?veis de ilumin?ncia no interior das salas de aula. Inicialmente, para verificar a satisfa??o dos usu?rios, foi feita uma abordagem geral dos aspectos relacionados ? ilumina??o natural: suas caracter?sticas, disponibilidade, fontes, sistemas de abertura e ferramentas de avalia??o. Posteriormente, foram determinados os n?veis de ilumin?ncia necess?rios para o desenvolvimento das atividades em sala de aula e a Avalia??o P?s Ocupa??o (APO) que foram utilizados nas an?lises dessa pesquisa. Em seguida, fez-se a caracteriza??o do Campus da UFRN, defini??o dos modelos que serviram de base para a realiza??o da coleta de dados, detalhamento dos procedimentos utilizados e descri??o do processamento e an?lise dos dados. Tamb?m procurou-se destacar os resultados que esclarecem as quest?es levantadas atrav?s de an?lises quantitativas e/ou qualitativas dos dados e finalmente, o trabalho constata a elevada satisfa??o dos usu?rios apesar da verifica??o de problemas como ocorr?ncia de reflexos no quadro, falta de uniformidade e, ocasionalmente, baixos n?veis de ilumin?ncia

A conjugação das variáveis luz e vento e sua consideração desde a concepção do edifício são fundamentais para garantir uma eficiente ventilação e iluminação natural. A orientação e a forma do edifício também são importantes. No entanto, a ventilação natural depende da integração dos seus princípios básicos; por diferença de pressão e pelo efeito chaminé. Os fundamentos da ventilação e da iluminação naturais em climas quentes são ilustrados através da obra do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Economia de energia, boas condições visuais, psicológicas, higiênicas e uma agradável sensibilidade espacial, entre outros aspectos, subjetivos e relativos ao conforto ambiental, caracterizam à eficaz incorporação da luz e da ventilação natural nas suas obras. Analisam-se os hospitais da rede Sarah Kubitschek, Fortaleza e Rio de Janeiro, duas das obras que melhor ilustram as soluções técnicas e arquitetônicas, propostas pelo arquiteto, que favorecem a entrada do vento e da luz natural. Evidencia-se o aprimoramento dos sheds e demais sistemas de ventilação como as galerias e o piso técnico assim como os sistemas flexíveis de fechamento; o forro de painéis de policarbonato basculantes e os arcos retráteis, os quais, dependendo do tipo de ventilação em funcionamento (natural, mecânica ou artificial), permitem o controle da saída do ar e da iluminação natural de maneira independente. A incorporação de jardins internos e dispositivos de climatização passivos, como espelhos d´água e nebulizadores, são também ilustrados. No hospital Sarah Fortaleza destaca-se a organização dos ambientes especiais e os ambientes flexíveis. Nos ambientes especiais (salas de radiologia, farmácias e centros cirúrgicos), o ar condicionado é fundamental, pois exigem níveis rigorosos e controlados de temperatura, umidade relativa e gradiente de pressão de ar. Já nos ambientes flexíveis (salas de fisioterapia, ambulatórios, enfermarias e áreas de espera), onde o controle é menos rigoroso, a ventilação natural garante o conforto térmico. Cabe salientar que os ambientes flexíveis estão dispostos de maneira a captar os ventos dominantes. Conclui-se que os dispositivos de fechamento (janelas, sheds, muros e aberturas) devem permitir o controle independente da iluminação e da ventilação natural. / The combination of the variables light and wind, and its consideration since the conception of the building is fundamental to guarantee an efficient natural ventilation and lighting. The orientation and shape of the building are also important. However, natural ventilation depends on the integration of its basic principles; through pressure difference and through chimney effect. Natural lighting and ventilation principles in warm climates are illustrated through the work of the architect João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Low energy, good visual conditions, also psychological and hygiene conditions, and a pleasant spatial sensibility, among other aspects, subjective and relative to environmental comfort, characterize the efficient incorporation of natural light and ventilation in the architect’s work. Hospitals from the Rede Sarah Kubitschek, from Fortaleza and Rio de Janeiro, were analyzed, two of the buildings that best illustrate the technical and architectonic solutions proposed by the architect, which enhance the entrance of wind and natural light. The refinement of sheds and other ventilation systems such as galleries and technical floors, as well as the flexible systems for closing, stands out in his architecture; the tilting polycarbonate panels that form the false roof, and the retractable arcs, which, depending on the type of applied ventilation (natural, mechanic, or artificial), allow a control of air exit and natural lighting independently. The incorporation of internal gardens and passive acclimatizing devices, such as water pools and nebulizers, are also illustrated. At the Sarah hospital in Fortaleza, an organization of special and flexible environments stands out. In the special environments (radiology rooms, pharmacy, and surgery centers), air conditioning is fundamental, because they demand rigorous and controlled levels of temperature, relative humidity, and gradient air pressure. On the other hand, in the flexible environments (physiotherapy rooms, clinic, nursery and waiting areas), where environmental control is less rigorous, natural ventilation guarantees the thermal comfort. It is important to emphasize that the flexible environments are disposed in such a way to capture the dominant winds. Therefore, it is concluded that the closing devices (windows, sheds, walls, and openings) shall allow an independent control of natural ventilation and natural lighting.

A conjugação das variáveis luz e vento e sua consideração desde a concepção do edifício são fundamentais para garantir uma eficiente ventilação e iluminação natural. A orientação e a forma do edifício também são importantes. No entanto, a ventilação natural depende da integração dos seus princípios básicos; por diferença de pressão e pelo efeito chaminé. Os fundamentos da ventilação e da iluminação naturais em climas quentes são ilustrados através da obra do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Economia de energia, boas condições visuais, psicológicas, higiênicas e uma agradável sensibilidade espacial, entre outros aspectos, subjetivos e relativos ao conforto ambiental, caracterizam à eficaz incorporação da luz e da ventilação natural nas suas obras. Analisam-se os hospitais da rede Sarah Kubitschek, Fortaleza e Rio de Janeiro, duas das obras que melhor ilustram as soluções técnicas e arquitetônicas, propostas pelo arquiteto, que favorecem a entrada do vento e da luz natural. Evidencia-se o aprimoramento dos sheds e demais sistemas de ventilação como as galerias e o piso técnico assim como os sistemas flexíveis de fechamento; o forro de painéis de policarbonato basculantes e os arcos retráteis, os quais, dependendo do tipo de ventilação em funcionamento (natural, mecânica ou artificial), permitem o controle da saída do ar e da iluminação natural de maneira independente. A incorporação de jardins internos e dispositivos de climatização passivos, como espelhos d´água e nebulizadores, são também ilustrados. No hospital Sarah Fortaleza destaca-se a organização dos ambientes especiais e os ambientes flexíveis. Nos ambientes especiais (salas de radiologia, farmácias e centros cirúrgicos), o ar condicionado é fundamental, pois exigem níveis rigorosos e controlados de temperatura, umidade relativa e gradiente de pressão de ar. Já nos ambientes flexíveis (salas de fisioterapia, ambulatórios, enfermarias e áreas de espera), onde o controle é menos rigoroso, a ventilação natural garante o conforto térmico. Cabe salientar que os ambientes flexíveis estão dispostos de maneira a captar os ventos dominantes. Conclui-se que os dispositivos de fechamento (janelas, sheds, muros e aberturas) devem permitir o controle independente da iluminação e da ventilação natural. / The combination of the variables light and wind, and its consideration since the conception of the building is fundamental to guarantee an efficient natural ventilation and lighting. The orientation and shape of the building are also important. However, natural ventilation depends on the integration of its basic principles; through pressure difference and through chimney effect. Natural lighting and ventilation principles in warm climates are illustrated through the work of the architect João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Low energy, good visual conditions, also psychological and hygiene conditions, and a pleasant spatial sensibility, among other aspects, subjective and relative to environmental comfort, characterize the efficient incorporation of natural light and ventilation in the architect’s work. Hospitals from the Rede Sarah Kubitschek, from Fortaleza and Rio de Janeiro, were analyzed, two of the buildings that best illustrate the technical and architectonic solutions proposed by the architect, which enhance the entrance of wind and natural light. The refinement of sheds and other ventilation systems such as galleries and technical floors, as well as the flexible systems for closing, stands out in his architecture; the tilting polycarbonate panels that form the false roof, and the retractable arcs, which, depending on the type of applied ventilation (natural, mechanic, or artificial), allow a control of air exit and natural lighting independently. The incorporation of internal gardens and passive acclimatizing devices, such as water pools and nebulizers, are also illustrated. At the Sarah hospital in Fortaleza, an organization of special and flexible environments stands out. In the special environments (radiology rooms, pharmacy, and surgery centers), air conditioning is fundamental, because they demand rigorous and controlled levels of temperature, relative humidity, and gradient air pressure. On the other hand, in the flexible environments (physiotherapy rooms, clinic, nursery and waiting areas), where environmental control is less rigorous, natural ventilation guarantees the thermal comfort. It is important to emphasize that the flexible environments are disposed in such a way to capture the dominant winds. Therefore, it is concluded that the closing devices (windows, sheds, walls, and openings) shall allow an independent control of natural ventilation and natural lighting.

Durante los últimos tiempos, la fotografía se ha convertido en una forma de expresión artística muy valorada. Desde mediados del s.XIX, ha sido el medio de registro de nuestras costumbres, eventos históricos e incluso vestigios arquitectónicos alrededor del mundo. No obstante, con el paso de los años y los avances del mundo digital, el material fotográfico parece haber pasado al olvido. Hoy en día, el Perú cuenta con una gran cantidad de material fotográfico considerado patrimonio histórico. Por ende, su conservación y adecuada exposición al mundo es fundamental. Lamentablemente, existe una carencia de infraestructura apropiada y personal calificado para su adecuada conservación. Ante esta problemática, se plantea desarrollar el Centro Fotográfico de Lima, el cual congregará, en un único lugar, la difusión, enseñanza y conservación de fotografía. Su ubicación céntrica y accesible, permitirá tener una gran acogida a nivel metropolitano. Estará ubicado en el distrito de Cercado de Lima en la urbanización de Santa Beatriz, la cual cuenta con arquitectura de valor histórico al ser una de las primeras urbanizaciones formadas tras la expansión de Lima a inicios del s.XX. La propuesta se enfoca en formar espacios de diálogo y contemplación tomando como punto de partida la adecuación con el entorno urbano, la repotenciación del uso del espacio público y peatonal, la permeabilidad de la relación interior-exterior y finalmente el uso de la luz natural como potenciador del espacio arquitectónico. Se busca crear un espacio cultural para todos aquellos que busquen conocer más sobre este arte. / In recent times, photography has become a highly valued form of artistic expression. Since the middle of the 19th century, it has been used to document our customs, historical events, and even architectural vestiges around the world. Nevertheless, over the past few decades and due to the advances of a more digitalized world, photographic material seems to have been long forgotten. Peru has a large amount of photographic material considered to be historical heritage. Therefore, its conservation and appropriate exhibition to the world is essential. Unfortunately, there is a lack of suitable infrastructure and qualified personnel for its proper conservation. To solve this issue, the creation of Lima’s Photographic Center is advised. The goal is to gather on a single place, the promotion, teaching, and conservation of photography. Its centric and accessible location will be well received at an urban level. It will be located on the Santa Beatriz urbanization in Cercado de Lima, privileged for its historical architectural value as it is one of the first established urbanizations after the expansion of Lima city in the early 20th century. This approach aims to create spaces for dialogue and contemplation, based on adapting the infrastructure into its urban environment, boosting the usage of public and pedestrian spaces, the permeability of the interior-exterior relationship and finally, using natural light as an enhancer to the architectural space. It seeks to create a cultural space for all of those who pursue learning about this art form. / Tesis

The architectural project of Exhibition Hall is located in a part of Brno-Pisárky, in northern area of BVV. The objective of the land-use planning and architectural proposal was to integrate the Hall in proximity to the second entry of BVV. The pavilion is situated on the primary northen axe, which perpendiculary join the pedestrian bridge. The binding foot-bridge is used for path between the entry of BVV and the western entry into the exhibition section. Surrounding the building is situated green park. There are open areas for pedestrian, tree-hemmed paths and relaxation spots around the entire building. The exhibition hall combines four basic parts: the western entrance connected with the pedestrian bridge, public part, storage part and the multi-purpose exhibition space in between. There are two-floor restaurant and snack bars with an open view to the south part of BVV, in particular to the Hall Z. The pavilion was concieved as a ruled rectangular volume. The creative proposal was to involve the ruled surface geometry, which is formed by connecting two curves with a series of straight lines and covers the entire building. The outer curtain wall is implied «the Curtains», reveals a lightness and airiness by dynamic effect. Geometrical curved profiles clearly point the basic entry spaces outside the exhibition hall. The western entry section allows two different points of entrance: from the pedestrian bridge to the first level and from the ground level. In time of trade fairs there are possibilities to use industrial doors along northern and southern elevations as a secondary entrances. There is a lobby space with the monumental staircase in the centre of public section. The circular shape of staircase rises towards atrium. A collaboration of atrium and natural lighting optically extends and makes easier the foyer space. In addition to the trade fairs, the multi-purpose exhibition hall permits diverse possibilities of using – in time of cultural and sports events u